‘sing’
Argument frame: |
X
(sing)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
sang
a beautiful song
.
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(петь)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
спел
красивую песню
.
|
Abaza
hʷa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
fatíma |
warad–pšʒa |
l-hʷa-d |
pn
|
song–beautiful
|
3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-say(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘Fatima sang a beautiful song.’ |
Adyghe
qe-ʔʷe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
pŝaŝe-m |
wered–daxe |
q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁ |
девушка-
obl
|
песня–красивый(
abs
)
|
csl
-3
sg
.
erg
-сказать-
pst
|
‘Девушка спела красивую песню.’ |
Aghul
q’.u-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
sa |
bat’ar |
meʕni |
q’.u-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
one
|
beautiful
|
song
|
do.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
zamər
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
xa |
yala |
zmər-rə |
d-a |
zmarta |
one
|
boy(
m
)
|
sing.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
obl
-
dem
1.
sg
|
song(
f
)
|
‘The boy sang this song.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Bambara
dá
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
dɔ̀nkili |
ɲuman` |
dá |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
song
|
good\
art
|
put
|
‘Seku sang a beautiful song.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
cantar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
cant-ou |
um-a |
bel-a |
canção |
pn
(
m
)
|
sing-3
sg
.
pst
|
indf
-
f
|
beautiful-
f
|
song(
f
)
|
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’ |
Catalan
cantar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
cant-ar |
un-a |
cançó |
bonic-a |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
sing-
inf
|
indf
-
sg
.
f
|
song(
f
)
|
beautiful-
f
.
sg
|
‘Pere sang a beautiful song.’ |
Czech
zazpívat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
zazpíva-l |
krásn-ou |
písničk-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sing(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
beautiful-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
song(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr sang a beautiful song.’ |
Danish
synge
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
sang |
en |
smuk |
sang |
pn
|
sing.
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
beautiful.
c
.
sg
|
song(
c
)
|
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’ |
Dutch
zingen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
zong |
een |
mooi |
liedje |
pn
(
c
)
|
sing.
pst
|
art
.
indf
|
beautiful
|
song(
n
)
|
‘Piet sang a beautiful song.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lá
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
kà |
dɔ̀nkili |
dúman` |
dó |
lá. |
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
song
|
pleasant\
art
|
indf
|
put
|
‘Seku has sung a nice song.’ |
English
sing
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
sang |
a |
beautiful |
song. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
laulma
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
laul-is |
ilusa |
laulu |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
sing-
pst
.3
sg
|
beautiful.
sg
.
gen
|
song.
sg
.
gen
|
‘Peeter sang a beautiful song.’ |
Finnish
laulaa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
laul-oi |
kaunii-n |
laulu-n |
pn
.
nom
|
sing-
pst
.3
sg
|
beautiful-
gen
|
song-
gen
|
‘Pekka sang a beautiful song.’ |
Forest Enets
kinus
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
sɔjza |
bare |
kinuʔɔ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
good
|
song
|
sing(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend sang a beautiful song’. |
French
chanter
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
chanté |
une |
jolie |
chanson |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
sing.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
beautiful.
sg
.
f
|
song(
f
)
|
‘Paul sang a beautiful song.’ |
Georgian
Ø-mγer-i-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-m |
lamaz-i |
simγera-Ø |
Ø-i-mγer-a |
pn
-
erg
|
beautiful-
nom
|
song-
nom
|
do
3-
ver
:
s
-sing-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre sang a beautiful song.’ |
German
singen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
sang |
ein |
wunderschön-es |
Lied |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sing.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
beautiful-
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
song[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl sang a beautiful song.’ |
Irish
can
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Chan |
Pól |
amhrán |
álainn. |
pst
/sing
|
pn
|
song
|
beautiful
|
‘Pól sang a beautiful song.’ |
Italian
cantare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
cantato |
un-a |
bell-a |
canzon-e |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
sing.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
-
f
|
beautiful-
sg
.
f
|
song-
sg
.
f
|
‘Leo sang a beautiful song.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dilabal
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
dilaba-ď-a |
šukar |
dil-i |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
sing-
pst
-3
sg
|
beautiful
|
song-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Murša sang a beautiful song.’ |
Kazakh
ayt
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
ädemі |
öleŋ |
ayt-tï |
pn
|
beautiful
|
song
|
say-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya sang a beautiful song.’ |
Kazym Khanty
ariti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
jǎm |
arn |
ari-j-ǝs |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
good
|
song
|
sing-
ep
-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
išat'-i |
b-ejza |
bertina-b |
keč’i |
мать.
o
.-
erg
|
iii
-петь\
pst
.
w
|
красивый-
iii
|
песня(
iii
)
|
‘Мать спела красивую песню.’ |
Kina Rutul
hɨʔɨra
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a |
bat’r-ad |
maˁɁni |
hɨʔɨ-r=a |
pn
-
erg
|
beautiful-
attr
|
song(
nom
)
|
4.do.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul sang a beautiful song.’ |
Latin
cano
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(Simonid-es) |
cecin-isse-t-que |
id |
carmen |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
sing-
plup
.
sbjv
-
act
.3
sg
-and
|
this.
acc
.
sg
.
n
|
song(
n
).
acc
.
sg
|
‘(Simonides) sang this poem.’ |
Note: (Cic. De Oratore. 2, 352) |
Mandarin Chinese
chàng
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
chàng |
le |
yì-shǒu |
měimiào-de |
gē |
pn
|
sing
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
beautiful-
de
|
song
|
‘Zhangsan sang a beautiful song.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-i-bir-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-k |
sk'vam-(i) |
bira-Ø |
k-Ø-i-bir-(u). |
pn
-
erg
|
beautiful-(
nom
)
|
song-
nom
|
aff
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-sing-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo sang a beautiful song.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ʃar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
ʃar |
ʃir |
jafe |
pn
|
sing[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
song
|
beautiful
|
‘Pinchas sang a beautiful song.’ |
Nanai
ǯari-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
gučkuli |
ǯare-mba |
ǯare-xa-ni |
pn
|
beautiful
|
n
anai_song-
obl
|
sing-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia sang a beautiful song.’ |
Nivkh
lud
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
pоcurla |
+ |
lu |
+ |
lu-d |
pn
|
beautiful
|
+
|
song
|
+
|
sing-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik sang a beautiful song.’ |
Northern Mansi
ērɣǝs
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
am |
ɕan’-um |
jomas |
ēriɣ |
ērɣ-ǝs |
1
sg
|
mother-
poss
.1
sg
|
good
|
song
|
sing-
pass
[3
sg
]
|
‘My mother sang a beautiful song.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
jahtǝ=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
аm-u-čǝ |
jаhtǝ-k |
jаhtǝ-m-lǝ |
pn
|
good-
stat
-
ptcl
|
song-
foc
|
sing-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘Semien sang a beautiful song.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å synge
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
sang |
en |
vakker |
sang |
pn
|
sing.
pst
|
indf
.
m
.
sg
|
beautiful
|
song
|
‘Per sang a beautiful song.’ |
Polish
zaśpiewać
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Stefan |
zaśpiewa-ł |
ładn-ą |
piosenk-ę |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sing:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
beautiful-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
song-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Stefan sang a beautiful song.’ |
Russian
spetʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
spe-l |
krasiv-uju |
pesn-ju |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
sing(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
beautiful-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
song(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’ |
Serbian
otpevati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
otpeva-o |
lep-u |
pesm-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
sing-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
beautiful-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
song-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’ |
Shughni
lůdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Lola=yi |
xušrūy |
soz |
lůd |
pn
=3
sg
|
beautiful
|
song
|
sing.
pst
|
‘Lola sang a beautiful song.’ |
Skolt Saami
läullad
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
lääula-i |
mooččâs |
laulli |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
sing-
pst
.3
sg
|
beautiful
|
song.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete sang a beautiful song.’ |
Slovak
spievať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
spieva-l |
krásn-u |
pieseň |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sing(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
beautiful-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
song(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’ |
Slovenian
zapeti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
zape-l |
lep-o |
pesem |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
sing:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
beautiful-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
song[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
goranî witin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sîrwan |
goranî-ek-î |
xoʂ=î |
wit-Ø |
pn
|
song-
def
-
izf
|
good=3
sg
.
pc
|
tell.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Sirwan sang a beautiful song.’ |
Spanish
cantar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
cant-ó |
una |
canción |
muy |
bonit-a |
pn
[
sg
]
|
sing-
aor
.3
sg
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
song[
sg
.
f
]
|
very
|
beautiful[
sg
]-
f
|
‘Pedro sang a very beautiful song.’ |
Swedish
att sjunga
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
sjöng |
en |
vacker |
sång |
pn
|
sing.
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
beautiful.
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
song
|
‘Björn sang a beautiful song.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
K<um>anta |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
maganda-ng |
kanta |
<
av
>
pfv
.sing
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
beautiful-
lin
|
song
|
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’ |
Telugu
pāḍu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
oka |
andamaina |
pāṭa |
pāḍāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
one
|
beautiful
|
song(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
sing.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen sang a beautiful song.’ |
Turkish
söylemek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
güzel |
şarkı-yı |
söyle-di |
pn
|
beautiful
|
song-
acc
|
sing-
pst
|
‘Mehmet sang a beautiful song.’ |
Ulcha
jaja-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
dāda |
largi |
jaja-wa |
jaja-xa-ni. |
grandmother
|
nice
|
song-
acc
|
sing-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Grandma sang a beautiful song.’ |
Uzbek
aytmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
čiroyli |
qo’šiq |
ayt-ti |
pn
|
nice
|
song
|
say-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’ |
West Central Oromo
sirba
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
sirba |
bareedaa |
sirb-e |
pn
-
nom
|
song.
abs
|
beautiful.
abs
|
sing-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa sang a beautiful song.’ |
Zilo Andi
qχ’or.i-j
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
pat’imati-di |
qχ’or.i-j |
baʁu |
ketʃ’i |
pn
-
erg
|
call.
pst
-
pf
|
beautiful
|
song[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
‘Patimat sang a beautifl song.’ |