‘believe’
Argument frame: |
X
(believe)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
believes
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
верить
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(верить)
Y
-у
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
верит
М
.
|
Abaza
[z-]qa-c̣a
Valency pattern:
ERG_BEN
|
X: ERG |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
rasúl |
zaréma |
j-lə-z-qá-j-c̣-əj-ṭ |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
ben
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-believe-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Rasul believes Zarema.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
cəhe fe-ṣ̂ə
Valency pattern:
ERG_BEN
|
X: ERG |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
č̣ʼale-m |
pŝaŝe-m |
cəhe |
f-j-e-ṣ̂ə |
guy-
obl
|
girl-
obl
|
trust
|
ben
-3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-do
|
‘The guy believes the girl.’ |
Aghul
quχ.u-
Valency pattern:
ABS_POST
|
X: ABS |
Y: POST |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
meʜemed.i-q |
quχ.u-naa |
pn
|
pn
-
post
|
believe.
pf
-
prf
|
‘Aslan believes Muhammad.’ |
Alik Kryz
inanmiş xhiyic
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
terlan |
rasul-uğ |
inanmiş |
şe-re |
pn
|
pn
-
super
|
believe
|
be.
ipfv
-
prs
.
m
|
‘Terlan believes Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Archi
wiχ
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
patʼimat |
wiχ |
moħommad-li-t |
pn
|
be.trusting
|
pn
-
obl
-
sup
|
‘Patimat believes Muhammad.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative"). |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
hammən
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
+avvo |
naša |
hammun=əl |
+al |
baxt-u |
dem
3.
m
|
person(
m
)
|
believe.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘This man believes his wife.’ |
Avar
božize
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
ʕali |
aħmad-i-da |
bož-ula |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
loc
|
trust-
ipf
|
‘Ali believes Ahmad.’ |
Azerbaijani
inanmaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DATLAT |
Locus: Y |
Aslan |
Rǝsul-a |
inan-ır |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
lat
|
trust-
ipfv
(3)
|
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’ |
Bafut
bíì
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
àmbɛ́ |
à |
bíì-tɨ̀ |
sùù |
pn
|
sm
|
believe-
ipfv
|
pn
|
‘Ambe believes Suh.’ |
Bambara
dá
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
dá-len |
bɛ́ |
Fántà |
lá |
pn
|
lie.down-
ptcp
.
res
|
be
|
pn
|
in
|
‘Seku believes Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
acreditar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
|
X: SBJ |
Y: em |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
acredit-a |
em |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
believe-3
sg
.
prs
|
in
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’ |
Budugh
ʕaşği
Valency pattern:
ERG_LOC
|
X: ERG |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
aslan-ır |
rosul-a' |
ina'm |
ʕöşğü-rü |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
loc
|
faith
|
a
.bring.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan believes Rasul.’ |
Catalan
creure
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
X: SBJ |
Y: en |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
creu |
en |
la |
Maria |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
believe.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
in
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pere believes Maria.’ |
Chirag
raχːčarej
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
madina |
ʡa̰li-l-i |
raχːčarg-l-akːu |
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
|
believe-
dur
-
neg
.3
|
‘Madina doesn’t believe Ali.’ |
Czech
věřit
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
věří |
Michal-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
believe(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petr believes Michal.’ |
Danish
tro
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
tro-r |
på |
Marie |
pn
|
believe-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Peter believes Marie.’ |
Dutch
geloven
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
geloof-t |
Marie |
pn
(С)
|
believe-3
sg
|
pn
(С)
|
‘Piet believes Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lá
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
lá-nin |
Fónbà |
lá. |
pn
|
lie-
ptcp
.
res
|
pn
|
at
|
‘Seku believes Fomba.’ |
English
believe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
uskuma
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
usu-b |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter believes Maret.’ |
Finnish
uskoa
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
usko-o |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka believes Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
pudiri
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-xo-da |
pudiri |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
dat
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
trust(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend believes his wife’. |
French
croire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
croit |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
believe.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul believes Marie.’ |
Georgian
s-ǯer-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
p'et're-s |
mamia-si |
s-ǯer-a |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
gen
|
io
3-believe-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre believes Mamia.’ |
German
glauben
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
glaub-t |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl believes Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
láa
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Pépèe |
láa-ì |
Hèhee |
lá |
pn
|
lie.stat-
pred
|
pn
|
on2
|
‘Pepee believes Hehee.’ |
Icari Dargwa
či=w=iχː-araj
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPLAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPLAT |
Locus: Y |
Islam |
Nadir-rij |
či=w=iχː-a-ca=w |
pn
.
