‘believe’
Argument frame: |
X
(believe)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
believes
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
верить
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(верить)
Y
-у
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
верит
М
.
|
Abaza
[z-]qa-c̣a
Valency pattern:
ERG_BEN
|
X: ERG |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
rasúl |
zaréma |
j-lə-z-qá-j-c̣-əj-ṭ |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
ben
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-believe-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Rasul believes Zarema.’ |
Adyghe
cəhe fe-ṣ̂ə
Valency pattern:
ERG_BEN
|
X: ERG |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
č̣ʼale-m |
pŝaŝe-m |
cah |
f-j-e-ṣ̂ə |
парень-
obl
|
девушка-
obl
|
доверие
|
ben
-3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-делать
|
‘Парень верит девушке.’ |
Aghul
quχ.u-
Valency pattern:
ABS_POST
|
X: ABS |
Y: POST |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
meʜemed.i-q |
quχ.u-naa |
pn
|
pn
-
post
|
believe.
pf
-
prf
|
‘Aslan believes Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
hammən
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
+avvo |
naša |
hammun=əl |
+al |
baxt-u |
dem
3.
m
|
person(
m
)
|
believe.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘This man believes his wife.’ |
Bambara
dá
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
dá-len |
bɛ́ |
Fántà |
lá |
pn
|
lie.down-
ptcp
.
res
|
be
|
pn
|
in
|
‘Seku believes Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
acreditar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
|
X: SBJ |
Y: em |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
acredit-a |
em |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
believe-3
sg
.
prs
|
in
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’ |
Catalan
creure
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
X: SBJ |
Y: en |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
creu |
en |
la |
Maria |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
believe.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
in
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pere believes Maria.’ |
Czech
věřit
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
věří |
Michal-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
believe(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petr believes Michal.’ |
Danish
tro
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
tro-r |
på |
Marie |
pn
|
believe-
prs
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Peter believes Marie.’ |
Dutch
geloven
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
geloof-t |
Marie |
pn
(С)
|
believe-3
sg
|
pn
(С)
|
‘Piet believes Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lá
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
lá-nin |
Fónbà |
lá. |
pn
|
lie-
ptcp
.
res
|
pn
|
at
|
‘Seku believes Fomba.’ |
English
believe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
uskuma
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
usu-b |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter believes Maret.’ |
Finnish
uskoa
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
usko-o |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka believes Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
pudiri
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-xo-da |
pudiri |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
dat
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
trust(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend believes his wife’. |
French
croire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
croit |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
believe.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul believes Marie.’ |
Georgian
s-ǯer-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
p'et're-s |
mamia-si |
s-ǯer-a |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
gen
|
io
3-believe-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre believes Mamia.’ |
German
glauben
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
glaub-t |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl believes Marie.’ |
Irish
creid
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
Creid-eann |
Pól |
i |
Mícheal. |
believe-
prs
|
pn
|
in
|
pn
|
‘Pól believes Mícheal.’ |
Italian
credere
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
cred-e |
a |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
believe-3
sg
.
prs
|
to
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo believes Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
paťal
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
paťa-l |
la |
Marijk-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Murša believes Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
sen
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ɣa |
sen-edі |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
believe-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya believes Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
ewǝλti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
petˊa-j-en |
waśa-j-eλ-a |
ewǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
-
dat
|
believe.
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja believes Vasja.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
šamil |
buža-ha |
isu-lo |
ʁina-ƛ'о |
pn
|
верить-
prs
|
dem
.
an
.
o
.
i
-
gen
2
|
женщина(
ii
)-
super
|
‘Шамиль верит своей жене.’ |
Kina Rutul
inamiš jiʔi
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
inamiš |
jiʔi |
ramazan-ɨ |
pn
(
nom
)
|
believe
|
1.
cop
|
pn
-
obl
(
sup
)
|
‘Rasul believes Ramazan.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Latin
credo
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
quis |
nobis |
cred-e-t, |
cui |
nos? |
who.
nom
.
sg
|
we.
dat
|
believe-
fut
.
ind
-
act
.3
sg
|
who.
dat
.
sg
|
we.
nom
|
‘Who will believe us, who will we believe?’ |
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. II, 1, 127) |
Mandarin Chinese
xiāngxìn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
xiāngxìn |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
believe
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan believes Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
s-ǯer-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
X: DAT |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
čelo-s |
anučia-ši |
s-ǯer-s. |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
gen
|
io
3-believe-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo believes Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
maamin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
maamin |
le |
Menaχem |
pn
|
believe[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
to
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas believes Menachem.’ |
Nanai
agdača-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
agda-ča-j-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
believe-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia believes Masha.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
ajti
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
taw |
ajt-i |
ɕān’-e-n |
he
|
believe-
npst
.3
sg
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
lat
|
‘He believes his mother.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
ǝwiǝ=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝr |
ǝwiǝ-m |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
believe-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien believes Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å tro
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
tro-r |
Ola |
pn
|
believe-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Per believes Ola.’ |
Polish
wierzyć
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Michał |
wierzy |
ojc-u |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
believe:
pfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
father-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Michał believes his father.’ |
Russian
veritʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
ver-it |
Maš-e |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
believe(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petja believes Maša.’ |
Serbian
verovati
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
veruje |
Marij-i |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
believe.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petar believes Maria.’ |
Shughni
bowar δêdow1
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
Ahmat |
Azim-ard |
bowari |
δī-d |
pn
|
pn
-
lat
|
trust
|
give-3
sg
|
‘Ahmed believes Azim.’ |
Skolt Saami
åskkad
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
åskk |
suu |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
believe.
prs
.3
sg
|
3
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete believes her.’ |
Slovak
veriť
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
verí |
Mark-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
believe(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Peter believes Marek.’ |
Slovenian
verjeti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
An-a |
verjame |
očet-u |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
believe:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
father-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Ana believes her father.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
bawer̂ kirdin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
X: SBJ |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
bawer̂ |
be |
Selîm-î |
de-k-a |
pn
|
belief
|
to
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-do.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa believes Selim.’ |
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Spanish
creer
Valency pattern:
SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
|
X: SBJ |
Y: NDIR.OBJ |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
cre-e |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
believe-
prs
.3
sg
|
ndir
.
obj
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro believes Maria.’ |
Swedish
att tro
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
tro-r |
Maja |
pn
|
believe-
prs
|
pn
|
‘Björn believes Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
UND_LOC
|
X: UND |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
Na-ni~niwala |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
statpv
-
ipfv
~believe
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’ |
Note: Alternative is the causativized construction with the ACT_LOC pattern: “P<in>a-ni~niwala-an ni Pedro si Miguel” [CAUS<PV>IPFV-belief-LV PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro believes Miguel’. |
Telugu
nammu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ni |
nammutāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
believe.
npst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen believes Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
inanmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Filiz-e |
inan-iyor |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
believe-
prs
|
‘Mehmet believes Filiz.’ |
Ulcha
agdi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
əj |
xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-ti |
agd-i-ni |
this
|
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
lat
|
trust-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘This boy believes the girl.’ |
Uzbek
išonmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ga |
išon-a-di |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
believe-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘Petja believes Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
amana
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
tolaa |
aman-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
believe-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa believes Tolaa.’ |
Zilo Andi
buʒ.u
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
ali |
buʒ.u-r |
marjam-ʔo |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
believe.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
-
super
.
lat
|
‘Ali believes Mariam.’ |