‘cost’
Argument frame: |
X
(cost)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
This cup
costs
1 euro
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
стоить
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(стоить)
Y
(один доллар)
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
Эта чашка] стоит [один доллар
.
|
Abaza
χʷə
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
X: IO |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
arjə́ |
ápχ’aga |
som-ŝ-ḳ |
j-a-χʷ-ṗ |
prox
|
def
+book
|
rouble-hundred-
unit
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-price-
npst
.
dcl
|
‘This book costs one hundred roubles.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Adyghe
wase
Valency pattern:
INAL.POSS_ABS
|
X: INAL.POSS |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
mə |
čʼaške-m |
som-jə-ŝe |
ə-was |
этот
|
чашка-
obl
|
рубль‑
lnk
-сто
|
3
sg
.
pr
-цена
|
‘Эта чашка стоит сто рублей.’ |
Aghul
q’imat + COP
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
me |
qːab.u-n |
q’imat |
ic’u |
manat |
e |
demm
|
dishes-
gen
|
price
|
10
|
ruble
|
cop
|
‘This cup costs ten rubles.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument). |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+dakər
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
+sudra |
+dakr-a |
əmma |
+manət |
shirt(
f
)
|
cost.
prs
-
ss
.3
f
|
hundred
|
rouble(
m
)
|
‘This shirt costs one hundred roubles.’ |
Bambara
yé/tɛ́
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
shɛ̀` |
sɔ̀ngɔ` |
yé |
kɛ̀mɛ |
náani |
yé |
chicken\
art
|
price\
art
|
equ
|
hundred
|
four
|
as
|
‘The price of a chicken is 2000 francs (= 400 times 5 francs).’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Brazilian Portuguese
custar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
ess-a |
xícar-a |
cust-a |
um |
dólar |
dem
.
med
-
f
|
cup(
f
)
|
cost-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
|
dollar(
m
)
|
‘This cup costs a dollar.’ |
Catalan
costar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
aquest-a |
tassa |
cost-a |
un |
euro |
this-
sg
.
f
|
cup(
f
)
|
cost-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
euro(
m
)
|
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Czech
stát
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ta |
sklenic-e |
stojí |
jeden |
dolar |
this.
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
glass(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
cost(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
one[
m
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
dollar(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘This glass costs one dollar.’ |
Danish
koste
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kopp-en |
koste-r |
en |
euro |
cup(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
cost-
prs
|
one
|
euro(
c
)
|
‘The cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Dutch
kosten
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
deze |
kopje |
kost |
één |
dollar |
dem
.
n
.
sg
|
cup(
n
)
|
cost.3
sg
|
one
|
dollar(
c
)
|
‘This cup costs one dollar.’ |
Eastern Maninka
yé/tɛ́
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Mánkoro |
sàba |
sɔ̀nkɔ` |
yé |
wáa |
kélen. |
mango
|
three
|
price\
art
|
be
|
thousand
|
one
|
‘Three mangos cost 1000 francs.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication. |
English
cost
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
maksma
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
see |
tops |
maksa-b |
ühe |
euro |
dem
.
sg
.
nom
|
cup.
sg
.
nom
|
cost-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
sg
.
gen
|
euro.
sg
.
gen
|
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Finnish
maksaa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
tämä |
kuppi |
maks-aa |
yhden |
euro-n |
this.
nom
|
cup.
nom
|
cost-
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
gen
|
euro-
gen
|
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Forest Enets
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ɛke |
tʃaʃka |
mirzo-za |
dʲuʔ |
bɛse |
this
|
cup
|
price-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
hundred
|
iron
|
‘The price of this cup is one hundred roubles’. |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a non-verbal predicate. |
French
coûter
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
cette |
tasse |
coûte |
un |
dollar |
def
.
sg
.
f
|
cup(
f
)
|
cost.
prs
.3
sg
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar(
m
)
|
‘This cup costs one dollar.’ |
Georgian
Ø-γir-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOM |
Locus: Y |
es |
č'ika-Ø |
ert-i |
dolar-i |
Ø-γir-s |
dem
.
prox
_
nom
|
glass-
nom
|
one-
nom
|
dollar-
nom
|
s
3-cost-
s
3
sg
|
‘This cup costs one dollar.’ |
Note: Due to its argument alignment properties, this verb is often treated among copulas. |
German
kosten
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
die |
Tasse |
koste-t |
ein-en |
Euro |
def
.
