‘have’
| Argument frame: |
X
(have)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
has
a car
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
иметь
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(иметь)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
У
П.
есть
машина
.
|
Abaza
ma
|
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
| X: IO |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| zaréma |
mašína |
lə́-ma-b |
|
pn
|
car
|
3
sg
.
f
.
io
-be-
npst
.
dcl
|
| ‘Zarema has a car.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
jə-ʔe
|
Valency pattern:
POSS_ABS
|
| X: POSS |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| bzəλfəʁe-xe-me |
mašəne-xe-r |
ja-ʔe-x |
|
woman-
pl
-
obl
.
pl
|
car-
pl
-
abs
|
3
pl
.
pr
+
poss
-be-
pl
|
| ‘The women have cars.’ |
Aghul
qa-
|
Valency pattern:
POST_ABS
|
| X: POST |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-q |
mašin |
qa-a |
|
pn
-
post
|
car
|
{
post
}be-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan has a car.’ |
Akhvakh (Northern)
bik’uruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
POSS_NOM
|
| X: POSS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pataħi-be |
mašina |
godi |
|
pn
-
n
|
car
|
n
.
cop
|
| ‘Patahi has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Andi (Zilo)
dʒi
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-b |
dʒi |
maʃina |
|
pn
-
inan
1(
gen
)
|
cop
|
car[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
| ‘Ali has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Arabic (Northern Syrian)
COP
|
Valency pattern:
EXT&3end_BARE
|
| X: EXT&3end |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: XY |
| Aḥmad |
ʕənd-u |
siyāra |
|
pn
|
by-
o
.3
m
|
car(
f
)
|
| ‘Ahmad has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth)
COP
|
Valency pattern:
EXT&ind_BARE
|
| X: EXT&ind |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: XY |
| Shadi |
ʿind-o |
sayyara |
|
pn
|
at-
poss
.3
m
.
sg
|
car
|
| ‘Shadi has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Arabic (standard)
kāna
|
Valency pattern:
indaGEN_NOM
|
| X: indaGEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕinda |
Badr-in |
sayyārat-u-n |
|
at
|
pn
-
gen
|
car(
f
)-
nom
-
indef
|
| ‘Badr has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Archi
-i
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| paša-n |
mašin |
i |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car
|
4.be
|
| ‘Pasha has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level constituent. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
ət
|
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_BARE
|
| X: OBJAGR |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: XY |
| +Ašur |
ət-lə |
mašina |
|
pn
|
exi
-
ls
.3
m
|
car(
f
)
|
| ‘Ashur has a car.’ |
Avar
buk’ine
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕali-l |
mašina |
b-ugo |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car
|
n
-
cop
|
| ‘Ali has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Azerbaijani
var
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Aslan-ın |
bu |
saat |
maşın-ı |
var |
|
pn
-
gen
|
this
|
moment
|
car-
poss
3
|
exist
|
| ‘Aslan now has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Bafut
tsí
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
tsí-nɨ̀ |
nɨ̀kjá |
|
pn
|
sm
|
have-
ipfv
|
car
|
| ‘Ambe has a car.’ |
Bambara
bɛ́/tɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
bolo_SBJ
|
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| mɔ́bili` |
bɛ́ |
Sékù |
bólo |
|
car\
art
|
be
|
pn
|
cntrl
|
| ‘Seku has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Belarusian
być
|
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
|
| X: uGEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| u |
Alies-ja |
josć |
mašyn-a |
|
at
|
pn
-
gen
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
car-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Ales has a car.’ |
Budugh
yıxhar
|
Valency pattern:
APUD_NOM
|
| X: APUD |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-ox |
hulu |
dam-ca |
ma'şin |
vi |
|
pn
-
apud
|
just_this
|
moment-
loc
|
car
|
cop
|
| ‘Aslan has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Bulgarian
имам
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Петър |
има |
кола |
|
pn
|
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
car
|
| ‘Petar has a car.’ |
Catalan
tenir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
té |
un |
cotxe |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
car(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere has a car.’ |
Chechen
AGR-u
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_ABS
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| Islam-an |
mashien |
j-u |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car.
abs
|
j
-be.
