‘have’
| Argument frame: | X (have) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. has a car . |
| Predicate label Ru: | иметь |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (иметь) Y |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | У П. есть машина . |
Abaza ma
| Valency pattern: IO_ABS |
| X: IO |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| zaréma | mašína | lə́-ma-b |
| pn | car | 3 sg . f . io -be- npst . dcl |
| ‘Zarema has a car.’ | ||
Adyghe jə-ʔe
| Valency pattern: POSS_ABS |
| X: POSS |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| bzəλfəʁe-xe-me | mašəne-xe-r | ja-ʔe-x |
| женщина- pl - obl . pl | машина- pl - abs | 3 pl . pr + poss -быть- pl |
| ‘У женщин есть машины’ | ||
Aghul qa-
| Valency pattern: POST_ABS |
| X: POST |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-q | mašin | qa-a |
| pn - post | car | { post }be- prs |
| ‘Aslan has a car.’ | ||
| Valency pattern: OBJAGR_BARE |
| X: OBJAGR |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: XY |
| +Ašur | ət-lə | mašina |
| pn | exi - ls .3 m | car( f ) |
| ‘Ashur has a car.’ | ||
Bambara bɛ́/tɛ́
| Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ |
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| mɔ́bili` | bɛ́ | Sékù | bólo |
| car\ art | be | pn | cntrl |
| ‘Seku has a car.’ | |||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | |||
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | tem | um | carro |
| pn ( m ) | have.3 sg . prs | indf | car( m ) |
| ‘Pedro has a car.’ | |||
Catalan tenir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | té | un | cotxe |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | have.3 sg . prs . ind | indf . sg . m | car( m ) |
| ‘Pere has a car.’ | ||||
Czech mít
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | má | auto |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | car( n )[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Petr has a car.’ | ||
Danish have
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | ha-r | en | bil |
| pn | have- prs | indf . sg | car( c ) |
| ‘Peter has a car.’ | |||
Dutch hebben
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | een | auto |
| pn (С) | have.3 sg | art . indf | car(С) |
| ‘Piet has a car.’ | |||
Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́
| Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ |
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Mɔ́nbili` | dó | yé | Sékù | bólo. |
| car\ art | indf | be | pn | cntrl |
| ‘Seku has a car.’ | ||||
| Note: Non-verbal predication. | ||||
English have
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | has | a | car. |
Estonian olema
| Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM |
| X: ADESS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peetri-l | on | auto |
| pn - adess | be. prs .3 sg | car. sg . nom |
| ‘Peeter has a car.’ | ||
Finnish olla
| Valency pattern: ADE_NOM |
| X: ADE |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peka-lla | on | auto |
| pn - ade | be. prs .3 sg | car. nom |
| ‘Pekka has a car.’ | ||
Forest Enets tɔne
| Valency pattern: TOP_NOM |
| X: TOP |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | ɔdu-za | tɔnee |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | boat- nom . sg .3 sg | there_is( ipfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend has a boat’. | |||
French avoir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul | a | une | voiture |
| pn ( m ) | have. prs .3 sg | indf . sg . f | car( f ) |
| ‘Paul has a car.’ | |||
Georgian h-q'-av-s (PRS)
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s | mankana-Ø | h-q'av-s |
| pn - dat | car- nom | io 3-have- s 3 sg |
| ‘Petre has a car.’ | ||
| Note: This root is associated with animate possessees (vehicles often tend to be included in this domain). | ||
German haben
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | hat | ein | Auto |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | have. prs .3 sg | indf [ n . acc . sg ] | car[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl has a car.’ | |||
Irish bí
| Valency pattern: aige_SBJ |
| X: aige |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Tá | gluaisteán | aige | Pól. |
| be. prs | car | at | pn |
| ‘Pól has a car.’ | |||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | |||
Italian avere
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | un-a | macchin-a |
| pn ( m ) | have-3 sg . prs | indf . sg - f | car- sg . f |
| ‘Leo has a car.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| les-te | sy | les | mator-a |
| he- loc | be. prs .3 | he. cl | car- nom . sg |
| ‘He has a car.’ | |||
Kazakh bar
| Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-da | mašiyna | bar |
| pn - loc | car | there_is |
| ‘Petya has a car.’ | ||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | ||
Kazym Khanty tǎjti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| petr-en | mašina | tǎj-ǝλ |
| pn - poss .2 sg | car | have- npst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja has a car.’ | ||
| Valency pattern: GEN1_ABS |
| X: GEN1 |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| šamile-s | gołe | mašina |
| pn - gen 1 | быть. prs | машина |
| ‘У Шамиля есть машина.’ | ||
Kina Rutul ani wiɁi
| Valency pattern: SUB_NOM |
| X: SUB |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-ɨ-χda | mašin | a-ni | w-iɁi |
| pn - obl - sub | car( nom ) | be- cvb | 3- cop |
| ‘Rasul has a car.’ | |||
Latin habeo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| qui | maior-es | possession-es | habe-nt |
| which. nom . pl . m | bigger- acc . pl | possession( f )- acc . pl | have[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl |
| ‘... who have greater possessions.’ | |||
| Note: (Cic. Catil. 2, 18) | |||
Mandarin Chinese yǒu
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān | yǒu | yí-liàng | chē |
| pn | have | one- clf | car |
| ‘Zhangsan has a car.’ | |||
Mingrelian [u]-Ø-ʔun-s (PRS)
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s | mašna-Ø | Ø-ʔun-s. |
| pn - dat | car- nom | io 3-have- s 3 sg |
| ‘Chelo has a car.’ | ||
| Note: This verb governs animate possessa. | ||
Modern Hebrew jeʃ
| Valency pattern: le_SBJ |
| X: le |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| jeʃ | le | Pinχas | meχona |
| there.is[ prs ] | to | pn | car |
| ‘Pinchas has a car.’ | |||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | |||
Nanai bi-
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petia-du | mašina | bi |
| pn - dat | car | be. npst |
| ‘Petia has a car.’ | ||
Nivkh ivd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | tʰu | + | iv-d |
| pn | narta | + | have- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik has a narta.’ | |||
Northern Mansi ōn’ɕi
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pājel | xāp | ōn’ɕ-i |
| pn | boat | have- npst .3 sg |
| ‘Pasha has a boat.’ | ||
Northern Yukaghir lˈǝ=
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Sǝmiǝn | mаšinа-gi | mǝ | lˈǝj |
| pn | car- poss .3 | aff | be- intr .3 sg |
| ‘Semien has a car.’ | |||
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. | |||
Norwegian Bokmål å ha
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | ha-r | bil |
| pn | have- prs | car |
| ‘Per has a car.’ | ||
Polish mieć
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| mąż | ma | samochód |
| husband[ nom . sg ] | have: ipfv . prs .3 sg | car[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Husband has a car.’ | ||
Russian bytʹ
| Valency pattern: uGEN_NOM |
| X: uGEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| u | Pet-i | estʹ | mašin-a |
| at | pn ( m )- gen . sg | be. prs | car( f )- nom . sg |
| ‘Petja has a car.’ | |||
Serbian imati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | ima | kol-a |
| pn . nom . sg | have. prs .3 sg | car- acc . pl |
| ‘Petar has a car.’ | ||
Shughni vidow
| Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Ahmed-and | mošin |
| pn - loc | car |
| ‘Ahmed has a car.’ | |
| Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt. | |
Skolt Saami leeʹd
| Valency pattern: LOC_NOM |
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Peâtt-ast | lij | autt |
| pn - sg . loc | be. prs .3 sg | car. sg . nom |
| ‘Pete has a car.’ | ||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | ||
Slovak mať
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | má | aut-o |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | car( n )- acc . sg |
| ‘Peter has a car.’ | ||
Slovenian imeti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| mož | ima | avt-o |
| husband[ nom . sg ] | have: ipfv . prs .3 sg | car- acc . sg |
| ‘Husband has a car.’ | ||
Sorani Kurdish hebûn
| Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ |
| X: EXT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Hîwa | maʂên-êk=î | he-ye |
| pn | car- indf =3 sg . pc | exist -be. prs .3 sg |
| ‘Hiwa has a car.’ | ||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The OBL.3SG morpheme indexes the non-canonical subject of a clausal expression of possession, emotion or cognition (in any tense). | ||
Spanish tener
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | tien-e | coche |
| pn [ sg . m ] | have- prs .3 sg | car[ sg . m ] |
| ‘Pedro has a car.’ | ||
Swedish att ha
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | ha-r | en | bil |
| pn | have- prs | indf . c . sg | car |
| ‘Björn has a car.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: ACT_BARE |
| X: ACT |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: Y |
| May | kotse | si | Pedro |
| exist | car | pers . subj | pn |
| ‘Pedro has a car.’ | |||
| Note: Non-verbal (existential) construction. The X argument is identified as ACT based on the assumption that this construction is basically like an AV construction. | |||
Telugu uṁḍu
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pravīṇ-ki | kār' | uṁdi |
| pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat | car( n ). sg . nom | be. prs .3 sg . nm |
| ‘Praveen has a car.’ | ||
Turkish var
| Valency pattern: GEN_NOM |
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Mehmed-in | araba-sı | var |
| pn - gen | car- p .3 | there_is |
| ‘Mehmet has a car.’ | ||
Ulcha bi-
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| min | piktə-du | mašina | bī-ni |
| my | child- dat | car | be. prs -3 sg |
| ‘My son has a car.’ | |||
Uzbek bor
| Valency pattern: GEN_NOM |
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-niŋ | mašina-si | bor |
| pn - gen | car- poss .3 sg | is_present |
| ‘Petja has a car.’ | ||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent. | ||
West Central Oromo k'aba
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| nam-ittʃ-i | konkolaataa | k'ab-a |
| man- def - nom | car. abs | have-3 sg . m . ipfv |
| ‘The man has a car.’ | ||
Zilo Andi dʒi
| Valency pattern: GEN_NOM |
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-b | dʒi | maʃina |
| pn - inan 1( gen ) | cop | car[ inan 1][ nom ] |
| ‘Ali has a car.’ | ||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | ||