‘shoot at’
Argument frame: |
X
(shoot) at
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
shot at
the bird
. (He missed.)
|
Predicate label Ru: |
стрелять
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(стрелять) в
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
выстрелил в
птицу
(Он не попал).
|
Abaza
aj.χs
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
X: ABS |
Y: IO |
Locus: Y |
w-ʕa-s-m-aj.χsə-n |
2
sg
.
m
.
abs
-
cisl
-1
sg
.
io
-
neg
-shoot-
neg
.
imp
|
‘Dont shoot at me!’ |
Adyghe
je-we
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
λ̣ə-r |
bzəwə-m |
je-wa-ʁ |
мужчина-
abs
|
птица-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-бить-
pst
|
‘Мужчина выстрелил в птицу.’ |
Aghul
tufang.i-as jarʜ.u-
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan.a |
tufang.i-as |
jarʜ.u-ne |
ǯaq’ʷ.ala-s |
pn
(
erg
)
|
gun-(
in
)
elat
|
strike.
pf
-
aor
|
sparrow-
dat
|
‘Aslan shot at the sparrow.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
čarət
Valency pattern:
SBJ_gu
|
X: SBJ |
Y: gu |
Locus: Y |
sava |
črət-lə |
gu |
səprita |
old.
m
|
fire.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
in
|
birdie(
f
)
|
‘The oldman shot at the bird.’ |
Bambara
bón
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
dònso` |
ye |
kɔ̀nɔ` |
bón |
hunter\
art
|
pfv
.
tr
|
bird\
art
|
shoot
|
‘The hunter shot at the bird.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
atirar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
|
X: SBJ |
Y: em |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
atir-ou |
no |
pássaro |
pn
(
m
)
|
shoot-3
sg
.
pst
|
in+
def
.
m
|
bird(
m
)
|
‘Pedro shot at the bird.’ |
Catalan
disparar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
va |
dispar-ar |
a |
l'ocell |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
shoot-
inf
|
to
|
def
.
sg
.
m
-bird(
m
)
|
‘Pere shot at the bird.’ |
Note: Cf. "en Pere li va disparar" |
Czech
vystřelit
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
vystřeli-l |
na |
pták-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
shoot(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
on
|
bird(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr shot at the bird.’ |
Danish
skyde
Valency pattern:
SBJ_efter
|
X: SBJ |
Y: efter |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
skød |
efter |
fugl-en |
pn
|
shoot.
pst
|
after
|
bird(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
‘Peter shot at the bird.’ |
Dutch
schieten
Valency pattern:
SBJ_op
|
X: SBJ |
Y: op |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
schoot |
op |
de |
vogel |
pn
(
c
)
|
shoot.
pst
|
on
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
bird(
c
)
|
‘Piet shot at the bird.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bón
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
kà |
kɔ̀nɔ` |
bón. |
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
bird\
art
|
fling
|
‘Seku shot at the bird.’ |
English
shoot
Valency pattern:
SBJ_at
|
X: SBJ |
Y: at |
Locus: Y |
Estonian
tulistama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
tulista-s |
lindu. |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
fire-
pst
.3
sg
|
bird.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter shot at the bird.’ |
Finnish
ampua
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
ampu-i |
lintu-a |
pn
.
nom
|
shoot-
pst
.3
sg
|
bird-
part
|
‘Pekka shot at the bird.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔza
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
ŋaʔu |
dʲɔza-za |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
duck
|
shoot(
pfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
‘My friend shot at the duck’. |
French
tirer
Valency pattern:
SBJ_sur
|
X: SBJ |
Y: sur |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
a |
tiré |
sur |
l’ |
oiseau |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
shoot.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
on
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
bird(
m
)
|
‘Paul shot at the bird.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-srvr-i-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-m |
čit'-s |
Ø-e-sr-ol-a, |
magram |
a-Ø-a-cil-a |
pn
-
erg
|
bird-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-shoot-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
but
|
prv
:upward-
do
3-
fact
-avoid-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre shot at the bird, but he missed.’ |
German
schießen
Valency pattern:
NOM_aufACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: aufACC |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
schieß-t |
auf |
den |
Vogel |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
shoot-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
def
.