prs
|
| ‘Islam has a car.’ |
| Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent. |
Chinese (Mandarin)
yǒu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
yǒu |
yí-liàng |
chē |
|
pn
|
have
|
one-
clf
|
car
|
| ‘Zhangsan has a car.’ |
Chirag
b-u
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_ABS
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| ʡa̰li-la |
mašna |
b-u |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car(
abs
)
|
n
.
sg
-be.
prs
.3
|
| ‘Ali has a car.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Croatian
imati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Per-o |
ima |
aut-o |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
car-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Pero has a car.’ |
Czech
mít
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
má |
auto |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
car(
n
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr has a car.’ |
Danish
have
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
ha-r |
en |
bil |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
indf
.
sg
|
car(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter has a car.’ |
Dargwa (Itsari)
te-B
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_ABS
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| Islam-la |
mašin |
te-b |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car(
abs
)
|
exist
-
n
|
| ‘Islam has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal (existential) predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. Non-trivial citation form. |
Dargwa (Kadar)
le-CL
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| meħamad-la |
mašin |
le-b |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car
|
exst
-
n
|
| ‘Muhammad has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. The copula does not have the infinitive form. |
Dargwa (Kaytag)
bi
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petja-la |
na |
mašina |
bi |
|
pn
-
gen
|
already
|
car
|
exist
.
n
|
| ‘Petja already has a car.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. Non-verbal predicate. |
Dargwa (Kubachi)
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| gal-la |
qal |
tib |
|
boy-
gen
|
home
|
exst
.
dist
.
n
|
| ‘The boy has a house.’ |
| Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent. |
Dargwa (Tsudakhar)
le-b
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| uršːi-la |
qali |
le-b |
|
boy-
gen
|
home
|
cop
.
exst
-
n
|
| ‘The boy has a house.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Dargwa (Tsugni)
le-b; b-iχʷ-i / b-irχʷ-i
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| durħaˤ-la |
hanna |
qali |
le-b |
|
boy-
gen
|
now
|
home
|
cop
.
exst
-
n
|
| ‘The boy now has a house.’ |
| Note: NP in the genitive is arguably a clause-level dependent. Existential predicate. |
Dutch
hebben
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
een |
auto |
|
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
car(С)
|
| ‘Piet has a car.’ |
Enets (Forest)
tɔne
|
Valency pattern:
TOP_NOM
|
| X: TOP |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ɔdu-za |
tɔnee |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
boat-
nom
.
sg
.3
sg
|
there_is(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend has a boat’. |
English
have
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
olema
|
Valency pattern:
ADESS_NOM
|
| X: ADESS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peetri-l |
on |
auto |
|
pn
-
adess
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
car.
sg
.
nom
|
| ‘Peeter has a car.’ |
Finnish
olla
|
Valency pattern:
ADE_NOM
|
| X: ADE |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peka-lla |
on |
auto |
|
pn
-
ade
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
car.
nom
|
| ‘Pekka has a car.’ |
French
avoir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
une |
voiture |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
car(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul has a car.’ |
Gban
yè
|
Valency pattern:
kon_SBJ
|
| X: kon |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| wȍtló |
‶ |
yȅȅ |
Zá̰ |
kɔ̰́ |
|
car
|
3
sg
|
ipfv
\be
|
pn
|
on
|
| ‘Zan has a car.’ |
Georgian
h-q'av-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
mankana-Ø |
h-q'av-s |
|
pn
-
dat
|
car-
nom
|
io
3-have-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre has a car.’ |
| Note: This root is associated with animate possessees (vehicles often tend to be included in this domain). |
German
haben
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
hat |
ein |
Auto |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
car[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl has a car.’ |
Hebrew (modern)
jeʃ
|
Valency pattern:
le_SBJ
|
| X: le |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| jeʃ |
le |
Pinχas |
meχona |
|
there.is[
prs
]
|
to
|
pn
|
car
|
| ‘Pinchas has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Hindi
honā
|
Valency pattern:
OBLke.pas_DIR
|
| X: OBLke.pas |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: X |
| Pratīk |
ke |
pās |
ek |
kār |
hɛ |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
adjz
.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
near
|
one
|
car(
f
).
sg
.
dir
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Prateek has a car.’ |
Indonesian (standard)
punya
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Ali |
punya |
mobil |
|
pn
|
have
|
car
|
| ‘Ali has a car.’ |
Irish
bí
|
Valency pattern:
aige_SBJ
|
| X: aige |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Tá |
gluaisteán |
aige |
Pól. |
|
be.
prs
|
car
|
at
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
avere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
un-a |
macchin-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
.
sg
-
f
|
car-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo has a car.’ |
Karata
bik’waɬa
|
Valency pattern:
POSS_NOM
|
| X: POSS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕali-b |
mašina |
idja |
|
pn
-
n
|
car
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Kazakh
bar
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-da |
mašiyna |
bar |
|
pn
-
loc
|
car
|
there_is
|
| ‘Petya has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Khanty (Kazym)
tǎjti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| petr-en |
mašina |
tǎj-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
poss
.2
sg
|
car
|
have-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja has a car.’ |
Khoekhoe
ūhâ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
donki-b-a |
ūhâ |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
donkey-3
m
.
sg
-
obl
|
have
|
| ‘Peter has a donkey.’ |
Khwarshi
gołe
|
Valency pattern:
GEN1_ABS
|
| X: GEN1 |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| šamile-s |
gołe |
mašina |
|
pn
-
gen
1
|
be.
prs
|
car
|
| ‘Shamil has a car.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Kpelle (Guinean)
káa
|
Valency pattern:
yei_SBJ
|
| X: yei |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| mɔ̀ɓíliì |
káa |
Pépèe |
yéì |
|
car
|
cop
|
pn
|
hand.
loc
|
| ‘Pepee has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kryz (Alik)
xhiyic
|
Valency pattern:
APUD_NOM
|
| X: APUD |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| terlan-ux |
halu |
saʕat |
maşin |
suca |
|
pn
-
apud
|
this
|
moment
|
car
|
exist
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan now has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kryz (Ismayilli)
yo
|
Valency pattern:
SUPER_NOM
|
| X: SUPER |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-iğ |
hisan |
maşin |
yo |
|
pn
-
super
|
now
|
car(
f
)
|
cop
.
f
|
| ‘Aslan now has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kryz (proper)
yaʕa
|
Valency pattern:
APUD_NOM
|
| X: APUD |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| aslan-ux |
hal |
saʕat |
maşin |
yaʕa |
|
pn
-
apud
|
this
|
hour
|
car
|
exist.
n
|
| ‘Aslan now has a car.’ |
Kumyk
bar
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| patimat-nɨ |
mašin-i |
bar |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car-3
sg
|
cop
|
| ‘Patimat has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kurdish (Sorani)
hebûn
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ.INTR
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: SBJ.INTR |
| Locus: X |
| Hîwa |
maʂên-êk=î |
he-ye |
|
pn
|
car-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
exist
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the X argument, see the discussion of "EXT" in the Grammar notes. |
Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish)
hebûn (intr)
|
Valency pattern:
IO_SBJ.INTR
|
| X: IO |
| Y: SBJ.INTR |
| Locus: X |
| min |
tirimbêl-ek |
heye |
|
1
sg
.
obl
|
car(
f
)-
indef
|
exst
.
sg
|
| ‘I have a car.’ |
Lak (Quba)
|
Valency pattern:
CONT_NOM
|
| X: CONT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Maħammadu-č'a |
mašina |
b-ur |
|
pn
-
cont
|
car[
ru
]
|
3-be.
prs
.3
p
|
| ‘Mohammad has a car.’ |
Latin
habeo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| qui |
maior-es |
possession-es |
habe-nt |
|
which.
nom
.
pl
.
m
|
bigger-
acc
.
pl
|
possession(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
have[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
| ‘... who have greater possessions.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Catil. 2, 18) |
Laz
o-ʔ-on-u
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Käzim-i-s |
araba-Ø |
Ø-u-[ʔ]-on-un-Ø |
|
pn
-
b
-
dat
|
car-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-have-
r
.
ext
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Käzim has a car.’ |
Lezgian (Yargun)
ava = locative copula
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Sahib-a-z |
mașin |
ava |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
car
|
be.in
|
| ‘Sahib has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Macedonian
ima
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
ima |
kola |
|
pn
|
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
car.
pl
|
| ‘Petar has a car.’ |
Maninka (Eastern)
yé/tɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
bolo_SBJ
|
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Mɔ́nbili` |
dó |
yé |
Sékù |
bólo. |
|
car\
art
|
indf
|
be
|
pn
|
cntrl
|
| ‘Seku has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predication. |
Mano
kɛ̄
|
Valency pattern:
kele_SBJ
|
| X: kele |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| wɛ́lì |
ē |
kɛ̄ |
ŋ̄ |
kɛ̀lɛ̀ |
|
money
|
3
sg
.
pst
|
be
|
1
sg
|
pstp
hand
|
| ‘I had money.’ |
Mansi (Northern)
ōn’ɕi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pājel |
xāp |
ōn’ɕ-i |
|
pn
|
boat
|
have-
npst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pasha has a boat.’ |
Mehweb
le-
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Pajzula-la |
le-b |
mašina |
|
pn
-
gen
|
be-
n
|
car
|
| ‘Pajzula has a car.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-[u]-ʔ-un-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
mašna-Ø |
Ø-ʔun-s |
|
pn
-
dat
|
car-
nom
|
io
3-have-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo has a car.’ |
Nanai
bi-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petia-du |
mašina |
bi |
|
pn
-
dat
|
car
|
be.
npst
|
| ‘Petia has a car.’ |
Nivkh
ivd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
tʰu |
+ |
iv-d |
|
pn
|
narta
|
+
|
have-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik has a narta.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å ha
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
ha-r |
bil |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
car
|
| ‘Per has a car.’ |
Oromo (West Central)
k'aba
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| nam-ittʃ-i |
konkolaataa |
k'ab-a |
|
man-
def
-
nom
|
car.
abs
|
have-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘The man has a car.’ |
Persian
dāštan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ahmad |
yek |
māšīn |
dār-ad |
|
pn
|
one
|
car
|
have.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Ahmad has a car.’ |
Polish
mieć
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| mąż |
ma |
samochód |
|
husband[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
car[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Husband has a car.’ |
Portuguese (Brazilian)
ter
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
tem |
um |
carro |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
|
car(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro has a car.’ |
Romani (Kalderash)
sy
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| les-te |
sy |
les |
mator-a |
|
he-
loc
|
be.
prs
.3
|
he.
cl
|
car-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘He has a car.’ |
Russian
bytʹ
|
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
|
| X: uGEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| u |
Pet-i |
estʹ |
mašin-a |
|
at
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
be.
prs
|
car(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja has a car.’ |
Rutul (Kina)
ani wiɁi
|
Valency pattern:
SUB_NOM
|
| X: SUB |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-ɨ-χda |
mašin |
a-ni |
w-iɁi |
|
pn
-
obl
-
sub
|
car(
nom
)
|
be-
cvb
|
3-
cop
|
| ‘Rasul has a car.’ |
Rutul (Mukhad)
ana jiʔi
|
Valency pattern:
APUD_NOM
|
| X: APUD |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-χda |
mašin |
a-na |
viʔi |
|
pn
-
obl
-
apud
|
car
|
be_in-
simul
|
a
.
cop
|
| ‘Murad has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Rutul (Shinaz)
an h-iši-n
|
Valency pattern:
APUD_NOM
|
| X: APUD |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| basir-ɨχda |
a-nɨ-v |
mašin |
|
pn
-
apud
|
exist
-
prs
-
a
|
car(
a
)
|
| ‘Basir has a car.’ |
Rutul (Southern)
yişin
|
Valency pattern:
APUD_NOM
|
| X: APUD |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ıxda |
maşin |
viʔi |
|
pn
-
apud
|
car(
a
)
|
a
.
cop
|
| ‘Murad has a car.’ |
Saami (Skolt)
leeʹd
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peâtt-ast |
lij |
autt |
|
pn
-
sg
.
loc
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
car.
sg
.
nom
|
| ‘Pete has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Serbian
imati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
ima |
kol-a |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
car-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petar has a car.’ |
Shughni
vidow
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM.NO.CL
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM.NO.CL |
| Locus: X |
| Ahmed-and |
mošin |
|
pn
-
loc
|
car
|
| ‘Ahmed has a car.’ |
| Note: In this example, the verb ‘to be’ is non-overt. |
Slovak
mať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
má |
aut-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
car(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter has a car.’ |
Slovenian
imeti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| mož |
ima |
avt-o |
|
husband[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
car-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Husband has a car.’ |
Spanish
tener
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
tien-e |
coche |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
have-
prs
.3
sg
|
car[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro has a car.’ |
Svan
x-a-q'-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| maizer-s |
x-a-q'-a |
mankana-Ø |
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-want-
prs
|
car-
nom
|
| ‘Maizer has a car.’ |
| Note: This root is associated with animate possessees (vehicles often tend to be included in this domain). |
Swedish
att ha
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
ha-r |
en |
bil |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
car
|
| ‘Björn has a car.’ |
Tabasaran (Kandyk)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| maˁhamad.a-z |
mašin |
a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
car(
abs
)
|
(
in
)be(
prs
)
|
| ‘Mahamad has a car.’ |
Tagalog
may
|
Valency pattern:
SBJNV_BARE
|
| X: SBJNV |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: XY |
| may |
kotse |
si |
Pedro |
|
exist
|
car
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Telugu
uṁḍu
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pravīṇ-ki |
kār' |
uṁdi |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
car(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
.
nm
|
| ‘Praveen has a car.’ |
Tsakhur
ıхhay
|
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
|
| X: LAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-qha |
mašın |
vo-dun |
|
pn
-
obl
-
lat
|
car
|
cop
-
n
.
n
|
| ‘Murad has a car.’ |
Tswana
na
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Kitso |
o-na |
le-Ø-koloi |
|
prn
(1)
|
s
i
:cl1-have
|
com
-
sg
-car(9)
|
| ‘Kitso has a car.’ |
Turkish
var
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Mehmed-in |
araba-sı |
var |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car-
p
.3
|
there_is
|
| ‘Mehmet has a car.’ |
Turoyo
kit-
|
Valency pattern:
OBJAGR_BARE
|
| X: OBJAGR |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: XY |
| Gabriyel |
kət-le |
raḏayto |
|
pn
|
exi
-
ls
.3
m
|
car(
f
)
|
| ‘Gabriyel has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Twi
wᴐ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kofi |
wᴐ |
lᴐᴐle |
bi |
|
pn
|
have.
prs
|
car
|
indef
|
| ‘Kofi has a car.’ |
Udmurt
vań
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Pet'a-len |
mašina-jez |
vań |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car.
nom
-
poss
.3
sg
|
cop
.
prs
|
| ‘Petja has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent. |
Ukrainian
buty
|
Valency pattern:
uGEN_NOM
|
| X: uGEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| u |
Petr-a |
je |
mašyn-a |
|
at
|
pn
(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
|
car(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Petro has a car.’ |
Ulcha
bi-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| min |
piktə-du |
mašina |
bī-ni |
|
my
|
child-
dat
|
car
|
be.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘My son has a car.’ |
Uzbek
bor
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-niŋ |
mašina-si |
bor |
|
pn
-
gen
|
car-
poss
.3
sg
|
is_present
|
| ‘Petja has a car.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent. |
Wolof
am
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBJ |
| Locus: TR |
| Usmaan |
am |
na |
ñaar-i |
xar |
|
pn
|
have
|
prf
.s
i
:3
sg
|
two-
cstr
.
pl
|
sheep(
m
)
|
| ‘Usmaan has two sheep.’ |
Yukaghir (Northern)
lˈǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sǝmiǝn |
mаšinа-gi |
mǝ |
lˈǝ-j |
|
pn
|
car-
poss
.3
|
aff
|
be-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien has a car.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| makine-jed-a |
oxɨr-i |
ɛst=a |
|
car-
indf
-
ez
.
f
|
pn
-
m
.
obl
|
exist=
cop
.3
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Oxir has a car.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |