BivalTyp

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Icari Dargwa

Contributed by Rasul Mutalov

R.M.'s photo

The data were gathered in 2018 and then revised in early 2024. The Russian version of the questionnaire was used for elicitation.

How to cite

Mutalov, Rasul. 2023. Bivalent patterns in Icari Dargwa. In: Say, Sergey (ed.). BivalTyp: Typological database of bivalent verbs and their encoding frames. (Data first published on November 11, 2023; last revised on January 6, 2024.) (Available online at https://www.bivaltyp.info, Accessed on .)

Basic info

Data

Subset examples by valency pattern
Subset examples by locus

1. feel pain icː-a-araj

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-la bek' icː-a-ca=b
pn - gen head. abs ache: ipf - prs - cop = n
‘Islam has a headache.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

2. have (illness) w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Islam beža-la w=ih-ub-ca=w
pn . abs flu- gen m =become: pf - aor - cop = m
‘Islam has the flu.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

3. be afraid uruχː-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ANTE.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ANTE.ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam χːʷe-l-sa-r uruχː-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w
pn . abs dog- obl - ante - elat fear-( m ) lv : ipf - conv - cop = m
‘Islam is afraid of the dog.’

4. throw ix-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il qːarqːa ix-ub
pn - erg stone. abs throw: pf - aor
‘Islam threw a stone.’

5. have enough či-hatː-iq-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij arc či-hatː-iq-a-ca=d
pn - suplat money. abs on - up -suffice: ipf - prs - cop = npl
‘Islam has enough money.’

6. resemble meš-il w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-rij meš-ci-ca=w
pn . abs pn - suplat similar- atr - cop = m
‘Islam resembles Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

7. believe či=w=iχː-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-rij či=w=iχː-a-ca=w
pn . abs pn - suplat on = m =believe: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam believes Nadir.’

8. take hatː-asː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il žuz hatː-asː-ib
pn - erg book. abs up -take: pf - aor
‘Islam took a book.’

9. see či=b=ig-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il qal či=b=ig-a-ca=b
pn - erg house. abs on = n =see: ipf - prs - cop = n
‘Islam sees a house.’

10. influence asar b=irq'-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
d=eːrč'-ib dus-m-a-lli ʕaˤq'lu-lij asar b=irq'-u
npl =pass: pf - aor year- pl - obl - erg mind- suplat influence. abs n =make: ipf - hab
‘The years one has lived affect one’s mind.’

11. encounter sːukː-sa=w=ik-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij Nadir sːukː-sa=w=ič-ib
pn - suplat pn . abs encounter- ante = m = lv - aor
‘Islam encountered Nadir.’

12. enter kːʷi-ha=w=q-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_ILL
X: ABS
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Islam qil kːʷi-ha=w=q-un
pn . abs house. ill inside - up = m =go: pf - aor
‘Islam entered the house.’

13. win či=w=w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-r či=w=w=ih-ub
pn . abs pn - obl - elat on = m = m =be: pf - aor
‘Islam beat Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

14. go out tːura=w=q-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam qil-irtːal tːura=w=q-un
pn . abs house- elat outside = m =go: pf - aor
‘Islam went out of the house.’

15. drive tːura-aʁ-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il q'ʷaˤl tːura-ʕaˤʁ-ib
pn - erg cow. abs outside -drive: pf - aor
‘Islam is driving the cow.’

16. bend b=aˤlč'-aq-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il q'aˤli b=aˤlč'-aq-un
pn - erg branch. abs n =bend: pf - caus - aor
‘Islam bent the branch.’

17. tell b=urs-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_ILL
X: ERG
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Islam-il Nadir-ri-cːi b=urs-ib
pn - erg pn - obl - ill n =tell: pf - aor
‘Islam told Nadir.’

18. hold kʷi=b=uc-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il žuz kʷi=b=uc-ib-ca=b
pn - erg book. abs in . hands = n =hold: pf - aor - cop = n
‘Islam is holding a book.’

19. catch up tːi=w=eːʁ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-reh tːi=w=eːʁ-ib
pn . abs pn - post post = m =catch_up: pf - aor
‘Islam caught up with Nadir.’

20. milk b=ircː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il q'ʷaˤl b=ircː-ib
pn - erg cow. abs n =milk: pf - aor
‘Islam milked the cow.’

21. reach w=eːʁ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Islam dum-leh w=eːʁ-ib
pn . abs edge- post m =reach- aor
‘Islam reached the bank.’

22. touch tːi=w=w=aˤq-aˤraj

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Islam lac-leh tːi=w=w=aˤq-ib
pn . abs wall- post post = m = m =touch: pf - aor
‘Islam touched the wall.’

23. fight he=j=k-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ILL.COM
X: ABS
Y: ILL.COM
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-cːi-lli he=j=č-ib-ca=w
pn . abs pn - obl - ill - com up = m =fight: pf - aor - cop = m
‘Islam is fighting with Nadir.’

24. be friends juldaš w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ra juldaš ca=w
pn . abs pn - gen friend. abs cop = m
‘Islam is friends with Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

25. think pikri-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT.CONT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT.CONT
Locus: Y
Islam Madina-lij-čilla pikri-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w
pn - abs pn - suplat - cont thought-( m ) lv : ipf - conv - cop = m
‘Islam is thinking about Madina.’

26. eat b=erk-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il hinci b=erk-un
pn - erg apple. abs n =eat: pf - aor
‘Islam ate an apple.’

27. fry b=erc'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il baliqː b=erc'-ib
pn - erg fish. abs n =fry: pf - aor
‘Islam fried the fish.’

28. wait tːi-ke=j=g-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-reh tːi-ke=j=ž-ib-ca=w
pn . abs pn - post post - down = m =wait: pf - aor - cop = m
‘Islam is waiting for Nadir.’

29. forget qum-eːrt-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_SUPLAT.CONT
X: SUPLAT
Y: SUPLAT.CONT
Locus: XY
Islam-lij cara xːun-nij-čilla qum-eːrt-ur
pn - suplat other road- suplat - cont forget- lv - aor
‘Islam forgot about the other road.’

30. depend b=ič:-aq-uj

Valency pattern: ABS_ILL.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ILL.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʕaˤq'lu ʕuˤmru-la dus-m-a-cːi-r b=ikːʷ-il-ca=b
mind. abs life- gen year- pl - obl - ill - elat n =want: ipf - adv - cop = n
‘Memory depends on age.’

31. call waˤħ=b=erk'-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_ILL
X: ERG
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Islam-il Nadir-ri-cːi waˤħ=b=erč'-ib
pn - erg pn - obl - ill call= n = lv - aor
‘Islam called Nadir.’

32. get to know taˤniš-ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ILL.COM
X: ABS
Y: ILL.COM
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-cːi-lli ca dusː sar taˤniš-ih-ub
pn . abs pn - obl - ill - com one year- abs before acquaintance=( m ) lv : pf - aor
‘Islam got to know Nadir a year ago.’

33. know w=ah-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij Nadir uχː-u
pn - suplat pn . abs ( m )know: ipf - hab
‘Islam knows Nadir.’

34. play (instrument) b=urq-uˤj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il gitara b=urq-aˤ-ca=b.
pn - erg guitar. abs n =play: ipf - prs - cop = n
‘Islam is playing the guitar.’

35. avoid gu-r-irxː-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ANTE.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ANTE.ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-sa-r gu-r-irxː-a-ca=w
pn . abs pn - obl - ante - elat sub - elat -( m )hide: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam avoids Nadir.’

36. make b=arq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il bomba b=aˤrq'-ib
pn - erg bomb. abs n =make: pf - aor
‘Islam made a bomb.’

37. make fun dukalt'-n-a-lli w=irq'-a-raj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLATchi
X: ABS
Y: SUPLATchi
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-j či=w dukalt'-n-a-lli w=irq'-a-ca=w
pn . abs pn - obl - suplat on = m mockery- pl - obl - erg m =do: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam is making fun of Nadir.’

38. have b=u:h-araj

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-la mašin te=b
pn - gen car. abs exist = n
‘Islam has a car.’
Note: Non-verbal (existential) predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

39. look for ubc'-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam umx-n-a-ha-r ubc'-a-ca=w
pn . abs key- pl - obl - post - elat look_for: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam is looking for his keys.’

40. paint b=erxː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il χːaˤr b=erxː-ur
pn - erg fence. abs n =paint: pf - aor
‘Islam painted the fence.’

41. bite q'ac'-či=b=ik-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam-lij χːʷe q'ac'-či=b=ič-ib
pn - suplat dog. abs bite- on = n = lv : pf - aor
‘A dog bit Islam.’

42. forfeit katː-elg-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_akkwal
X: ABS
Y: akkwal
Locus: Y
Islam qal akːʷa-l katː-elg-un
pn . abs house. abs be: neg - adv down -remain: pf - aor
‘Islam lost his house.’

43. try to catch b=urc-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il mazi b=urc-a-ca=b
pn - erg cat. abs n =catch: ipf - prs - cop = n
‘Islam is trying to catch the cat.’

44. break b=elq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il dirxːa b=elq'-un
pn - erg stick. abs n =break: pf - aor
‘Islam broke a stick.’

45. flatter gap=r=irq'-uj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam-il Madina gap=r=irq'-a-ca=r
pn - erg pn . abs praise= f =do: ipf - prs - cop = f
‘Islam is praising Madina.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

46. love (person) r=ičː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij Madina r=ikːʷ-il-ca=r
pn - suplat pn . abs f =love: ipf - conv - cop = f
‘Islam loves Madina.’

47. wave hak'-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
Islam deškːan-ni hak'-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w
pn . abs handkerchief- erg wave-( m ) lv : ipf - conv - cop = m
‘Islam is waving a handkerchief.’

48. dream pikri-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT.CONT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT.CONT
Locus: Y
Islam mašin-nij-čilla pikri-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w
pn - abs car- suplat - cont thought-( m ) lv : ipf - conv - cop = m
‘Islam is dreaming of a car.’

49. wash b=irc-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il baʁdaʁ b=irc-ib
pn - erg cup. abs n =wash: pf - aor
‘Islam washed the cup.’

50. put on či-ah-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il wačag či-ah-ur
pn - erg trousers. abs on -put_on: pf - aor
‘Islam put on his trousers.’

51. be called b=ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS(NO.AGR)
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
iž cik'al-lij kompas b=ik'ʷ-ar
this thing- suplat compass. abs n =call: ipf - hab
‘This thing is called a compass.’
Note: Transimpersonal construction.

52. punish w=it-uj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam-il durħuˤ w=it-ib
pn - erg boy. abs m =beat: pf - aor
‘Islam beat his son.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

53. attack či=b=u:q-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
sːika baliqːči-lij či=b=u:q-un
bear. abs fisherman- suplat on = n =attack: pf - aor
‘A bear attacked a fisherman.’

54. fill (intr) b=ic'-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
badra hin-na b=ic'-ib
bucket. abs water- gen n =fill: pf - aor
‘The bucket filled with water.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

55. find d=arkː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il umx-ni d=arčː-ib
pn - erg key- pl npl =find: pf - aor
‘Islam found his keys.’

56. be short či-hatː-iq-araj

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-la ca manat či-hatː-iq-atːi akːu
pn - gen one. abs manat. abs on - up -suffice: ipf - conv be. neg
‘Islam is one manat short.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

57. hate či=w=ag-uj w=č:-aq-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij Nadir či=w=ag-uj e=j=čː-aq-u
pn - suplat pn - abs on = m =see: pf - inf neg = m =like: ipf - caus - hab
‘Islam hates Nadir.’