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
cup[
nom
.
sg
]
|
cost-
prs
.
sg
|
one-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
euro[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘The cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Irish
cosain
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Chosain |
an |
cupa=sa |
euro |
amhaín |
pst
/cost
|
def
|
cup=
dem
|
euro
|
one
|
‘This cup costs one euro.’ |
Italian
costare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
la |
tazz-a |
cost-a |
un |
dollar-o |
def
.
sg
.
f
|
cup-
sg
.
f
|
cost-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar-
sg
.
m
|
‘The cup costs a dollar.’ |
Kalderash Romani
kərəl
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOM |
Locus: Y |
kaď-a |
kuć-i |
kərə-l |
jekh |
řubl-a |
this-
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
cup-
nom
.
sg
|
cost-
prs
.3
sg
|
one
|
rouble-
nom
.
sg
|
‘This cup costs one rouble.’ |
Kazakh
tur
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Bul |
kese |
bіr |
dollar |
tur-adï |
this
|
cup
|
one
|
dollar
|
cost-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘This cup costs one dollar.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
tǎm |
an-en |
tǝn-λ |
sɔt |
šɔjǝt |
this
|
cup-
poss
.2
sg
|
price-
poss
.3
sg
|
hundred
|
rouble
|
‘This cup costs 100 roubles.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument). |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
cĩjo-s |
baha |
q'uni |
ʁuruš |
соль(
iv
)-
gen
1
|
стоимость
|
два
|
рубль(
v
)
|
‘Стоимость соли – два рубля.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. ИГ: в этом случае разорвать не получается, так что тут скорее единая ИГ. |
Kina Rutul
wiɁi
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
mi |
istek’an |
sa |
manut-a-s |
w-iɁi |
this
|
cup(
nom
)
|
one
|
rouble-
obl
-
dat
|
3-
cop
|
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Latin
consto
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
VI |
mil-ibus |
D |
tibi |
consta-re-nt |
ea |
6
|
thousand(
n
)-
abl
.
pl
|
500
|
you.
dat
|
cost-
ipfv
.
sbjv
-
act
.3
pl
|
this.
nom
.
pl
.
n
|
‘This would cost you 6500.’ |
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. 4, 1, 28) |
Mandarin Chinese
yào huā
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
zhè-ge |
bēizi |
yào |
huā |
shí-kuài |
qián |
this-
clf
|
cup
|
need
|
cost
|
ten-
clf
|
money
|
‘This cup costs ten yuan.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-γir-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
te |
č'irka-Ø |
art |
lar-(i) |
Ø-γir-u(n)-Ø. |
dem
.
prox
|
glass-
nom
|
one
|
l
ari-(
nom
)
|
s
3-cost-(
sm
)-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘This cup cost one Lari.’ |
Note: This verb phrase is likely to be a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
ol-a
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
ha |
kos |
ha |
z-ot |
ol-a |
juro |
def
|
cup
|
def
|
this[
sg
]-
f
|
cost[
ptcp
]-
sg
.
f
|
euro
|
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Nanai
sali-
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOM(NO.AGR) |
Locus: Y |
əj |
aleo |
əm |
tiəsə |
sali-ni |
this
|
tableware
|
one
|
rouble
|
cost.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’ |
Nivkh
erʁad
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
tu |
+ |
ŋirŋ |
ɲaqr̥ |
cʰχa |
e-rʁa-d |
dem
.
prox
|
+
|
cup
|
one
|
rouble
|
3
sg
-cost-
ind
|
‘This cup costs 1 rouble.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Northern Yukaghir
(ŋol=)
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
tu-ŋ |
suskǝ |
wаlˈǝ-gi |
mа̄rhа-n |
solkuobаj |
prxm
-
at
|
cup
|
price-
poss
.3
|
one-
gen
|
rouble
|
‘This cup costs one rouble.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument). Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å koste
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
denne |
kopp-en |
koste-r |
en |
dollar |
this.
m
.
sg
|
cup-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
cost-
prs
|
one.
m
|
dollar
|
‘This cup costs one dollar.’ |
Polish
kosztować
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ta |
filiżank-a |
kosztuje |
jeden |
dolar |
this.
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
cup-
nom
.
sg
|
cost:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
one[
m
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
dollar[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘This cup costs one dollar.’ |
Russian
stoitʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
èt-a |
čašk-a |
sto-it |
odin |
dollar |
this-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
cup(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
cost(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
one[
m
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
dollar(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’ |
Serbian
koštati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ta |
šolj-a |
košta |
jedan |
dolar |
this.
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
cup-
nom
.
sg
|
cost.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar.
acc
.
sg
|
‘This cup costs one dollar.’ |
Shughni
vidow
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
yid |
garδā |
3 |
som |
d
2.
sg
|
bread
|
3
|
somoni
|
‘This cup costs three somoni.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument). |
Skolt Saami
mäʹhssed
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOM |
Locus: Y |
tät |
kopp |
mähss |
õhtt |
euʹrr |
prox
.
sg
.
nom
|
cup.
sg
.
nom
|
cost.
prs
.3
sg
|
one.
nom
|
euro.
nom
|
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Slovak
stáť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Hrnček |
stojí |
jedn-o |
eur-o |
cup(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
cost(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
one-
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
euro(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘This glass costs one euro.’ |
Slovenian
stati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ta |
skodelic-a |
stane |
en-o |
kron-o |
this.
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
cup-
nom
.
sg
|
cost:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
one-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
crown-
acc
.
sg
|
‘This cup costs one crown.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
beha hebûn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
X: SBJ |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
ew |
fincan-e |
be |
yek |
yoro-ye |
this
|
cup-
dem
|
to
|
one
|
euro-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
costar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
est-a |
taza |
cuest-a |
un |
dólar |
this-
sg
.
f
|
cup[
sg
.
f
]
|
cost-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
dollar[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘This cup costs one dollar.’ |
Swedish
att kosta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
den |
här |
kopp-en |
kosta-r |
1 |
euro |
def
.
c
.
sg
|
here
|
cup-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
cost-
prs
|
one
|
euro
|
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LIN
|
X: ACT |
Y: LIN |
Locus: Y |
Nag-ka~ka-halaga |
ng |
piso |
ito-ng |
baso |
av
-
com
~
ipfv
-cost
|
lin
|
one_peso
|
3.
sg
.
subj
-
lin
|
cup
|
‘This cup costs 1 peso.’ |
Note: ??? Think about the COM marker (and read a comment on this). RG: “Piso here is like compass in 51”. “ “Ito” can be a demonstrative and the LIN links it to the noun, like “this cup”. This would have simply been “ang baso” if it had been “the cup” instead of “this cup””. “I sometimes feel like the “ng” is also used like “na” as a linker (51).”. SS. i) I took your last comment seriously and changed the gloss of “ng” in this sentence. |
Telugu
dhara + COP
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ī |
kappu |
dhara |
oka |
yūro |
dem
.
prox
|
cup(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
price(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
one
|
euro(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
‘This cup costs 1 euro.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because 1) X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier and 2) Y is expressed as a (non-verbal) predicate (not an argument). |
Turkish
etmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
bu |
bardak |
bir |
lira |
ed-iyor |
this
|
glass
|
one
|
lira
|
make-
prs
|
‘This glass costs one lira.’ |
Ulcha
bi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
əj |
mewti |
um |
taŋgu-du |
bī-ni |
this
|
gun
|
one
|
hundred-
dat
|
be.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘This gun costs a hundred (roubles).’ |
Uzbek
turmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
bu |
čaška |
bir |
dollar |
tur-a-di |
this
|
cup
|
one
|
dollar
|
stand-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘This cup costs 1 dollar.’ |
West Central Oromo
baasa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
waantʃ'aa-n |
kun |
birrii |
tokko |
baas-a |
cup-
nom
|
this.
nom
|
birr
|
one.
abs
|
cost-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘This cup costs one birr.’ |
Zilo Andi
baha
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ho-no-b |
kuruʃku-tɬi |
baha |
oziru-ɡu |
som |
dem
-
emph
-
inan
1
|
cup.
obl
-
gen
|
price[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
thousand-
card
|
rouble
|
‘This cup costs a thousand roubles.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |