BivalTyp

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‘forfeit’

Argument frame:

X (lose) Y

Stimulus sentence:

(There was a fire in the village. As a result) P. lost his house .

Predicate label Ru:

лишаться

Argument frame Ru:

X (лишаться) Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(В деревне был пожар. В результате) П. лишился дома .

Abaza [l-]qʷdaχa

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCl

X: ABS

Y: LOCl

Locus: Y

murád	j-tʒə́	d-á-l-qʷdaχa-d
pn	3 sg . m . io -house	3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - loc -lose( aor )- dcl
‘Murad lost his house.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) č̣e-ne

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

t-jə-wəne-xe-r	č̣e-tə-na-ʁe-x
1 pl . pr - poss -house- pl - abs	loc : under -1 pl . erg -leave- pst - pl
‘We lost our houses.’

Aghul x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_SUBCONT.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: SUBCONT.ELAT

Locus: Y

aslan	χul.a-k-as	x.u-ne
pn	house- sub / cont - elat	become. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost his house.’

Alik Kryz xabaʕar ğatfic

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

terlan	k'ul	ug	xab-aʕar	ğap-du
pn ( gen )	house( f )	refl . m ( gen )	hand- inel	f .go_out. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan lost his house.’
Note: The structure is tentatively classified as involving a clause-level genitive (by analogy with other languages). To be checked.

Archi

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

paša	noʟʼ	i-tʼuw	i<w>χːu
pn	house	4.be- cvb . neg	<1>remain. pfv
‘Pasha lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic payəš

Valency pattern: SBJ_lab

X: SBJ

Y: la_b

Locus: Y

sava	pəš-lə	la	b	bet-u
old. m	remain. pst - ls .3 m	neg	with	house( m )- p .3 m
‘The oldman lost his house.’

Avar maħrumɬize

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	maħrumɬ-ana	ruq’-al-dasa
pn	be_deprived- aor	house- obl - el
‘Ali lost his house.’

Azerbaijani mǝhrum olmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Aslan	ev-i-ndǝn	mǝhrum	ol-ub
pn	house- poss 3- abl	deprived	be(come)- perf (3)
‘Aslan lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bambara bɔ̀nɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bɔ̀nɛ-na	à	ka	só`	lá
pn	deprive- pfv . intr	3 sg	poss	house\ art	in
‘Seku lost his house.’

Brazilian Portuguese perder

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	perd-eu	sua	casa
pn ( m )	lose-3 sg . pst	poss .3. f	house( f )
‘Pedro lost his house.’

Catalan perdre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	perdre	la	seva	casa
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	loose. inf	def . sg . f .	poss .3. f . sg	house( f )
‘Pere lost his house.’

Chirag b-uqi

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: INTER.ELAT

Locus: Y

ʡa̰le	qal-li-cːi-rka	uq-un-ne
pn ( abs )	house- obl - inter - elat	( m . sg )move: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali lost his house.’

Czech přijít

Valency pattern: NOM_oACC

X: NOM

Y: oACC

Locus: Y

Petr	přiše-l	o	dům
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	come( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	about	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr lost his house.’

Danish miste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	miste-de	sit	hus
pn	lose- pst	poss . refl . n . sg	house( n )
‘Peter lost his house.’

Dutch geen meer hebben

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	geen	huis	meer
pn ( c )	have.3 sg	no	house( n )	more
‘Piet lost his house.’

Eastern Maninka fɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bára	fɔ́	à	lá	bón`	ná.
pn	prf	miss	3 sg	poss	house\ art	at
‘Seku has lost his house.’

English lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lost	his	house.

Estonian ilma jääma

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

Peeter	jä-i	oma	maja-st	ilma
pn . sg . nom	stay- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	house- ela	without
‘Peeter lost his house.’
Note: Phrasal verb (ilma is not a flagging device).

Finnish menettää

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	menett-i	talo-nsa
pn . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	house- gen . poss .3 sg
‘Pekka lost his house.’

Forest Enets kaja

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

kasa-jʔ	mɛ-tʃuz	kaja
man- nom . sg .1 sg	chum- car	stay_behind( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend remained homeless’.

French perdre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	perdu	sa	maison
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	lose. pst . ptcp . m	one’s. sg . f	house( f )
‘Paul lost his house.’

Georgian da-Ø-k'arg-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	saxl-k'ar-i	da-Ø-k'arg-a
pn - erg	house-door- nom	prv :downward- do 3-lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre lost his house.’

German verlieren

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	verlor	sein	Haus
pn [ nom . sg ]	lose. pst .3 sg	his[ n . acc . sg ]	house[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl lost his house.’

Guinean Kpelle hwɛ̀ɣɛ̌

Valency pattern: SBJ_hu

X: SBJ

Y: hu

Locus: Y

Tòkpa	àá	hwɛ̀ɣɛ́	ŋwɔ̀	pɛ́lɛ-í	hù
pn	3 sg . prf	lose	3 sg . poss	house- def	in
‘Tokpa lost his house.’

Icari Dargwa katː-elg-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_akkwal

X: ABS

Y: akkwal

Locus: Y

Islam	qal	akːʷa-l	katː-elg-un
pn . abs	house. abs	be: neg - adv	down -remain: pf - aor
‘Islam lost his house.’

Irish caill

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Chaill	Pól	a	thig.
pst /lose	pn	poss .3 sg . m	house
‘Pól lost his house.’

Italian perdere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	perso	cas-a
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	lose. pst . ptcp	house- sg . f
‘Leo lost house.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

meħamad	k-alʔ-un	qali	awga-le
pn	down -stay. pfv - pret	home	be.absent- cvb
‘Muhammad lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed in a dependent clause.

Kalderash Romani xasarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	xasar-ď-a	o	khər
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	lose- pst -3 sg	art . m . dir . sg	haus[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša lost his house.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ABS_APUD.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: APUD.ELAT

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmad	χl.a-x-an	ʁa-x-nu
pn ( abs )	house- apud - elat	pf -( h . sg )become- pst
‘Mahamad lost (his) house.’

Karata hač’e biχχwaɬa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ʕali	misa	hač’e	w-uχχu
pn	house	cop . neg	m -remain
‘Ali lost his house.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause. At least historically, “hač’e” is a participle, which makes this structure biclausal.

Kaytag Dargwa uqana

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

petja	qilbal-c:ir	uq-un
pn	house. pl . obl - interel	( m )go. pf - aor
‘Petja lost his house.’

Kazakh ayïrïl-ïp qal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petya	üy-і-nen	ayïrïl-ïp	qal-dï
pn	house- poss 3- abl	lose- cvb	remain- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya lost his house.’

Kazym Khanty *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khoekhoe ǂoaǃnâ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	ǁî-b	om-s-a	go	ǂoaǃnâ
pn -3 m . sg	decl	3-3 m . sg	house-3 f . sg - obl	rpst	leave
‘Peter lost his house.’

Khwarshi bataɫa

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT.EL

X: ABS

Y: CONT.EL

Locus: Y

šamil	batała-ja	aq-qo-žo
pn	part- pst . w	house( iv )- cont - el
‘Shamil lost his house.’

Kina Rutul madiš

Valency pattern: ATTR_NOM

X: ATTR

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-dɨ	χal	madiš
pn - attr	house( nom )	remain.4. neg
‘Rasul lost his house.’

Kumyk qalmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

mahammat	üj-süz	qal-d-ɨ
pn	house- car	remain- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad lost his house.’

Latin amitto

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Manli-us	agr-os	bon-a-que	omni-a	amis-eri-t
pn ( m )- nom . sg	field( m )- acc . pl	property( n )- acc . pl -and	all- acc . pl . n	lose- fut 2. ind - act .3 sg
‘Manlius lost hist fields and all his property.’
Note: (Sal. Cat. 28, 4)

Laz o-ndin-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	oxo(r)-i	go-ndin-u
pn - b - erg	house- nom	prv -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim lost (his) house.’

Mandarin Chinese shīqù

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	shīqù	le	tā-de	fángzi
pn	lose	pfv	he- de	house
‘Zhangsan lost his house.’

Mano kɔ̰́

Valency pattern: SBJ_yi

X: SBJ

Y: yi

Locus: Y

ē	kɔ̰́	ká	yí
3 sg . pst	be.deprived	house	in
‘S/he was deprived of a house.’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.EL

X: NOM

Y: CONT.EL

Locus: Y

Islam	qaj-ze-la	w-az-ib
pn	house- cont - el	m -be.deprived: pfv - pst
‘Islam lost his house.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-din-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG

X: DAT

Y: ERG

Locus: X

čelo-s	ʔude-k	me-Ø-u-din-(u)
pn - dat	house- erg	prv - io 3- ver : o -disappear-( s 3 sg . pst )
‘Chelo lost (his) house.’

Modern Hebrew ibed

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	ibed	et	ha	bajt	ʃel-o
pn	lose[ pst .3 sg . m ]	do	def	house	poss -3 sg . m
‘Pinchas lost his house.’

Mukhad Rutul jiʔi

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

murad	χal-daa	jiši-ri
pn	house- adel	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his house.’

Nanai xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	ǯo-i	xuədə-xə-ni
pn	house- p . refl . sg	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his house.’

Nivkh vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	taf	+	pəkz-d
pn	house	+	lose- ind
‘Kaskazik lost his house.’

Northern Akhvakh biχχuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_golo

X: NOM

Y: golo

Locus: Y

pataħi	awa	goƛo	w-uχχ-ari
pn	home	without	m -remain- aor
‘Patahi lost his house.’

Northern Mansi patəs

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

ti	ēkwa	kol-tāl	pat-əs
this	woman	house- car	fall- pst .3 sg
‘This woman lost her house.’

Northern Yukaghir kurčī=

Valency pattern: NOM_NEG

X: NOM

Y: NEG

Locus: Y

Sǝmiǝn	аwjа̄	ǝl	nimǝ	kurči-č
pn	yesterday	neg	house	become- intr .3 sg
‘Yesterday, Semien lost his house.’

Norwegian Bokmål å miste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	miste-t	hus-et	sitt
pn	lose- pst	house- def . n . sg	poss . refl . n . sg
‘Per lost his house.’

Polish stracić

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Paweł	straci-ł	dom
pn [ nom . sg ]	lose: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ]	house[ acc . sg ]
‘Paweł lost his house.’

Russian lišitʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	liši-l-sja	dom-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg	deprive( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]- refl	house( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja lost hist house.’

Serbian ostati

Valency pattern: NOM_bezGEN

X: NOM

Y: bezGEN

Locus: Y

Petar	je	osta-o	bez	kuć-e
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	remain- part . perf . m . sg	without	house- gen . sg
‘Petar lost his house.’

Shinaz Rutul h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

basir	χal-ɨkla	h-iši-r
pn	house- contel	m -be. pf - aor
‘Basir lost his house.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Shughni redow

Valency pattern: NOM_beOBL

X: NOM

Y: beOBL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	be-malā	red
pn	without-dwelling	remain. pst
‘Ahmed lost hist house.’

Skolt Saami mõõnted

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	mõõnt-i	põõrt-âs
pn . sg . nom	make.go- pst .3 sg	house. sg . acc - poss .3 sg
‘Pete lost his house.’

Slovak prísť

Valency pattern: NOM_oACC

X: NOM

Y: oACC

Locus: Y

Peter	prišie-l	o	svoj	dom
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	come( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	about	one's[ m . acc . sg ]	house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter lost his house.’

Slovenian ostati

Valency pattern: NOM_brezGEN

X: NOM

Y: brezGEN

Locus: Y

Pavel	je	osta-l	brez	dom-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	remain: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	without	house- gen . sg
‘Pavel lost his house.’

Sorani Kurdish le dest dan

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	maɫ-eke=î	de	awir-eke-da	le	dest	da-Ø
pn	house- def =3 sg . pc	in	fire- def -in	from	hand	give. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa lost his house in the fire.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Southern Rutul yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTEL

X: NOM

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

murad	xal-ıkla	yişi-r
pn	house- contel	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad lost his house.’

Spanish perder

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	perdi-do	su	casa
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	lose- ptcp : prf	one’s[ sg . f ]	house[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro lost his house.’

Standard Arabic faqada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-u-n	faqada	bayt-a-n
pn - nom - indef	lose. pf .3 m	house- acc - indef
‘Badr lost his house.’

Svan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maizer-d	larda-lazga	ad-Ø-karw-e
pn - erg	room-house- nom	prv : dist - do 3-lose- pst
‘Maizer lost (his) house.’

Swedish att förlora

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	förlora-de	sitt	hus
pn	lose- pst	poss . refl . n . sg	house
‘Björn lost his house.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: LOC_ACT

X: LOC

Y: ACT

Locus: X

Na-wala-n	ng	bahay	si	Pedro
pot . pv . pfv -lose- lv	gen	house	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro lost his house.’
Note: Ask Sergey

Telugu pōgoṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	tana	iṁṭi-ni	pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	own	house( n ). sg . obl - acc	lose. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost his house.’

Tsakhur ıхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

murad	хav-ı-kena	ıхha
pn	house- obl - car . h	( m )be. pf
‘Murad lost his house.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_akwar

X: NOM

Y: akwar

Locus: Y

unra	qali	akːʷar	ka-jχ-ub
neighbor	home	cop . neg (3)	down-( m )be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The neighbor remained homeless.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-uq-i / b-ulq-i

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER.ABL.DOWN

X: NOM

Y: INTER.ABL.DOWN

Locus: Y

zumra	qali-cːe-rka	uq-un
neighbor	home- inter - abl . down	( m )move. pfv - pret (3)
‘The neighbor lost his house.’

Turkish kaybetmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	ev-i-ni	kaybet-ti
pn	house- p .3- acc	lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost his house.’

Turoyo mṣakər

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Gabriyel	mṣakar-le	u	bayt-ayḏe
pn	lose. pfv - ls .3 m	art . m	house( m )- p .3 m
‘Gabriyel lost his house.’

Ulcha očo-

Valency pattern: NOM_CARIT

X: NOM

Y: CARIT

Locus: Y

ama	xagdu=ana	očo-xa-ni
father	house= carit	become- pst -3 sg
‘Father lost his house.’

Uzbek qolmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_CAR

X: NOM

Y: CAR

Locus: Y

Petya	uy-siz	qol-di
pn	house- car	remain- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost hist house.’

West Central Oromo ɗaba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	mana	isaa	ɗab-e
pn - nom	house. abs	3 sg . m . poss	lose-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa lost his house.’

Zilo Andi <w>-at’a-ɬ.i-j

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.EL

X: NOM

Y: CONT.EL

Locus: Y

ali	milki-tʃ’u-kːu	w-at’a-ɬ.i-j
pn [ m ][ nom ]	house- cont - el	m -separate- inch . pst - pf
‘Ali lost his house.’