abs
|
pn
-
suplat
|
on
=
m
=believe:
ipf
-
prs
-
cop
=
m
|
‘Islam believes Nadir.’ |
Irish
creid
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
Creid-eann |
Pól |
i |
Mícheal. |
believe-
prs
|
pn
|
in
|
pn
|
‘Pól believes Mícheal.’ |
Italian
credere
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
|
X: SBJ |
Y: NDIR.OBJ |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
cred-e |
a |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
believe-3
sg
.
prs
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo believes Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
mar-CL-uh-es / mar-CL-ur-es
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
meħamad |
ʡaˤšura-li-ke |
mar-0-ur-ar |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
|
true-
m
-become.
ipfv
-
th
|
‘Muhammad believes Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
paťal
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
paťa-l |
la |
Marijk-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Murša believes Marijka.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
ABS_POST
|
X: ABS |
Y: POST |
Locus: Y |
fatima |
maˁhaˁmed.a-q |
q-uˁʁ-uru |
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
post
|
post
-(
h
.
sg
)believe-
hab
|
‘Fatima believes Mahamad.’ |
Karata
bežwaɬa
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
ʕali |
aħmat’-ja |
w-ož-uda |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
m
-believe-
ipf
|
‘Ali believes Ahmat.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
viχcegara
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DATLAT |
Locus: Y |
petja |
v-iχceg-urca |
miša-j |
pn
|
m
-believe.
pf
-
perf
|
pn
-
datlat
|
‘Petja believes Misha.’ |
Kazakh
sen
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ɣa |
sen-edі |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
believe-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya believes Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
ewǝλti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
petˊa-j-en |
waśa-j-eλ-a |
ewǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
-
dat
|
believe.
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja believes Vasja.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǂgom
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Sara-s |
ge |
Maria-s-a |
ra |
ǂgom |
pn
-3
f
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
ipfv
|
believe
|
‘Sara believes Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
buža
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
šamil |
buža-ha |
isu-lo |
ʁina-ƛ'о |
pn
|
believe-
prs
|
dem
.
an
.
o
.
i
-
gen
2
|
woman(
ii
)-
super
|
‘Shamil believes his wife.’ |
Kina Rutul
inamiš jiʔi
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
inamiš |
jiʔi |
ramazan-ɨ |
pn
(
nom
)
|
believe
|
1.
cop
|
pn
-
obl
(
sup
)
|
‘Rasul believes Ramazan.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kumyk
inanmaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
patimat |
musa-ʁa |
inan-a |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
trust-3
sg
|
‘Patimat believes Musa.’ |
Latin
credo
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
quis |
nobis |
cred-e-t, |
cui |
nos? |
who.
nom
.
sg
|
we.
dat
|
believe-
fut
.
ind
-
act
.3
sg
|
who.
dat
.
sg
|
we.
nom
|
‘Who will believe us, who will we believe?’ |
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. II, 1, 127) |
Laz
o-mtinan-u
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Käzim-i |
Fatma-s |
d-Ø-a-mtinan-en-Ø |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-correct-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Käzim believes Fatma.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
xiāngxìn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
xiāngxìn |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
believe
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan believes Lisi.’ |
Mano
láá
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Pèé |
lɛ́ɛ̀ |
làà |
ŋ̄ |
là |
pn
|
3
sg
.
ipfv
|
spread:
ipfv
|
1
sg
|
on
|
‘Pe believes me.’ |
Mehweb
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
Pajzula |
Musa-če |
w-irχilʔʷ-an |
pn
|
pn
-
super
(
lat
)
|
m
-believe:
ipfv
-
hab
|
‘Pajzula believes Musa.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-ǯer-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
čelo-s |
anučia-ši |
Ø-ǯer-s |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
gen
|
io
3-believe-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo believes Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
maamin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
maamin |
le |
Menaχem |
pn
|
believe[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
to
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas believes Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
inaamiš jišin
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
murad |
q'urban-ıı |
inaamiš |
jiʔi |
pn
|
pn
-
super
|
believe
|
m
.
cop
|
‘Murad believes Kurban.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Nanai
agdača-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
agda-ča-j-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
believe-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia believes Masha.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Akhvakh
bužuruƛa
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
patħudi |
buž-iri |
musa-ga |
pn
|
believe-
ipf
3
|
pn
-
lat
|
‘Pathudi believes Musa.’ |
Northern Mansi
ajti
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
taw |
ajt-i |
ɕān’-e-n |
he
|
believe-
npst
.3
sg
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
lat
|
‘He believes his mother.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
ǝwiǝ=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝr |
ǝwiǝ-m |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
believe-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien believes Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å tro
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
tro-r |
Ola |
pn
|
believe-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Per believes Ola.’ |
Polish
wierzyć
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Michał |
wierzy |
ojc-u |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
believe:
pfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
father-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Michał believes his father.’ |
Russian
veritʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
ver-it |
Maš-e |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
believe(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petja believes Maša.’ |
Serbian
verovati
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
veruje |
Marij-i |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
believe.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petar believes Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
ilamiš h-iši-n
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
basir |
ilamiš |
ij |
karam-ɨ |
pn
|
believe
|
cop
|
pn
-
super
|
‘Basir believes Karam.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Shughni
bowar δêdow1
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
Ahmat |
Azim-ard |
bowari |
δī-d |
pn
|
pn
-
lat
|
trust
|
give-3
sg
|
‘Ahmed believes Azim.’ |
Skolt Saami
åskkad
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
åskk |
suu |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
believe.
