‘have’
Argument frame: | X (have) Y |
Stimulus sentence: | P. has a car . |
Predicate label Ru: | иметь |
Argument frame Ru: | X (иметь) Y |
Stimulus sentence Ru: | У П. есть машина . |
Abaza ma
Valency pattern: IO_ABS |
X: IO |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
zaréma | mašína | lə́-ma-b |
pn | car | 3 sg . f . io -be- npst . dcl |
‘Zarema has a car.’ |
Adyghe jə-ʔe
Valency pattern: POSS_ABS |
X: POSS |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
bzəλfəʁe-xe-me | mašəne-xe-r | ja-ʔe-x |
женщина- pl - obl . pl | машина- pl - abs | 3 pl . pr + poss -быть- pl |
‘У женщин есть машины’ |
Aghul qa-
Valency pattern: POST_ABS |
X: POST |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-q | mašin | qa-a |
pn - post | car | { post }be- prs |
‘Aslan has a car.’ |
Valency pattern: OBJAGR_BARE |
X: OBJAGR |
Y: BARE |
Locus: XY |
+Ašur | ət-lə | mašina |
pn | exi - ls .3 m | car( f ) |
‘Ashur has a car.’ |
Bambara bɛ́/tɛ́
Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ |
X: bolo |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
mɔ́bili` | bɛ́ | Sékù | bólo |
car\ art | be | pn | cntrl |
‘Seku has a car.’ | |||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro | tem | um | carro |
pn ( m ) | have.3 sg . prs | indf | car( m ) |
‘Pedro has a car.’ |
Catalan tenir
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en | Pere | té | un | cotxe |
def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | have.3 sg . prs . ind | indf . sg . m | car( m ) |
‘Pere has a car.’ |
Czech mít
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr | má | auto |
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | car( n )[ acc . sg ] |
‘Petr has a car.’ |
Danish have
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter | ha-r | en | bil |
pn | have- prs | indf . sg | car( c ) |
‘Peter has a car.’ |
Dutch hebben
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet | heeft | een | auto |
pn (С) | have.3 sg | art . indf | car(С) |
‘Piet has a car.’ |
Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́
Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ |
X: bolo |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Mɔ́nbili` | dó | yé | Sékù | bólo. |
car\ art | indf | be | pn | cntrl |
‘Seku has a car.’ | ||||
Note: Non-verbal predication. |
English have
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter | has | a | car. |
Estonian olema
Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM |
X: ADESS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peetri-l | on | auto |
pn - adess | be. prs .3 sg | car. sg . nom |
‘Peeter has a car.’ |
Finnish olla
Valency pattern: ADE_NOM |
X: ADE |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peka-lla | on | auto |
pn - ade | be. prs .3 sg | car. nom |
‘Pekka has a car.’ |
Forest Enets tɔne
Valency pattern: TOP_NOM |
X: TOP |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
modʲi | kasa-jʔ | ɔdu-za | tɔnee |
i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | boat- nom . sg .3 sg | there_is( ipfv ).3 sg . s |
‘My friend has a boat’. |
French avoir
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul | a | une | voiture |
pn ( m ) | have. prs .3 sg | indf . sg . f | car( f ) |
‘Paul has a car.’ |
Georgian h-q'-av-s (PRS)
Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
p'et're-s | mankana-Ø | h-q'av-s |
pn - dat | car- nom | io 3-have- s 3 sg |
‘Petre has a car.’ | ||
Note: This root is associated with animate possessees (vehicles often tend to be included in this domain). |
German haben
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl | hat | ein | Auto |
pn [ nom . sg ] | have. prs .3 sg | indf [ n . acc . sg ] | car[ acc . sg ] |
‘Karl has a car.’ |
Irish bí
Valency pattern: aige_SBJ |
X: aige |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Tá | gluaisteán | aige | Pól. |
be. prs | car | at | pn |
‘Pól has a car.’ | |||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian avere
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo | ha | un-a | macchin-a |
pn ( m ) | have-3 sg . prs | indf . sg - f | car- sg . f |
‘Leo has a car.’ |
Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
X: LOC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
les-te | sy | les | mator-a |
he- loc | be. prs .3 | he. cl | car- nom . sg |
‘He has a car.’ |
Kazakh bar
Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
X: LOC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-da | mašiyna | bar |
pn - loc | car | there_is |
‘Petya has a car.’ | ||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kazym Khanty tǎjti
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
petr-en | mašina | tǎj-ǝλ |
pn - poss .2 sg | car | have- npst [3 sg ] |
‘Petja has a car.’ |
Valency pattern: GEN1_ABS |
X: GEN1 |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
šamile-s | gołe | mašina |
pn - gen 1 | быть. prs | машина |
‘У Шамиля есть машина.’ |
Kina Rutul ani wiɁi
Valency pattern: SUB_NOM |
X: SUB |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-ɨ-χda | mašin | a-ni | w-iɁi |
pn - obl - sub | car( nom ) | be- cvb | 3- cop |
‘Rasul has a car.’ |
Latin habeo
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
qui | maior-es | possession-es | habe-nt |
