BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘believe’

Argument frame:

X (believe) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. believes M .

Predicate label Ru:

верить

Argument frame Ru:

X (верить) Y -у

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. верит М .

Abaza [z-]qa-c̣a

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN

X: ERG

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

rasúl	zaréma	j-lə-z-qá-j-c̣-əj-ṭ
pn	pn	3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . f . io - ben - loc -3 sg . m . erg -believe- prs - dcl
‘Rasul believes Zarema.’

Adyghe cəhe fe-ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN

X: ERG

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

č̣ʼale-m	pŝaŝe-m	cah	f-j-e-ṣ̂ə
парень- obl	девушка- obl	доверие	ben -3 sg . erg - dyn -делать
‘Парень верит девушке.’

Aghul quχ.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST

X: ABS

Y: POST

Locus: Y

aslan	meʜemed.i-q	quχ.u-naa
pn	pn - post	believe. pf - prf
‘Aslan believes Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic hammən

Valency pattern: SBJ_al

X: SBJ

Y: al

Locus: Y

+avvo	naša	hammun=əl	+al	baxt-u
dem 3. m	person( m )	believe. prog =3 m	on	woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man believes his wife.’

Bambara dá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	dá-len	bɛ́	Fántà	lá
pn	lie.down- ptcp . res	be	pn	in
‘Seku believes Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese acreditar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em

X: SBJ

Y: em

Locus: Y

Pedro	acredit-a	em	Miguel
pn ( m )	believe-3 sg . prs	in	pn ( m )
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’

Catalan creure

Valency pattern: SBJ_en

X: SBJ

Y: en

Locus: Y

en	Pere	creu	en	la	Maria
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	believe.3 sg . prs . ind	in	def . sg . f	pn ( f )
‘Pere believes Maria.’

Czech věřit

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	věří	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr believes Michal.’

Danish tro

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	tro-r	på	Marie
pn	believe- prs	on	pn
‘Peter believes Marie.’

Dutch geloven

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	geloof-t	Marie
pn (С)	believe-3 sg	pn (С)
‘Piet believes Marie.’

Eastern Maninka lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	lá-nin	Fónbà	lá.
pn	lie- ptcp . res	pn	at
‘Seku believes Fomba.’

English believe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	believes	Mary.

Estonian uskuma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	usu-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	believe- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter believes Maret.’

Finnish uskoa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	usko-o	Matti-a
pn . nom	believe- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka believes Matti.’

Forest Enets pudiri

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	nɛ-xo-da	pudiri
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	woman- dat . sg - obl . sg .3 sg	trust( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend believes his wife’.

French croire

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	croit	Marie
pn ( m )	believe. prs .3 sg	pn ( f )
‘Paul believes Marie.’

Georgian s-ǯer-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

p'et're-s	mamia-si	s-ǯer-a
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3-believe- s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre believes Mamia.’

German glauben

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Karl	glaub-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	believe- prs .3 sg	pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl believes Marie.’

Irish creid

Valency pattern: SBJ_i

X: SBJ

Y: i

Locus: Y

Creid-eann	Pól	i	Mícheal.
believe- prs	pn	in	pn
‘Pól believes Mícheal.’

Italian credere

Valency pattern: SBJ_a

X: SBJ

Y: a

Locus: Y

Leo	cred-e	a	Maria
pn ( m )	believe-3 sg . prs	to	pn ( f )
‘Leo believes Maria.’

Kalderash Romani paťal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	paťa-l	la	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	believe- prs .3 sg	art . f . obl . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Murša believes Marijka.’

Kazakh sen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ɣa	sen-edі
pn	pn - dat	believe- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya believes Masha.’

Kazym Khanty ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

petˊa-j-en	waśa-j-eλ-a	ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg - dat	believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja believes Vasja.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

šamil	buža-ha	isu-lo	ʁina-ƛ'о
pn	верить- prs	dem . an . o . i - gen 2	женщина( ii )- super
‘Шамиль верит своей жене.’

Kina Rutul inamiš jiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	inamiš	jiʔi	ramazan-ɨ
pn ( nom )	believe	1. cop	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul believes Ramazan.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Latin credo

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

quis	nobis	cred-e-t,	cui	nos?
who. nom . sg	we. dat	believe- fut . ind - act .3 sg	who. dat . sg	we. nom
‘Who will believe us, who will we believe?’
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. II, 1, 127)

Mandarin Chinese xiāngxìn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	xiāngxìn	Lǐsì
pn	believe	pn
‘Zhangsan believes Lisi.’

Mingrelian s-ǯer-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

čelo-s	anučia-ši	s-ǯer-s.
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3-believe- s 3 sg
‘Chelo believes Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew maamin

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Pinχas	maamin	le	Menaχem
pn	believe[ ptcp . sg . m ]	to	pn
‘Pinchas believes Menachem.’

Nanai agdača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	agda-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia believes Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi ajti

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

taw	ajt-i	ɕān’-e-n
he	believe- npst .3 sg	mother- poss .3 sg - lat
‘He believes his mother.’

Northern Yukaghir ǝwiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ	mǝr	ǝwiǝ-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	believe- tr .3 sg
‘Semien believes Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å tro

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	tro-r	Ola
pn	believe- prs	pn
‘Per believes Ola.’

Polish wierzyć

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Michał	wierzy	ojc-u
pn [ nom . sg ]	believe: pfv . prs .3 sg	father- dat . sg
‘Michał believes his father.’

Russian veritʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	ver-it	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	believe( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja believes Maša.’

Serbian verovati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petar	veruje	Marij-i
pn . nom . sg	believe. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Petar believes Maria.’

Shughni bowar δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Ahmat	Azim-ard	bowari	δī-d
pn	pn - lat	trust	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed believes Azim.’

Skolt Saami åskkad

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	åskk	suu
pn . sg . nom	believe. prs .3 sg	3 sg . acc
‘Pete believes her.’

Slovak veriť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	verí	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter believes Marek.’

Slovenian verjeti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

An-a	verjame	očet-u
pn - nom . sg	believe: ipfv . prs .3 sg	father- dat . sg
‘Ana believes her father.’

Sorani Kurdish bawer̂ kirdin

Valency pattern: SBJ_be

X: SBJ

Y: be

Locus: Y

Hîwa	bawer̂	be	Selîm-î	de-k-a
pn	belief	to	pn - obl	ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa believes Selim.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Spanish creer

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ

X: SBJ

Y: NDIR.OBJ

Locus: Y

Pedro	cre-e	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	believe- prs .3 sg	ndir . obj	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro believes Maria.’

Swedish att tro

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	tro-r	Maja
pn	believe- prs	pn
‘Björn believes Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: UND_LOC

X: UND

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-ni~niwala	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
statpv - ipfv ~believe	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro believes Miguel.’
Note: Alternative is the causativized construction with the ACT_LOC pattern: “P<in>a-ni~niwala-an ni Pedro si Miguel” [CAUS<PV>IPFV-belief-LV PERS.GEN PN PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro believes Miguel’.

Telugu nammu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	nammutāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	believe. npst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen believes Mahesh.’

Turkish inanmak

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	inan-iyor
pn	pn - dat	believe- prs
‘Mehmet believes Filiz.’

Ulcha agdi-

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

əj	xusə	piktə	əktə	piktə-ti	agd-i-ni
this	male	child	female	child- lat	trust- prs -3 sg
‘This boy believes the girl.’

Uzbek išonmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ga	išon-a-di
pn	pn - dat	believe- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja believes Maša.’

West Central Oromo amana

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	tolaa	aman-a
pn - nom	pn . abs	believe-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa believes Tolaa.’

Zilo Andi buʒ.u

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

ali	buʒ.u-r	marjam-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ]	believe. pst - prog	pn - super . lat
‘Ali believes Mariam.’