BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘cost’

Argument frame: X (cost) Y
Stimulus sentence: This cup costs 1 euro .
Predicate label Ru: стоить
Argument frame Ru: X (стоить) Y (один доллар)
Stimulus sentence Ru: Эта чашка] стоит [один доллар .

Abaza χʷə

Valency pattern: IO_ABS
X: IO
Y: ABS
Locus: X
arjə́ ápχ’aga som-ŝ-ḳ j-a-χʷ-ṗ
prox def +book rouble-hundred- unit 3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . n . io -price- npst . dcl
‘This book costs one hundred roubles.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Adyghe (West Circassian) wase

Valency pattern: INAL.POSS_ABS
X: INAL.POSS
Y: ABS
Locus: X
mə čʼaške-m som-jə-ŝe ə-was
this cup- obl rouble‑ lnk -hundred 3 sg . pr -price
‘This cup costs one hundred roubles.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Aghul q’imat + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
me qːab.u-n q’imat ic’u manat e
demm dishes- gen price 10 ruble cop
‘This cup costs ten rubles.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Alik Kryz xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_EQU
X: NOM
Y: EQU
Locus: Y
lu çeşka sunci dullar-ci-ğan-yu
this cup( f ) one. attr . obl dollar- obl - equ - prs . f
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Archi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
ja-t gruška os dollal-li-t i
this-4 mug one dollar- obl - sup 4.be
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +dakər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+sudra +dakr-a əmma +manət
shirt( f ) cost. prs - ss .3 f hundred rouble( m )
‘This shirt costs one hundred roubles.’

Avar baha buk’ine

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hab čaška-jaɬ-ul baha co dollar b-ugo
this. n cup- obl - gen price one dollar n - cop
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Azerbaijani COP

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
bu fincan bir dollar-a-dır
this cup one dollar- dat / lat - cop 3
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal (copular) predicate.

Bambara yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
shɛ̀` sɔ̀ngɔ` yé kɛ̀mɛ náani yé
chicken\ art price\ art equ hundred four as
‘The price of a chicken is 2000 francs (= 400 times 5 francs).’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Brazilian Portuguese custar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ess-a xícar-a cust-a um dólar
dem . med - f cup( f ) cost-3 sg . prs indf dollar( m )
‘This cup costs a dollar.’

Catalan costar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
aquest-a tassa cost-a un euro
this- sg . f cup( f ) cost-3 sg . prs . ind indf . sg . m euro( m )
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

Chirag ze

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
kila ʁa̰b-a-la ʡa̰bc’ale qːuruš-l-i ze
kilo( abs ) potato- pl - gen thirty ruble- obl - super cop . prs .3
‘One kilo of potatoes costs thirty rubles.’

Czech stát

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ta sklenic-e stojí jeden dolar
this. f . nom . sg glass( f )- nom . sg cost( ipfv ). prs .3 sg one[ m . acc . sg ] dollar( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘This glass costs one dollar.’

Danish koste

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kopp-en koste-r en euro
cup( c )- def . sg cost- prs one euro( c )
‘The cup costs 1 euro.’

Dutch kosten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
deze kopje kost één dollar
dem . n . sg cup( n ) cost.3 sg one dollar( c )
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mánkoro sàba sɔ̀nkɔ` yé wáa kélen.
mango three price\ art be thousand one
‘Three mangos cost 1000 francs.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

English cost

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
This cup costs 1 euro.

Estonian maksma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
see tops maksa-b ühe euro
dem . sg . nom cup. sg . nom cost- prs .3 sg one. sg . gen euro. sg . gen
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

Finnish maksaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
tämä kuppi maks-aa yhden euro-n
this. nom cup. nom cost- prs .3 sg one. gen euro- gen
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ɛke tʃaʃka mirzo-za dʲuʔ bɛse
this cup price- nom . sg .3 sg hundred iron
‘The price of this cup is one hundred roubles’.
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a non-verbal predicate.

French coûter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
cette tasse coûte un dollar
def . sg . f cup( f ) cost. prs .3 sg indf . sg . m dollar( m )
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Georgian Ø-γir-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
es č'ika-Ø ert-i dolar-i Ø-γir-s
dem . prox _ nom glass- nom one- nom dollar- nom s 3-cost- s 3 sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Due to its argument alignment properties, this verb is often treated among copulas.

German kosten

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
die Tasse koste-t ein-en Euro
def . f . nom . sg cup[ nom . sg ] cost- prs . sg one- m . acc . sg euro[ acc . sg ]
‘The cup costs 1 euro.’

Guinean Kpelle káa

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
gwíi kpɔ̀lu hàaɓa káa à wáa tɔ́nɔ̂
banana red three be with thousand one
‘Three bananas cost one thousand.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Icari Dargwa b=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
hejž baʁdaʁ ca dollar-rij ca=b
this. abs cup. abs one dollar- suplat cop = n
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Irish cosain

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Chosain an cupa=sa euro amhaín
pst /cost def cup= dem euro one
‘This cup costs one euro.’

Italian costare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
la tazz-a cost-a un dollar-o
def . sg . f cup- sg . f cost-3 sg . prs indf . sg . m dollar- sg . m
‘The cup costs a dollar.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: DAT
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: XY
iš šaška-li-s ca dollar b-uk'-ar
this cup- obl - dat one dollar hpl -say. ipfv - th
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Kalderash Romani kərəl

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
kaď-a kuć-i kərə-l jekh řubl-a
this- f . dir . sg cup- nom . sg cost- prs .3 sg one rouble- nom . sg
‘This cup costs one rouble.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ABS_ABS(NO.AGR)
X: ABS
Y: ABS(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
hamu mašin q’ub milion vu
emph -3. p car( abs ) two million cop ( prs )
‘This car costs two million (rubles)’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Karata baha bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ha-b kuruška-ƛ baha ceb dollar idja
this- n mug- gen price one. n dollar cop
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Kaytag Dargwa bik’ulca

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
hel č:aˁška ca dоllar b-ik’-ulca
dem cup one dollar n -say- prs
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Kazakh tur

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Bul kese bіr dollar tur-adï
this cup one dollar cost- prs 2.3 sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Kazym Khanty *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tǎm an-en tǝn-λ sɔt šɔjǝt
this cup- poss .2 sg price- poss .3 sg hundred rouble
‘This cup costs 100 roubles.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Khoekhoe ǂgan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
nē ǁhoe-s ge ǀgui euro-b-a ra ǂgan
t his cup-3 f . sg decl one euro-3 m . sg - obl ipfv cost
‘This cup costs one euro.’

Khwarshi baha

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
cĩjo-s baha q'uni ʁuruš
salt( iv )- gen 1 price two rouble( v )
‘The price of salt is two roubles.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kina Rutul wiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
mi istek’an sa manut-a-s w-iɁi
this cup( nom ) one rouble- obl - dat 3- cop
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk toqtamaq

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
bu čaška bir dollar toqta-j
bu cup( r ) one dollar( r ) stop-3 sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Latin consto

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
VI mil-ibus D tibi consta-re-nt ea
6 thousand( n )- abl . pl 500 you. dat cost- ipfv . sbjv - act .3 pl this. nom . pl . n
‘This would cost you 6500.’
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. 4, 1, 28)

Laz o-r-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ham šuše-Ø ar li(r)a-z Ø-[r]-en-Ø
dem . prox glass- nom one l ira- dat s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘This glass costs one Lira.’

Mandarin Chinese yào huā

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zhè-ge bēizi yào huā shí-kuài qián
this- clf cup need cost ten- clf money
‘This cup costs ten yuan.’

Mano kɛ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
ɓū ē kɛ̄ wáá sɔ́ɔ́lī ká
rice 3 sg . pst be thousand five with
‘The rice costs 5 thousand (francs).’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
heš ʁadar-la baha=gʷa ca dоllar
this dish- gen price= ptcl one dоllar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Mingrelian Ø-γir-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
te č'irka-Ø art lar-(i) Ø-γir-u(n)-Ø
dem . prox glass- nom one l ari-( nom ) s 3-cost-( sm )- s 3 sg . inact
‘This cup cost one Lari.’
Note: This verb phrase is likely to be a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew ol-a

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ha kos ha z-ot ol-a juro
def cup def this[ sg ]- f cost[ ptcp ]- sg . f euro
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

Mukhad Rutul q'imet viʔi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mi čaška-did q'imet viʔi sa manut
prox cup- nh . gen price( a ) a . cop one manat
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Nanai sali-

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
əj aleo əm tiəsə sali-ni
this tableware one rouble cost. npst - p .3 sg
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’

Nivkh erʁad

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
tu + ŋirŋ ɲaqr̥ cʰχa e-rʁa-d
dem . prox + cup one rouble 3 sg -cost- ind
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’

Northern Akhvakh baha bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ha ššet’o-ƛƛi baha če dollare
this cup- gen price one dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Northern Yukaghir ŋol=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
tu-ŋ suskǝ wаlˈǝ-gi mа̄rhа-n solkuobаj
prxm - at cup price- poss .3 one- gen rouble
‘This cup costs one rouble.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument). Non-verbal predicate.