which. nom . pl . m | bigger- acc . pl | possession( f )- acc . pl | have[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl |
‘... who have greater possessions.’ | |||
Note: (Cic. Catil. 2, 18) |
Mandarin Chinese yǒu
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān | yǒu | yí-liàng | chē |
pn | have | one- clf | car |
‘Zhangsan has a car.’ |
Mingrelian [u]-Ø-ʔun-s (PRS)
Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
čelo-s | mašna-Ø | Ø-ʔun-s. |
pn - dat | car- nom | io 3-have- s 3 sg |
‘Chelo has a car.’ | ||
Note: This verb governs animate possessa. |
Modern Hebrew jeʃ
Valency pattern: le_SBJ |
X: le |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
jeʃ | le | Pinχas | meχona |
there.is[ prs ] | to | pn | car |
‘Pinchas has a car.’ | |||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Nanai bi-
Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petia-du | mašina | bi |
pn - dat | car | be. npst |
‘Petia has a car.’ |
Nivkh ivd
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik | tʰu | + | iv-d |
pn | narta | + | have- ind |
‘Kaskazik has a narta.’ |
Northern Mansi ōn’ɕi
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pājel | xāp | ōn’ɕ-i |
pn | boat | have- npst .3 sg |
‘Pasha has a boat.’ |
Northern Yukaghir lˈǝ=
Valency pattern: NA |
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sǝmiǝn | mаšinа-gi | mǝ | lˈǝj |
pn | car- poss .3 | aff | be- intr .3 sg |
‘Semien has a car.’ | |||
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål å ha
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per | ha-r | bil |
pn | have- prs | car |
‘Per has a car.’ |
Polish mieć
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
mąż | ma | samochód |
husband[ nom . sg ] | have: ipfv . prs .3 sg | car[ acc . sg ] |
‘Husband has a car.’ |
Russian bytʹ
Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM |
X: uGEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
u | Pet-i | estʹ | mašin-a |
at | pn ( m )- gen . sg | be. prs | car( f )- nom . sg |
‘Petja has a car.’ |
Serbian imati
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar | ima | kol-a |
pn . nom . sg | have. prs .3 sg | car- acc . pl |
‘Petar has a car.’ |
Shughni vidow
Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
X: LOC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Ahmed-and | mošin |
pn - loc | car |
‘Ahmed has a car.’ | |
Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt. |
Skolt Saami leeʹd
Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
X: LOC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Peâtt-ast | lij | autt |
pn - sg . loc | be. prs .3 sg | car. sg . nom |
‘Pete has a car.’ | ||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Slovak mať
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter | má | aut-o |
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | car( n )- acc . sg |
‘Peter has a car.’ |
Slovenian imeti
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
mož | ima | avt-o |
husband[ nom . sg ] | have: ipfv . prs .3 sg | car- acc . sg |
‘Husband has a car.’ |
Sorani Kurdish hebûn
Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ |
X: EXT |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Hîwa | maʂên-êk=î | he-ye |
pn | car- indf =3 sg . pc | exist -be. prs .3 sg |
‘Hiwa has a car.’ | ||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The OBL.3SG morpheme indexes the non-canonical subject of a clausal expression of possession, emotion or cognition (in any tense). |
Spanish tener
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro | tien-e | coche |
pn [ sg . m ] | have- prs .3 sg | car[ sg . m ] |
‘Pedro has a car.’ |
Swedish att ha
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn | ha-r | en | bil |
pn | have- prs | indf . c . sg | car |
‘Björn has a car.’ |
Valency pattern: ACT_BARE |
X: ACT |
Y: BARE |
Locus: Y |
May | kotse | si | Pedro |
exist | car | pers . subj | pn |
‘Pedro has a car.’ | |||
Note: Non-verbal (existential) construction. The X argument is identified as ACT based on the assumption that this construction is basically like an AV construction. |
Telugu uṁḍu
Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pravīṇ-ki | kār' | uṁdi |
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat | car( n ). sg . nom | be. prs .3 sg . nm |
‘Praveen has a car.’ |
Turkish var
Valency pattern: GEN_NOM |
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Mehmed-in | araba-sı | var |
pn - gen | car- p .3 | there_is |
‘Mehmet has a car.’ |
Ulcha bi-
Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
min | piktə-du | mašina | bī-ni |
my | child- dat | car | be. prs -3 sg |
‘My son has a car.’ |
Uzbek bor
Valency pattern: GEN_NOM |
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-niŋ | mašina-si | bor |
pn - gen | car- poss .3 sg | is_present |
‘Petja has a car.’ | ||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent. |
West Central Oromo k'aba
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
nam-ittʃ-i | konkolaataa | k'ab-a |
man- def - nom | car. abs | have-3 sg . m . ipfv |
‘The man has a car.’ |
Zilo Andi dʒi
Valency pattern: GEN_NOM |
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ali-b | dʒi | maʃina |
pn - inan 1( gen ) | cop | car[ inan 1][ nom ] |
‘Ali has a car.’ | ||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |