‘listen’
| Argument frame: |
X
(listen) to
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(What is P. doing?)
P.
is listening to
radio
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
слушать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(слушать)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Что делает П._x?)
П.
слушает
радио
.
|
Abaza
[z-]ʒərʕʷ
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| zaréma |
rádia |
d-a-z-ʒərʕʷ-ə́j-d |
|
pn
|
radio
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-
ben
-listen-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Zarema is listening to radio.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
je-deʔʷə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pŝaŝe-r |
radio-m |
j-e-deʔʷə |
|
girl-
abs
|
radio-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-
dyn
-listen
|
| ‘The girl is listening to radio.’ |
Aghul
ubur qix.i-
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_POST
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: POST |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a |
radi-q |
ubur |
qix.i-naa |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
radi-
post
|
ear
|
{
post
}put.
pf
-
prf
|
| ‘Aslan is listening to radio.’ |
Alik Kryz
ibur ğiyts'ayc
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan-ir |
radyu-ciğ |
ibur |
ğiyts'-raʕaca |
|
pn
-
erg
|
radio-
obl
.
super
|
ear
|
put_on.
ipfv
-
prog
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan is listening to radio.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUP.LAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUP.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| paša |
radio-li-tːi-k |
oj |
aču-li |
w-i |
|
pn
|
radio-
obl
-
sup
-
lat
|
ear
|
4.throw.
pfv
-
cvb
.
pfv
|
1-be
|
| ‘Pasha is listening to radio.’ |
| Note: Binominative construction resolves into transitive. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+šammə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brat-i |
+bəšmay=əla |
praskala |
|
girl(
f
)-
p
.1
sg
|
hear.
prog
=3
f
|
radio(?)
|
| ‘My daughter is listening to radio.’ |
Avar
ʕenekkize
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_APUD
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: APUD |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
radio-jaɬ-uq |
ʕenekk-un |
w-ugo |
|
pn
|
radio-
obl
-
apud
|
listen-
seq
|
m
-
cop
|
| ‘Ali is listening to radio.’ |
Azerbaijani
qulaq asmaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DATLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Aslan |
radio-ya |
qulaq |
as-ır |
|
pn
|
radio-
dat
/
lat
|
ear
|
hang-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan is listening to radio.’ |
Bambara
túlomajɔ̀
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_fe
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: fe |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
b'í |
túlomajɔ̀ |
àrajɔ` |
fɛ̀ |
|
pn
|
ipfv
.
refl
|
listen
|
radio\
art
|
by
|
| ‘Seku listens to the radio.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
escutar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
escut-a |
o |
rádio |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
listen-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
m
|
radio(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is listening to the radio.’ |
Catalan
escoltar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
està |
escolt-ant |
la |
ràdio |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
listen-
ger
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
radio(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere is listening to radio.’ |
Chirag
lejqi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| ʡa̰le |
radio-l-i |
lejq-le |
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
radio-
obl
-
super
|
hear:
ipf
-
dur
.
prs
.3
|
| ‘Ali is listening to the radio.’ |
Czech
poslouchat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
poslouchá |
rádi-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
listen(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
radio(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is listening to radio.’ |
Danish
lytte
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_til
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: til |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
lytte-r |
til |
radio-en |
|
pn
|
listen-
prs
|
to
|
radio(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is listening to the radio.’ |
Dutch
luisteren
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_naar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: naar |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
luister-t |
naar |
de |
radio |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
listen-3
sg
|
on
|
art
.
def
.С
|
radio(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet is listening to the radio.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lámɛn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
yé |
ràdiyo` |
lá-mɛn-na. |
|
pn
|
be
|
radio\
art
|
caus
-hear-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Seku listens to the radio.’ |
English
listen
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_to
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: to |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
listening |
to |
radio. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
kuulama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
kuula-b |
raadio-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
listen-
prs
.3
sg
|
radio-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter is listening to the radio.’ |
Finnish
kuunnella
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
kuuntel-ee |
radio-ta |
|
pn
.
nom
|
listen-
prs
.3
sg
|
radio-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is listening to radio.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲuzire
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
spidola-da |
dʲuzire |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
portable_radioset-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
listen(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is listening to radio’. |
French
écouter
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
écoute |
la |
radio |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
listen.
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
radio(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is listening to radio.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-sm-en-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
radio-s |
Ø-u-sm-en-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
radio-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-hear-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is listening to radio.’ |
German
hören
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
hör-t |
Radio |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
listen-
prs
.3
sg
|
radio[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is listening to the radio.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
wéli tɔ̌ɔ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bha |
| Locus: Y |
| Pépèe |
káa |
ŋwèlí |
tɔ̌ɔ-i |
radio |
ɓà |
|
pn
|
cop
|
3
sg
\ear
|
install-
inf
|
radio
|
on
|
| ‘Pepee is listening to the radio.’ |
Icari Dargwa
gu-lik'-anaj
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPLAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
radiwa-lij |
gu-lik'-a-ca=w |
|
pn
.
abs
|
radio-
suplat
|
under
-listen:
ipf
-
prs
-
cop
=
m
|
| ‘Islam is listening to radio.’ |
Irish
éist
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
éisteacht |
leis |
an |
radio. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
listen.
nmlz
|
with
|
def
|
radio
|
| ‘Pól is listening to radio.’ |
| Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
ascoltare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ascolt-a |
la |
radio |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
listen-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
radio.
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo listens to the radio.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| meħamad-li |
radio-li-ke |
liħ-aˤq-i-le |
w-0-ar |
|
pn
-
erg
|
radio-
obl
-
super
|
ear-beat.
pfv
-
pret
-
cvb
|
m
-be.
ipfv
-
th
|
| ‘Muhammad is listening to radio.’ |
Kalderash Romani
ašunel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
ašun-el |
radiva |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
listen-
prs
.3
sg
|
radio[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Murša is listening to radio.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DIR
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
radio.ji-q |
qebeq-na |
|
r
asul(
abs
)
|
radio-
post
|
listen-
res
|
| ‘He listens to the radio.’ |
Karata
andukaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_POST
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: POST |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
radio-q |
anduk-e |
idja |
|
pn
|
radio-
post
|
listen-
pf
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali is listening to radio.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
nik’nawic:ara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| petja |
radiо-l-ži |
nik’navic:-urca |
|
pn
|
radio-
obl
-
super
|
m
.listen.
pf
-
perf
|
| ‘Petja is listening to radio.’ |
Kazakh
tïnda
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
radiyo |
tïnda-p |
otïr |
|
pn
|
radio
|
listen-
cvb
|
sit.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is listening to the radio.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǫλǝntti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
ar |
χǫλǝnt-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
song
|
listen-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is listening a song.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǃgâ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
ǂhôaǂgare-s-a |
ra |
ǃgâ |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
radio-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
ipfv
|
listen
|
| ‘Peter is listening to radio.’ |
Khwarshi
tiqʷaχa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| de |
zebe-s |
radio |
tiqo:χa |
|
1
sg
.
erg
|
day(
v
)-
gen
1
|
radio(
iii
)
|
listen\
gnt
|
| ‘I listen to radio every day.’ |
Kina Rutul
ubɨr qassara
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUB
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUB |
| Locus: Y |
| islam-a |
ubɨr |
q-assa-r=a |
radio-je-χda |
|
pn
-
erg
|
ear
|
pv
-4.listen.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
radio-
obl
-
sub
|
| ‘Islam is listening to radio.’ |
Kumyk
tɨnglamaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| patimat |
radio-ʁa |
tɨng-la-j |
|
pn
|
radio-
dat
|
(listen)-
vblz
-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat is listening to radio.’ |
Latin
audio
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ut |
audi-re-m |
Laber-i |
et |
Publil-i |
poemat-a |
|
conj
|
listen-
ipfv
.