58. like b=ičː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij iž kːurti b=ičː-aq-u
pn - suplat this. abs shirt. abs n =like: ipf - caus - hab
‘Islam likes this shirt.’

59. need ħaˤžat=d=ik-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij arc ħaˤžat=d=ič-ib-ca=d
pn - suplat money. abs need= npl = lv : pf - cop = nlp
‘Islam needs money.’

60. surround alawg=b=arq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
šahar lic-r-a-lli alawg=b=aˤrq'-ib-ca=b
town. abs wall- pl - obl - erg around= n =do- aor - cop = n
‘Walls surround the city.’

61. remain kat:-elg-anaj

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-la wec' dollar d=ig-al
pn - gen ten dollar. abs npl =remain: ipf - prs
‘Islam has ten dollars left.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

62. answer žawab b=iːkː-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam-il učitil-lij žawab b=iːčː-ib
pn - erg teacher- suplat answer. abs n =give: pf - aor
‘Islam answered the teacher.’

63. open ač=b=arq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il pːank'a ač=b=aˤrq'-ib
pn - erg can. abs open= n =do- aor
‘Islam opened a can.’

64. be different dik'ar-ci b=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ELAT
Locus: Y
di-la kːurti i-la-ci-li-r dik'ar-ci ca=b
i - gen shirt. abs you- gen - atr - obl - elat different- atr cop = n
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

65. fall behind helga-ik-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-r helga-ič-ib
pn . abs pn - obl - elat fall_behind-( m ) lv : pf - aor
‘Islam fell behind Nadir.’

66. plough b=alc-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il qu b=alc-a-ca=b
pn - erg field. abs n =plough: pf - cop = n
‘Islam is ploughing the field.’

67. smell kːʷaˤʕ b=u:h-araj

Valency pattern: POSTtti_GEN
X: POSTtti
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
di-la naˤqː-b-a-ha tːi=b binzin-na kːʷaˤʕ le=b
i - gen hand- pl - obl - post post = n gasoline- gen smell. abs exist = n
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

68. cross u:q-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_GENtesal
X: ABS
Y: GENtesal
Locus: Y
Islam xːun-na te-šːal u:q-un
pn . abs road- gen that-side ( m )cross: pf - aor
‘Islam crossed the road.’
Note: In this construction, "tešːal" functions as a postposition.

69. sing b=elč'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il čːakːʷa dalaj b=elč'-un
pn - erg beautiful song. abs n =sing: pf - aor
‘Islam sang a beautiful song.’

70. write b=elk'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il kaʁar b=elk'-un
pn - erg letter. abs n =write: pf - aor
‘Islam wrote a letter.’

71. drink d=erčː-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il nejg d=erčː-ib
pn - erg milk. abs npl =drink: pf - aor
‘Islam drank the milk.’

72. melt b=ac'-aq-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il ʁurʁašin-na but'a b=ac'-aq-ib
pn - erg lead- gen piece. abs n =melt: pf - caus - aor
‘Islam melted a piece of lead.’

73. match b=al=b=irk-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
hejž irži di-la agʷa-lij b=al=b=irk-a-ca=b
this. abs belt. abs i - gen dress- suplat n =together= n =match: ipf - prs - cop = n
‘This belt goes well with my dress.’

74. leave gu=b=b=at-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il ci-nna šahar gu=b=b=at-ur
pn - erg self- gen town. abs sub = ess = n =leave: pf - aor
‘Islam left his native city.’

75. cover b=uc-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
t'amsː-il le<b>il č'aˤbar b=uc-ib-ca=b
carpet- erg < n >all floor. abs n =catch: pf - aor - cop = n
‘The carpet covers the whole floor.’

76. remember han=b=ug-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij qal ʕaˤħ-il han=b=ig-al
pn - suplat house. abs good- adv remember= n = lv : ipf - prs
‘Islam remembers the house well.’

77. help kumek b=arq'-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam-il Nadir-rij kumek b=aˤrq'-ib
pn - erg pn - suplat help. abs n =do: pf - aor
‘Islam helped Nadir.’

78. understand (language) irʁ-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il francuz-a-lla ʁaj irʁ-a-ca=d
pn - erg f renchman- pl . obl - gen language. abs understand: ipf - prs - cop = npl
‘Islam understands French.’

79. hit (target) či-ka=tː=aˤq-uj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
qal-lij c'a či-ka=tː=aˤq-ib
house- suplat fire. abs on - down - npl -hit- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

80. cut oneself ka=tː=ičː-uj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam-la daˤʕ mut'rusː-il ka=tː=ičː-ib
pn - gen face. abs razor- erg on = npl =cut: pf - aor
‘The razor cut Islam’s face.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

81. get stuck či-ka=b=asː-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
istːikan ust'ul-lij či-ka=b=asː-un-ca=b
glass. abs table- suplat on - down = n =smear: pf - aor - cop = n
‘The glass got stuck to the table.’

82. lose (game) gu=w=w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-r gu=w=w=ih-ub
pn . abs pn - obl - elat sub = ess = m =be- aor
‘Islam lost to Nadir.’

83. be glad razij=w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam kaʁar-rij razij=w=ih-ub
pn . abs letter- suplat joy= m = lv : pf - aor
‘Islam was glad about the letter.’

84. speak ʁaj-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ILL.COM
X: ABS
Y: ILL.COM
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-cːi-lli ʁaj-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w
pn . abs pn - obl - ill - com conversation-( m ) lv : ipf - conv - cop = m
‘Islam is speaking with Nadir.’

85. give birth w=arq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Madina-l durħuˤ w=aˤrq'-ib
pn - erg son. abs m =give_birth: pf - aor
‘Madina gave birth to a son.’

86. drop kʷir=b=ič-aq-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il istːikan kʷir=b=ič-aˤq-ib
pn - erg glass. abs from_hands. ess .fall= n =get: pf - caus - aor
‘Islam dropped the glass.’

87. govern χːula-ci w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN
X: ABS
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Islam ni-šːa-la šːi-la χːula-ci ca=w
pn . abs we- pl - gen village- gen older- atr cop = m
‘Islam runs our village.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent, cf. “hana χːula-ci Islam ca=w ni-šːa-la šːi-la" [now older-ATR PN.ABS COP=M we-PL-GEN village-GEN] ‘Now Islam runs our village’.

88. miss b=et'-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_POST.ELAT
X: SUPLAT
Y: POST.ELAT
Locus: XY
Islam-lij Madina-leh-er b=et'-ib-ca=b
pn - suplat pn - post - elat n =miss: pf - aor - cop = n
‘Islam misses Madina.’

89. follow tːi=w=ax-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-reh tːi=w=ax-a-ca=w
pn . abs pn - post post = m =go: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam follows Nadir.’

90. dismount či-r-ka=w=q-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam jaˤbu-li-r či-r-ka=w=q-un
pn . abs horse- obl - elat on - elat - down = m =climb: pf - aor
‘Islam got down from the horse.’

91. listen gu-lik'-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam radiwa-lij gu-lik'-a-ca=w
pn . abs radio- suplat under -listen: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam is listening to radio.’

92. obey gu-lik'-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam waba-j gu-lik'-an
pn - abs mother- suplat under -listen: ipf - hab
‘Islam always listens to his mother.’

93. hear deh b=iq'-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Islam-il maq'am-t-a-lla deh b=iq'-a-ca=b
pn - erg tune- pl - obl - gen sound. abs n =hear: ipf - prs - cop = n
‘Islam hears the music.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

94. mix ʁudur-ha=b=ik-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ILL.COM
X: ABS
Y: ILL.COM
Locus: Y
waza nejg-il-cːi-lli ʁudur-ha=b=ič-ib
honey- abs milk- obl - ill - com mix- up = n = lv : pf - aor
‘The honey got mixed with milk.’

95. look war-ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam qːir-b-aj war-ih-a-ca=w
pn . abs cloud- pl - suplat look-( m ) lv : ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam is looking at the clouds.’

96. take off či-r-ix-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il kːurtːi či-r-ix-ub
pn - erg shirt. abs on - elat -throw: pf - aor
‘Islam took off his shirt.’

97. dream (sleeping) mižer-k-eːrcː-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam Madina-lij mižer-k-eːrcː-ar
pn . abs pn - suplat dream- down -become: ipf - hab
‘Madina dreams about Islam.’

98. agree razij=w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam Madina-l b=urs-an-ni-llij razij=w=ih-ub
pn - abs pn - erg n =say- atr - obl - suplat joy= m = lv : pf - aor
‘Islam agreed with what Madina said.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

99. have a quarrel he=j=k-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ILL.COM
X: ABS
Y: ILL.COM
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-cːi-lli he=j=č-ib-ca=w
pn . abs pn - obl - ill - com up = m =quarrel: pf - aor - cop = m
‘Islam had a quarrel with Nadir.’

100. cost b=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
hejž baʁdaʁ ca dollar-rij ca=b
this. abs cup. abs one dollar- suplat cop = n
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

101. shoot at tupang ix-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam-il ʕaˤħliq'aˤn-nij tupang ix-ub
pn - erg bird- suplat gun throw: pf - aor
‘Islam shot at the bird.’

102. pour b=iː-ka=b=ix-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il čakar b=iː-ka=b=ix-ub
pn - erg sugar. abs n =together- on = n =throw: pf - aor
‘Islam poured the sugar.’

103. lose d=it-aq-aq-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il umx-ni d=it-aˤq-aˤq-ib
pn - erg key- pl . abs npl =lose- lv : pf - caus - aor
‘Islam lost his keys.’

104. sink gu=b=uqː-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB
X: ABS
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
paq'a hin-ni-gu gu=b=erqː-ib
log. abs water- obl - sub under = n =carry: pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

105. kill ke=j=x-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il Nadir ke=j=x-ub
pn - erg pn . abs on = m =throw: pf - aor
‘Islam killed Nadir.’

106. hit b=aˤq-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam-il Nadir-rij b=aˤq-ib
pn - erg pn - suplat n =hit: pf - aor
‘Islam hit Nadir.’

107. kiss mesa b=iːkː-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam-il Madina-lij mesa b=iːčː-ib
pn - erg pn - suplat kiss. abs n =give: pf - aor
‘Islam kissed Madina.’

108. read b=elč'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il tamaša-la žuz b=elč'-un
pn - erg interest- gen book. abs n =read: pf - aor
‘Islam read an interesting book.’

109. move (bodypart) hak'=b=arq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il t'upː hak'=b=aˤrq'-ib
pn - erg finger. abs move= n = lv : pf - aor
‘Islam moved his finger.’

110. respect ħurmat b=irq'-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN
X: ERG
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Islam-il Nadir-ra ħurmat b=irq'-u
pn - erg pn - gen respect. abs n =do: ipf - hab
‘Islam respects Nadir.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

111. be squeamish a=d=ičː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam-lij d=aˤš-un t'alħaˤna a=d=ičː-aq-u
pn - suplat npl =make_dirty: pf - aor . atr dishes. abs neg = npl =love: ipf - caus - hab
‘Islam dislikes dirty dishes.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

112. be content razi-li w=uh-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam ci-nna durħuˤ-lij razi-li ca=w
pn - abs self- gen son- suplat joy- adv cop = m
‘Islam is satisfied with his son.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

113. fall in love dikːa=d=ixː-uj

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPLAT
X: ERG
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam-il Madina-lij dikːa=d=išː-ib-ca=d
pn - erg pn - suplat love= npl = lv : pf - aor - cop = npl
‘Islam fell in love with Madina.’

114. trust či=w=iχː-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam Madina-lij či=w=iχː-a-ca=w
pn - abs pn - suplat on = m =believe: ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam trusts Madina.’

115. sympathise urk'ec'i-či=d=ulq-anaj

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPLAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: XY
Islam-la ci-nna waba-j urk'ec'i-či=d=ulq-a-ca=d
pn - gen self- gen mother- suplat pity- on = npl = lv : ipf - prs - cop = npl
‘Islam sympathises with his mother.’
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

116. envy ʕaˤsi-li w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam Nadir-rij ʕaˤsi-li ca=w
pn . abs pn - suplat angry- adv cop = m
‘Islam is discontent with Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

117. be angry q'uc'-ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-rij q'uc'-ih-ub-ca=w
pn . abs pn - suplat anger-( m ) lv : pf - aor - cop = m
‘Islam is angry with Nadir.’

118. be surprised tamaša=w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam hel žaˤqːrum-lij tamaša=w=ih-ub
pn . abs this gift- suplat surprise= m = lv : pf - aor
‘Islam was surprised at this gift.’

119. love (tea) d=ičː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij čaˤj d=ičː-aq-u
pn - suplat tea. abs npl =like- caus - hab
‘Islam loves tea.’

120. enjoy ħaˤjran=w=irq'-uj

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG
X: ABS
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
Islam d-uc'-ar čaˤj-il ħaˤjran=w=irq'-a-ca=w
pn . abs hot tea- erg fascination= m = lv : ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam enjoys hot tea.’

121. want b=ičː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij sːakːa telepun b=ikːʷ-il-ca=b
pn - suplat new telephone. abs n -want- conv - cop = n
‘Islam wants a new mobile phone.’

122. have a grudge ʕaˤsi-li w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-rij ʕaˤsi-li-ca=w
pn . abs pn - suplat angry- conv - cop = m
‘Islam holds a grudge against Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

123. take offence q'uc'-ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-rij q'uc'-ih-ub
pn pn - suplat offence-( m ) lv : pf - aor
‘Islam took offence at Nadir.’

124. upset pašman=r=ih-aq-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il Madina c'aˤq'-il pašman=r=ih-aq-ub
pn - erg pn - abs very- adv disappointment= f = lv : pf - caus - aor
‘Islam greatly upset Madina.’

125. marvel tamaša=w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam hel šahar-rij tamaša=w=ih-ub
pn . abs this town- suplat surprise= m = lv : pf - aor
‘Islam was impressed by this town.’

126. despise e=j=čː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam-lij Nadir či=w=ag-uj e=j=čː-aq-u
pn - suplat pn - abs on = m =see: pf - inf neg = m =want: ipf - caus - hab
‘Islam hates Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

127. get upset pašman-ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_bahandan
X: ABS
Y: bahandan
Locus: Y
Islam ci-nna durħuˤ bahandan pašman-ih-ub
pn - abs self- gen son. abs because_of disappointment-( m ) lv : pf - aor
‘Islam got upset with his son.’

128. get irritated q'uc'-či=w=iːh-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
Islam ci-nna rirsːi-lij q'uc'-či=w=iːr-a-ca=w
pn - abs self- gen daughter- suplat anger- on = m = lv : ipf - prs - cop = m
‘Islam is getting irritated with his daughter.’

129. be fond ʕaˤħ-k-eːrcː-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij Nadir ʕaˤħ-k-eːrcː-ar
pn - suplat pn - abs good- on -( m ) lv : ipf - hab
‘Islam is fond of Nadir.’

130. be shy urucː-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Islam caw ʁuk-il urucː-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w
pn - abs self- abs short- adv shyness-( m ) lv : ipf - conv - cop = m
‘Islam is embarrased by the fact that he is short.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.