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
bird[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl shot at the bird.’ |
Irish
scaoil
Valency pattern:
SBJ_faoi
|
X: SBJ |
Y: faoi |
Locus: Y |
Scaoil |
Pól |
fé-n |
éan. |
shoot(
pst
)
|
pn
|
under-
def
|
bird
|
‘Pól shot at the bird.’ |
Italian
sparare
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
ha |
sparato |
all’ |
uccell-o |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
shoot.
pst
.
ptcp
|
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
bird-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo shot a bird.’ |
Kalderash Romani
del jag
Valency pattern:
NOM_ande
|
X: NOM |
Y: ande |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
ď-a |
jag |
ande |
ćirikl-i |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
give-
pst
.3
sg
|
fire
|
in
|
bird-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša shot at the bird.’ |
Kazakh
at
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
qus-tï |
at-tï |
pn
|
bird-
acc
|
shoot-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya shot at the bird.’ |
Kazym Khanty
pǒškan ewǝλt ԑsǝλti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
pǒškan |
ewǝλt |
tǒχλǝŋ_woj |
εsλ-ǝs |
pa |
an |
χɔj-ǝs |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
gun
|
from
|
bird
|
let_out-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
add
|
neg
|
hit-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja shot at the bird, but he missed.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ERG_GEN2
|
X: ERG |
Y: GEN2 |
Locus: Y |
šamil-i |
cojƛa |
beła-lo |
pn
-
erg
|
кидать\
pst
.
w
|
олень(
iii
)-
gen
2
|
‘Шамиль выстрелил в оленя.’ |
Note: Букв. ударил или кинул. |
Kina Rutul
tufang wijiraj
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUB
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUB |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
tufang |
w-iji-r=a-j |
šurk-u-χda |
pn
-
erg
|
gun(
nom
)
|
3-shoot.
pfv
-
cvb
=be-
pst
|
bird-
obl
-
sub
|
‘Rasul shot at the bird.’ |
Latin
iaculor
Valency pattern:
NOM_inACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: inACC |
Locus: Y |
si |
rapid-us |
Mavors |
ign-es |
iacula-tur |
in |
ill-um |
if
|
fast-
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
fire(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
throw[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
in
|
that-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
‘... if swift Mars shoots flames at him.’ |
Note: (Man. Astronomica. IV, 500) |
Mandarin Chinese
kāiqiāng
Valency pattern:
SBJ_chao
|
X: SBJ |
Y: chao |
Locus: Y |
Zhāngsān |
cháo |
niǎo |
kāiqiāng |
le |
pn
|
facing
|
bird
|
fire
|
pfv
|
‘Zhangsan shot at the bird.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-ʔot-an-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-k |
čit'-i-s |
k-Ø-a-ʔot-u. |
pn
-
erg
|
bird-
b
-
dat
|
aff
-
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-throw-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo shot at the bird.’ |
Modern Hebrew
jara
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
X: SBJ |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
jara |
be |
tsipor |
pn
|
shoot[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
in
|
bird
|
‘Pinchas shot at the bird.’ |
Nanai
meočala-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
niəčə-mbə |
meoča-la-xa-ni |
pn
|
bird-
obl
|
gun-
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia shot at the bird.’ |
Nivkh
χad
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
pujŋa |
+ |
χatu-d |
pn
|
bird
|
+
|
shoot-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik shot at the bird.’ |
Northern Mansi
pātamtas
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
jēn’a |
wās |
pātamt-as-t-e, |
at |
xoj-as |
pn
|
duck
|
shoot-
pst
-
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
neg
|
hit-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Eugene shot at the duck but missed.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
aji=
Valency pattern:
NOM_langudeng
|
X: NOM |
Y: langudeng |
Locus: Y |
Sǝmiǝn |
ujǝ-nˈǝ-j-rukun |
lа-ŋudǝŋ |
аji-m |
pn
|
wing-
prop
-
ptcl
-thing
|
side-
dir
|
shoot-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien shot at the bird.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å skyte
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mot
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mot |
Locus: Y |
Per |
skjøt |
mot |
en |
fugl |
pn
|
shoot.
pst
|
towards
|
indf
.
m
.
sg
|
bird
|
‘Per shot at the bird.’ |
Polish
strzelić
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: doGEN |
Locus: Y |
Paweł |
strzeli-ł |
do |
ptak-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
shoot:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
at
|
bird-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Paweł shot at the bird.’ |
Russian
vystrelitʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_vACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: vACC |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
vystreli-l |
v |
ptic-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
shoot(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
in
|
bird(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja shot at the bird.’ |
Serbian
pući
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: uACC |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
je |
puka-o |
u |
ptic-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
shoot-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
in
|
bird-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar shot at the bird.’ |
Shughni
poθ weδdow
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
Šamil=i |
wam |
wiδič-ti |
poθ |
weδd |
at |
yā |
wam-ti |
na-angix-t |
pn
=3
sg
|
d
3.
f
.
sg
.
obl
|
bird-
sup
|
shooting
|
put.
pst
|
add
|
d
3.
f
.
sg
|
d
3.
f
.
sg
.
obl
-
sup
|
neg
-hit-
pst
|
‘Shamil shot (let a bullet go) at the bird, but it (the bullet) did not hit it.’ |
Skolt Saami
pääččad
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENvuastta
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENvuastta |
Locus: Y |
Peâtt |
pääčča-i |
lååʹdd |
vuâstta |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
shoot-
pst
.3
sg
|
bird.
sg
.
gen
|
towards
|
‘Pete shot at the bird.’ |
Slovak
strieliť
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
streli-l |
na |
vták-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
shoot(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
on
|
bird(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter shot at the bird.’ |
Slovenian
ustreliti
Valency pattern:
NOM_vACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: vACC |
Locus: Y |
Pavel |
je |
ustreli-l |
v |
ptic-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
shoot:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
in
|
bird-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Pavel shot at the bird.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
teqe kirdin le
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
teqe=î |
le |
baɫinde-ke-î |
kird-Ø |
pn
|
shoot=3
sg
.
pc
|
from
|
bird-
def
-
obl
|
do.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa shot at the bird.’ |
Spanish
disparar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contra
|
X: SBJ |
Y: contra |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
dispar-ó |
contra |
un |
pájaro |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
shoot-
aor
.3
sg
|
against
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
bird[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro shot at a bird.’ |
Swedish
att skjuta
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mot
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mot |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
sköt |
mot |
fågel-n |
pn
|
shoot.
pst
|
against
|
bird-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
‘Björn shot at the bird.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
B<in>aril |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
ibon |
<
pv
>
pfv
.shoot
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
bird
|
‘Pedro shot the bird.’ |
Telugu
kālcu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
pakṣi-ni |
kālcāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
bird(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
shoot.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen shot at the bird.’ |
Turkish
ateş etmek
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
kuş-a |
ateş |
et-ti |
pn
|
bird-
dat
|
fire
|
make-
pst
|
‘Mehmet shot at the bird.’ |
Ulcha
mewtila-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
čiŋdə-wə |
mewti-la-xa, |
[čor-la-xa] |
father
|
bird-
acc
|
gun-
vblz
-
pst
-3
sg
|
[outside-
vblz
-
pst
]
|
‘Father shot at the bird, [he missed].’ |
Uzbek
otmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
quš-ni |
ot-ti |
pn
|
bird-
acc
|
shoot-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja shot at the bird.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗukaasa
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
obsaa-n |
simbirroo |
sana-tti |
ɗukaas-e |
pn
-
nom
|
bird.
abs
|
that-
loc
|
shoot-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa shot at the bird.’ |
Zilo Andi
qχ’ʷaʁ.unn
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER.LAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
ali-di |
ʃːekibo-ʔo |
qχ’ʷaʁ.unn-ij |
pn
-
erg
|
bird.
obl
-
super
.
lat
|
shoot.
pst
-
pf
|
‘Ali shot at the bird.’ |