sbjv
-
act
.1
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
and
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
poem(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘... that I listened the poems of Laberius and Publius.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Fam. 12, 18) |
Laz
uǯ-ap-a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
radio-Ø |
Ø-u-uǯ-am-s |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
radio-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-listen-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim is listening to / hears (the) radio.’ |
| Note: The meanings ‘listen’ and ‘hear’ are not formally distinguished. |
Mandarin Chinese
tīng
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
tīng |
guǎngbō |
|
pn
|
prog
|
listen
|
radio
|
| ‘Zhangsan is listening to the radio.’ |
Mano
tóó dɔ̄
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mo
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mo |
| Locus: Y |
| ŋ̄ |
ŋ̄ |
tóó |
dɔ̄-pɛ̀lɛ̀ |
ī |
mɔ̀ |
|
1
sg
.
exi
|
1
sg
|
ear
|
install-
inf
|
2
sg
|
on
|
| ‘I am listening to you.’ |
| Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| radiʔu-li-če |
liħi |
b-irx-an |
Islam-ini |
|
radio-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
|
ear
|
n
-put:
ipfv
-
hab
|
pn
-
erg
|
| ‘Islam is listening to radio.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
radio-s |
Ø-u-rčkil-e(n)-Ø |
|
pn
-
nom
|
radio-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-hear-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is listening to radio.’ |
Modern Hebrew
makʃiv
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
makʃiv |
le |
radio |
|
pn
|
listen[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
to
|
radio
|
| ‘Pinchas is listening to radio.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
qhacun
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_APUD
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: APUD |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
radiо-dı-χda |
qhabcu-ra |
a |
|
pn
|
radio-
obl
-
apud
|
ipf
.listen-
simul
|
be_in
|
| ‘Murad is listening to radio.’ |
Nanai
dosiǯa-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
radio-wa |
doseǯa-j-ni |
|
pn
|
radio-
obl
|
listen-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is listening to radio.’ |
Nivkh
məd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
radiо |
+ |
mə-d |
|
pn
|
radio
|
+
|
listen-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is listening to radio.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
hadaxuruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pataħi |
radio-ga |
handax-o |
gudi |
|
pn
|
radio-
lat
|
listen-
seq
.
m
|
m
.
cop
|
| ‘Patahi is listening to radio.’ |
Northern Mansi
xūntli
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| am |
xūntl-ēj-um |
rādio |
|
1
sg
|
listen-
npst
-1
sg
|
radio
|
| ‘I am listening to the radio.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
möndˈiǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
rаdio-lǝ |
möndˈiǝ-nu-j |
|
pn
|
radio-
acc
|
listen-
ipf
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is listening to radio.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å lytte
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_til
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: til |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
lytte-r |
til |
radio-en |
|
pn
|
listen-
prs
|
to
|
radio-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per is listening to radio.’ |
Polish
słuchać
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Ann-a |
słucha |
radi-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
listen:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
radio-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna is listening to radio.’ |
Russian
slušatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
sluša-et |
radio |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
listen(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
radio(
n
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is listening to radio.’ |
Serbian
slušati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
sluša |
radio |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
listen.
prs
.3
sg
|
radio.
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is listening to radio.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
qhacu-n
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_APUD
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: APUD |
| Locus: Y |
| basir |
qhacu-r |
a |
radija-χda |
|
pn
|
(
m
)listen.
pf
-
seq
|
exist
|
radio-
apud
|
| ‘Basir is listening to radio.’ |
Shughni
niɣix̌tow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Lola |
radio |
niɣůɣ̌-d |
|
pn
|
radio
|
listen-3
sg
|
| ‘Lola is listening to radio.’ |
Skolt Saami
kuvddled
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
lij |
kuvddle-men |
radia |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
listen-
prog
.