Norwegian Bokmål å koste

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
denne kopp-en koste-r en dollar
this. m . sg cup- def . m . sg cost- prs one. m dollar
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Polish kosztować

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ta filiżank-a kosztuje jeden dolar
this. f . nom . sg cup- nom . sg cost: ipfv . prs .3 sg one[ m . acc . sg ] dollar[ acc . sg ]
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Russian stoitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
èt-a čašk-a sto-it odin dollar
this- f . nom . sg cup( f )- nom . sg cost( ipfv )- prs .3 sg one[ m . acc . sg ] dollar( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’

Serbian koštati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ta šolj-a košta jedan dolar
this. nom . sg . f cup- nom . sg cost. prs .3 sg one. acc . sg . m dollar. acc . sg
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Shinaz Rutul q'emet vɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hemi-d čaškɨje-d q'emet v-iʔi sa dollar
this- attr cup. obl - attr price a - cop one dollar( a )
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Shughni vidow

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
yid garδā 3 som
d 2. sg bread 3 somoni
‘This cup costs three somoni.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Skolt Saami mäʹhssed

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
tät kopp mähss õhtt euʹrr
prox . sg . nom cup. sg . nom cost. prs .3 sg one. nom euro. nom
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

Slovak stáť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Hrnček stojí jedn-o eur-o
cup( m )- nom . sg cost( ipfv ). prs .3 sg one- n . acc . sg euro( n )- acc . sg
‘This glass costs one euro.’

Slovenian stati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ta skodelic-a stane en-o kron-o
this. nom . sg . f cup- nom . sg cost: ipfv . prs .3 sg one- acc . sg . f crown- acc . sg
‘This cup costs one crown.’

Sorani Kurdish bûn

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
ew fincan-e be yek yoro-ye
this cup- dem to one euro-be. prs .3 sg
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Southern Rutul yişin

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
kubok-a-dı q'iymet sa manat i
cup- obl - attr price( a ) one manat ( n ) cop
‘This cup costs one manat.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Spanish costar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
est-a taza cuest-a un dólar
this- sg . f cup[ sg . f ] cost- prs .3 sg art . ndef . sg . m dollar[ sg . m ]
‘This cup costs one dollar.’

Standard Arabic siʕr-u kāna

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
siʕr-u l-finǧān-i dūlār-u-n wāḥid-u-n
price( m )- nom def -cup( m )- gen dollar( m )- nom - indef one( m )- nom - indef
‘This cup costs one dollar.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Svan

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
al č'ik-Ø ešxu lar-Ø x-a-ǯeš
dem . prox cup- nom one l ari- nom io 3- ver : sup -resemble
‘This cup costs one Lari.’

Swedish att kosta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
den här kopp-en kosta-r 1 euro
def . c . sg here cup- def . c . sg cost- prs one euro
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LIN
X: ACT
Y: LIN
Locus: Y
Nag-ka~ka-halaga ng piso ito-ng baso
av - com ~ ipfv -cost lin one_peso 3. sg . subj - lin cup
‘This cup costs 1 peso.’
Note: The DAT encoding of the Y-argument is also possible.

Telugu dhara + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ī kappu dhara oka yūro
dem . prox cup( n ). sg . obl price( n ). sg . nom one euro( n ). sg . nom
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Tsakhur dagariyхhay

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
hayni guruška-yn dagariy sa manat vo-b
med . obl cup- n value one manat( a ) cop - a
‘This cup costs one manat.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a non-verbal predicate.

Tsudakhar Dargwa ha-b-eʁ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG/LOC(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Locus: Y
ca kila kartoška-la ʁal qːuruš-le ha-b-eʁ-ib
one kilo potato- gen twenty ruble- erg / loc ( lat ) up - n -reach. pfv - pret (3)
‘One kilo of potatoes costs twenty roubles.’

Tsugni Dargwa COP

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
ʡuba-la killa ʁajal qːuruš-li=cab=de
potato. pl . obl - gen kilo twenty ruble- erg = cop : n (3)= pst
‘One kilo of potatoes costs twenty roubles.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turkish etmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
bu bardak bir lira ed-iyor
this glass one lira make- prs
‘This glass costs one lira.’

Turoyo ṭim- + COP

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
u koso u ṭim-ayḏe waraqto yo
art . m cup( m ) art . m price- p .3 m banknote( f ) cop .3 sg
‘The price of the cup is one (euro).’
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument).

Ulcha bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
əj mewti um taŋgu-du bī-ni
this gun one hundred- dat be. prs -3 sg
‘This gun costs a hundred (roubles).’

Uzbek turmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
bu čaška bir dollar tur-a-di
this cup one dollar stand- prs 2-3 sg
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’

West Central Oromo baasa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
waantʃ'aa-n kun birrii tokko baas-a
cup- nom this. nom birr one. abs cost-3 sg . m . pfv
‘This cup costs one birr.’

Zilo Andi baha

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ho-no-b kuruʃku-tɬi baha oziru-ɡu som
dem - emph - inan 1 cup. obl - gen price[ inan 1][ nom ] thousand- card rouble
‘This cup costs a thousand roubles.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.