prs
.3
sg
|
3
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete believes her.’ |
Slovak
veriť
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
verí |
Mark-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
believe(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Peter believes Marek.’ |
Slovenian
verjeti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
An-a |
verjame |
očet-u |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
believe:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
father-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Ana believes her father.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
bawer̂ kirdin
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_be
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
bawer̂ |
be |
Selîm-î |
de-k-a |
pn
|
belief
|
to
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa believes Selim.’ |
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Southern Rutul
inaamış yişin
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
murad |
natig-aa |
inaamış |
i |
pn
|
pn
-
super
|
believe
|
(
m
)
cop
|
‘Murad believes Natig.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
creer
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
|
X: SBJ |
Y: NDIR.OBJ |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
cre-e |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro believes Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
ṣaddaqa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Badr-un |
yuṣaddiqu |
Maryam-a |
pn
-
nom
|
believe.
ipf
.3
m
|
pn
-
acc
|
‘Badr believes Maryam.’ |
Svan
x-a-ǯraːw-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
maizer-s |
gegiː-š |
x-a-ǯraːw-a |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
gen
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-believe-
prs
|
‘Maizer believes Gegi.’ |
Swedish
att tro
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
tro-r |
Maja |
pn
|
believe-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Björn believes Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
na-ni~niwala |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
av
.
ipfv
-
ipfv
~believe
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’ |
Note: Co-exists with the causativized construction with LV and Y argument marked as PERS.SUBJ. |
Telugu
nammu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ni |
nammutāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
believe.
npst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen believes Mahesh.’ |
Tsakhur
haˁye qhıхhay
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERLAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPERLAT |
Locus: Y |
murad |
aˁliy-lqha |
haˁye |
qheхhi |
pn
|
pn
-
superlat
|
believing
|
re
.
m
.be.
ipf
|
‘Murad believes Ali.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
irχ k-až-iz/k-arž-iz
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER(LAT) |
Locus: Y |
uršːi |
juldaš-li-ja |
irχ |
k-arg-ule=saj |
boy
|
friend-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
|
m
.trust
|
down
-
m
.put.
ipfv
-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
‘The father believes his friend.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-iχ ag-i / arg-i
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER(LAT) |
Locus: Y |
tːatːi |
rurs:i-ge |
w-iχ |
ag-ur |
father
|
girl-
super
(
lat
)
|
m
-trust
|
go.
ipfv
-
pret
(3)
|
‘The father believes his daughter.’ |
Turkish
inanmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Filiz-e |
inan-iyor |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
believe-
prs
|
‘Mehmet believes Filiz.’ |
Turoyo
mətyaqən
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
|
X: SBJ |
Y: m |
Locus: Y |
Gabriyel |
ko-mətyaqən |
me |
Yuḥanən |
pn
|
prs
-believe.
ipfv
.3
m
|
from
|
pn
|
‘Gabriyel believes Yuḥanən.’ |
Twi
gye di
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kofi |
gye |
nanabarima |
di |
pn
|
take(3
sg
.
prs
)
|
grandfather
|
handle
|
‘Kofi believes grandfather.’ |
Note: CV. The glosses are partially based on the dictionary information. |
Ulcha
agdi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
əj |
xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-ti |
agd-i-ni |
this
|
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
lat
|
trust-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘This boy believes the girl.’ |
Uzbek
išonmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ga |
išon-a-di |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
believe-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘Petja believes Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
amana
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
tolaa |
aman-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
believe-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa believes Tolaa.’ |
Wolof
gëm
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
gëm |
naa |
la |
believe
|
prf
.s
i
:1
sg
|
o
i
:2
sg
|
‘I believe you.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
Sahib |
Eldar-a-l |
çˈalax |
ya |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
-
sup
|
believing
|
cop
|
‘Sahib believes Eldar.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_ra.PSTP
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: ra.PSTP |
Locus: Y |
oxɨr |
hɛsɛn-i=ra |
bawɛr |
k-ɛn-o |
pn
|
pn
-
m
.
obl
=from
|
belief
|
do.
prs
-
aug
-3
sg
.
m
|
‘Oxir believes Hesen.’ |
Zilo Andi
buʒ.u
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
ali |
buʒ.u-r |
marjam-ʔo |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
believe.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
-
super
.
lat
|
‘Ali believes Mariam.’ |