BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘believe’

Argument frame: X (believe) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. believes M .
Predicate label Ru: верить
Argument frame Ru: X (верить) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. верит М .

Abaza [z-]qa-c̣a

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN
X: ERG
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
rasúl zaréma j-lə-z-qá-j-c̣-əj-ṭ
pn pn 3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . f . io - ben - loc -3 sg . m . erg -believe- prs - dcl
‘Rasul believes Zarema.’

Adyghe cəhe fe-ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN
X: ERG
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
č̣ʼale-m pŝaŝe-m cah f-j-e-ṣ̂ə
парень- obl девушка- obl доверие ben -3 sg . erg - dyn -делать
‘Парень верит девушке.’

Aghul quχ.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
aslan meʜemed.i-q quχ.u-naa
pn pn - post believe. pf - prf
‘Aslan believes Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic hammən

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
+avvo naša hammun=əl +al baxt-u
dem 3. m person( m ) believe. prog =3 m on woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man believes his wife.’

Bambara dá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù dá-len bɛ́ Fántà lá
pn lie.down- ptcp . res be pn in
‘Seku believes Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese acreditar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro acredit-a em Miguel
pn ( m ) believe-3 sg . prs in pn ( m )
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’

Catalan creure

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
en Pere creu en la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) believe.3 sg . prs . ind in def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere believes Maria.’

Czech věřit

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr věří Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr believes Michal.’

Danish tro

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Peter tro-r Marie
pn believe- prs on pn
‘Peter believes Marie.’

Dutch geloven

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet geloof-t Marie
pn (С) believe-3 sg pn (С)
‘Piet believes Marie.’

Eastern Maninka lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù lá-nin Fónbà lá.
pn lie- ptcp . res pn at
‘Seku believes Fomba.’

English believe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter believes Mary.

Estonian uskuma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter usu-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom believe- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter believes Maret.’

Finnish uskoa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka usko-o Matti-a
pn . nom believe- prs .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka believes Matti.’

Forest Enets pudiri

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ nɛ-xo-da pudiri
i man- nom . sg .1 sg woman- dat . sg - obl . sg .3 sg trust( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend believes his wife’.

French croire

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul croit Marie
pn ( m ) believe. prs .3 sg pn ( f )
‘Paul believes Marie.’

Georgian s-ǯer-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
p'et're-s mamia-si s-ǯer-a
pn - dat pn - gen io 3-believe- s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre believes Mamia.’

German glauben

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Karl glaub-t Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] believe- prs .3 sg pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl believes Marie.’

Irish creid

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Creid-eann Pól i Mícheal.
believe- prs pn in pn
‘Pól believes Mícheal.’

Italian credere

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Leo cred-e a Maria
pn ( m ) believe-3 sg . prs to pn ( f )
‘Leo believes Maria.’

Kalderash Romani paťal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a paťa-l la Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg believe- prs .3 sg art . f . obl . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Murša believes Marijka.’

Kazakh sen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa sen-edі
pn pn - dat believe- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya believes Masha.’

Kazym Khanty ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
petˊa-j-en waśa-j-eλ-a ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg - dat believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja believes Vasja.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
šamil buža-ha isu-lo ʁina-ƛ'о
pn верить- prs dem . an . o . i - gen 2 женщина( ii )- super
‘Шамиль верит своей жене.’

Kina Rutul inamiš jiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
rasul inamiš jiʔi ramazan-ɨ
pn ( nom ) believe 1. cop pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul believes Ramazan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Latin credo

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
quis nobis cred-e-t, cui nos?
who. nom . sg we. dat believe- fut . ind - act .3 sg who. dat . sg we. nom
‘Who will believe us, who will we believe?’
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. II, 1, 127)

Mandarin Chinese xiāngxìn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān xiāngxìn Lǐsì
pn believe pn
‘Zhangsan believes Lisi.’

Mingrelian s-ǯer-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
čelo-s anučia-ši s-ǯer-s.
pn - dat pn - gen io 3-believe- s 3 sg
‘Chelo believes Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew maamin

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pinχas maamin le Menaχem
pn believe[ ptcp . sg . m ] to pn
‘Pinchas believes Menachem.’

Nanai agdača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa agda-ča-j-ni
pn pn - obl believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia believes Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi ajti

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
taw ajt-i ɕān’-e-n
he believe- npst .3 sg mother- poss .3 sg - lat
‘He believes his mother.’

Northern Yukaghir ǝwiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝr ǝwiǝ-m
pn pn - acc aff believe- tr .3 sg
‘Semien believes Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å tro

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per tro-r Ola
pn believe- prs pn
‘Per believes Ola.’

Polish wierzyć

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Michał wierzy ojc-u
pn [ nom . sg ] believe: pfv . prs .3 sg father- dat . sg
‘Michał believes his father.’

Russian veritʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet-ja ver-it Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg believe( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja believes Maša.’

Serbian verovati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petar veruje Marij-i
pn . nom . sg believe. prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Petar believes Maria.’

Shughni bowar δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
Ahmat Azim-ard bowari δī-d
pn pn - lat trust give-3 sg
‘Ahmed believes Azim.’

Skolt Saami åskkad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt åskk suu
pn . sg . nom believe. prs .3 sg 3 sg . acc
‘Pete believes her.’

Slovak veriť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter verí Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter believes Marek.’

Slovenian verjeti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
An-a verjame očet-u
pn - nom . sg believe: ipfv . prs .3 sg father- dat . sg
‘Ana believes her father.’

Sorani Kurdish bawer̂ kirdin

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa bawer̂ be Selîm-î de-k-a
pn belief to pn - obl ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa believes Selim.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Spanish creer

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Pedro cre-e a María
pn [ sg . m ] believe- prs .3 sg ndir . obj pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro believes Maria.’

Swedish att tro

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tro-r Maja
pn believe- prs pn
‘Björn believes Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ni~niwala si Pedro kay Miguel
statpv - ipfv ~believe pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’
Note: Alternative is the causativized construction with the ACT_LOC pattern: “P<in>a-ni~niwala-an ni Pedro si Miguel” [CAUS<PV>IPFV-belief-LV PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro believes Miguel’.

Telugu nammu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni nammutāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc believe. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen believes Mahesh.’

Turkish inanmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e inan-iyor
pn pn - dat believe- prs
‘Mehmet believes Filiz.’

Ulcha agdi-

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
əj xusə piktə əktə piktə-ti agd-i-ni
this male child female child- lat trust- prs -3 sg
‘This boy believes the girl.’

Uzbek išonmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ga išon-a-di
pn pn - dat believe- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja believes Maša.’

West Central Oromo amana

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n tolaa aman-a
pn - nom pn . abs believe-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa believes Tolaa.’

Zilo Andi buʒ.u

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
ali buʒ.u-r marjam-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ] believe. pst - prog pn - super . lat
‘Ali believes Mariam.’