ptcp
|
radio.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete is listening to radio.’ |
Slovak
počúvať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
počúva |
rádi-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
listen(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
radio(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is listening to radio.’ |
Slovenian
poslušati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
posluša |
radi-o |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
listen:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
radio-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana is listening to radio.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
giwê dan
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
xerîk-e |
giwê |
de-d-at-e |
r̂adwê |
|
pn
|
busy-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
ear
|
ind
-give.
prs
-3
sg
-to
|
radio
|
| ‘Hiwa is listening to the radio.’ |
| Note: The verbal marker “–e” is the result of the “migration” of the preposition “be”, cf. “Hîwa xerîk-e giwê de-d-at le r̂adwê”. |
Southern Rutul
ubur qhixhin
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_APUD
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: APUD |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a |
radio-ya-xda |
ubur |
qhinse-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
radio-
obl
-
apud
|
ear
|
(
n
)apply.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad is listening to radio.’ |
Spanish
escuchar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
escuch-a |
la |
radio |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
listen-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
radio[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro is listening to the radio.’ |
Standard Arabic
samiʕa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
yasmaʕu |
radiyū |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
listen.
ipf
.3
m
|
radio/
acc
|
| ‘Badr is listening to radio.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-Ø |
radio-s |
x-o-hwnär-i |
|
pn
-
nom
|
radio-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-listen-
prs
|
| ‘Maizer is listening to the radio.’ |
Swedish
att lyssna
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
lyssna-r |
på |
radio |
|
pn
|
listen-
prs
|
on
|
radio
|
| ‘Björn is listening to the radio.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Na-ki~kinig |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
radyo |
|
<
av
>
ipfv
~listen
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
radio
|
| ‘Pedro is listening to radio’ |
| Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is also possible with the same Y-argument, hence ACT_UND. |
Telugu
viṇu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
rēḍiyō |
viṁṭunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
radio(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
listen.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is listening to radio.’ |
Tsakhur
k’ırı gyaq:q:iy
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPEREL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPEREL |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-ee |
piryomnik’-ıle |
k’ırı |
vo-d |
gyaq:q:a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
radio-
superel
|
ear
|
cop
-
n
|
(
n
)listen.
ipf
|
| ‘Murad is listening to radio.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
leħ aq-iz/iq-iz
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER(LAT) |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi |
telewizor-li-jaˤ |
laˤħ |
ilq-une=saj |
|
boy
|
tv-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
|
ear
|
hang.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
.3
|
| ‘The boy is listening to the tv.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
legu k-aq-i / ka-iq-i
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER(LAT) |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ |
teliwizur-li-ge |
legu |
ka-q-ible=caj |
|
boy
|
tv-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
|
ear
|
down
-hang.
pfv
-
cnv
.
pret
=
cop
:
m
.3
|
| ‘The boy is listening to the tv.’ |
Turkish
dinlemek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
radyo-yı |
dinli-yor |
|
pn
|
radio-
acc
|
listen-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is listening to the radio.’ |
Turoyo
maṣəṯ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_7al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: 7al |
| Locus: Y |
| Gabriyel |
uʕdo |
ko-maṣəṯ |
ʕal |
u |
radyo |
|
pn
|
now
|
prs
-listen.
ipfv
.3
m
|
on
|
art
.
m
|
radio(
m
)
|
| ‘Gabriyel is listening to the radio now.’ |
Ulcha
dosoǯi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
raǯio |
dosoǯ-i-ni |
|
father
|
radio
|
listen-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father is listening to radio.’ |
Uzbek
tiŋlamoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
radio |
tiŋla-b |
otir-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
radio
|
listen-
cvb
|
sit-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is listening to radio.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗaggeeffata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
raadijoo |
ɗaggeeffattʃ-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
radio.
abs
|
listen-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is listening to radio.’ |
Zilo Andi
antʃː.i-r
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imat |
radiul-ʔo |
antʃː.i-r |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
radio-
super
.
lat
|
listen.
pst
-
prog
|
| ‘Patimat is listening to the radio.’ |
