BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘sing’

Argument frame:

X (sing) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. sang a beautiful song .

Predicate label Ru:

петь

Argument frame Ru:

X (петь) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. спел красивую песню .

Abaza hʷa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatíma	warad–pšʒa	l-hʷa-d
pn	song–beautiful	3 sg . f . erg -say( aor )- dcl
‘Fatima sang a beautiful song.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) qe-ʔʷe

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

pŝaŝe-m	wered–daxe	q-ə-ʔʷa-ʁ
girl- obl	song–beautiful( abs )	csl -3 sg . erg -say- pst
‘The girl sang a beautiful song.’

Aghul q’.u-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

aslan.a	sa	bat’ar	meʕni	q’.u-ne
pn ( erg )	one	beautiful	song	do. pf - aor
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

Alik Kryz uxvayc

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	ʕayara	mahni	uxva-du
pn - erg	good	song( f )	read. pfv - aor . f
‘Terlan sang a beautiful song.’

Archi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	mu-tːu-t	lagum	χabu
pn - obl ( erg )	be.good- attr -4	song	sing. pfv
‘Pasha sang a beautiful song.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic zamər

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

xa	yala	zmər-rə	d-a	zmarta
one	boy( m )	sing. pst - ls .3 m	obl - dem 1. sg	song( f )
‘The boy sang this song.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar aħize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	bercina-b	keč’	aħ-ana
pn - erg	handsome- n	song	call- aor
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

Azerbaijani oxumaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	gözǝl	bir	mahnı	oxu-du
pn	pretty	one	song	read- pst (3)
‘Aslan sang a beautiful song.’

Bambara dá

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	dɔ̀nkili	ɲuman`	dá
pn	pfv . tr	song	good\ art	put
‘Seku sang a beautiful song.’

Brazilian Portuguese cantar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	cant-ou	um-a	bel-a	canção
pn ( m )	sing-3 sg . pst	indf - f	beautiful- f	song( f )
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

Catalan cantar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	cant-ar	un-a	cançó	bonic-a
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	sing- inf	indf - sg . f	song( f )	beautiful- f . sg
‘Pere sang a beautiful song.’

Chirag b-elč’i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

daud-le	dalaj	b-elč’-un
pn - erg	song( abs )	n . sg -sing: pf - aor .3
‘Daud sang a song.’

Czech zazpívat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	zazpíva-l	krásn-ou	písničk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	sing( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	beautiful- f . acc . sg	song( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr sang a beautiful song.’

Danish synge

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	sang	en	smuk	sang
pn	sing. pst	indf . sg	beautiful. c . sg	song( c )
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

Dutch zingen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	zong	een	mooi	liedje
pn ( c )	sing. pst	art . indf	beautiful	song( n )
‘Piet sang a beautiful song.’

Eastern Maninka lá

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	dɔ̀nkili	dúman`	dó	lá.
pn	aor . tr	song	pleasant\ art	indf	put
‘Seku has sung a nice song.’

English sing

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	sang	a	beautiful	song.

Estonian laulma

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	laul-is	ilusa	laulu
pn . sg . nom	sing- pst .3 sg	beautiful. sg . gen	song. sg . gen
‘Peeter sang a beautiful song.’

Finnish laulaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	laul-oi	kaunii-n	laulu-n
pn . nom	sing- pst .3 sg	beautiful- gen	song- gen
‘Pekka sang a beautiful song.’

Forest Enets kinus

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	sɔjza	bare	kinuʔɔ
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	good	song	sing( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend sang a beautiful song’.

French chanter

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	chanté	une	jolie	chanson
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	sing. pst . ptcp . m	indf . sg . f	beautiful. sg . f	song( f )
‘Paul sang a beautiful song.’

Georgian Ø-mγer-i-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	lamaz-i	simγera-Ø	Ø-i-mγer-a
pn - erg	beautiful- nom	song- nom	do 3- ver : s -sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre sang a beautiful song.’

German singen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	sang	ein	wunderschön-es	Lied
pn [ nom . sg ]	sing. pst .3 sg	indf [ n . acc . sg ]	beautiful- n . acc . sg	song[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl sang a beautiful song.’

Guinean Kpelle tǒo

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hɛ́ni	àá	wèle	tóo
pn	3 sg . prf	song	fall
‘Heni sang a song.’

Icari Dargwa b=elč'-uj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-il	čːakːʷa	dalaj	b=elč'-un
pn - erg	beautiful	song. abs	n =sing: pf - aor
‘Islam sang a beautiful song.’

Irish can

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Chan	Pól	amhrán	álainn.
pst /sing	pn	song	beautiful
‘Pól sang a beautiful song.’

Italian cantare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	cantato	un-a	bell-a	canzon-e
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	sing. pst . ptcp	indf . sg - f	beautiful- sg . f	song- sg . f
‘Leo sang a beautiful song.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

meħamad-li	žawga-j	sarim	b-elč'-un
pn - erg	beautiful- atr	song	n -read. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad sang a beautiful song.’

Kalderash Romani dilabal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	dilaba-ď-a	šukar	dil-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	sing- pst -3 sg	beautiful	song- acc . sg
‘Murša sang a beautiful song.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

ma’ha’mad-ǯi	uc̊ːu-b	maˁʔli	ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg	nice- n . sg	song( abs )	pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad sang a beautiful song.’

Karata k’k’aanɬa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-l	č’ikoro-b	hanƛ’ƛ’e	k’k’-an
pn - erg	beautiful- n	song	call- pf
‘Ali sang a beautiful song.’

Kaytag Dargwa dalajbelč:’ana

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

petja-l	č:vak:va	dalaj	b-elč:’-un
pn - erg	nice	song	n -read. pf - aor
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

Kazakh ayt

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	ädemі	öleŋ	ayt-tï
pn	beautiful	song	say- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya sang a beautiful song.’

Kazym Khanty ariti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	jǎm	arn	ari-j-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	good	song	sing- ep - pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

Khoekhoe ǁnae

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	îxa	am-s-a	ge	ǁnae
pn -3 m . sg	decl	beautiful	song-3 f . sg - obl	pst	sing
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

Khwarshi j/eza

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

išat'-i	b-ejza	bertina-b	keč’i
mother. o - erg	iii -sing\ pst . w	beautiful- iii	song( iii )
‘Mother sang a beautiful song.’

Kina Rutul hɨʔɨra

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	bat’r-ad	maˁɁni	hɨʔɨ-r=a
pn - erg	beautiful- attr	song( nom )	4.do. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul sang a beautiful song.’

Kumyk jɨrlamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	ariw	sarɨn	jɨrla-d-ɨ
pn	beautiful	song	sing- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat sang a beautiful song.’

Latin cano

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

(Simonid-es)	cecin-isse-t-que	id	carmen
pn ( m )- nom . sg	sing- plup . sbjv - act .3 sg -and	this. acc . sg . n	song( n ). acc . sg
‘(Simonides) sang this poem.’
Note: (Cic. De Oratore. 2, 352)

Laz o-t'raγud-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	Marseliza-Ø	do-Ø-t'raγud-u
pn - b - erg	la_ m arseillaise- nom	prv - do 3-sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim sang “la Marseillaise”.’

Mandarin Chinese chàng

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	chàng	le	yì-shǒu	měimiào-de	gē
pn	sing	pfv	one- clf	beautiful- de	song
‘Zhangsan sang a beautiful song.’

Mano ɓō

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

lɛ́ɛ̀	tá̰	ɓō
3 sg . ipfv	song	remove: ipfv
‘S/he sings.’
Note: Always combines with tá̰, song.

Mehweb

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	b-aq'-ib	b-aršː-ib-i	deč'
pn - erg	n -do: pfv - pst	n -be.nice- pst - attr	song
‘Islam sang a beautiful song.’

Mingrelian Ø-i-bir-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	sk'vam-(i)	obireše-Ø	k-Ø-i-bir-(u)
pn - erg	beautiful-( nom )	song- nom	aff - s 3- ver : s -sing- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo sang a beautiful song.’

Modern Hebrew ʃar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	ʃar	ʃir	jafe
pn	sing[ pst .3 sg . m ]	song	beautiful
‘Pinchas sang a beautiful song.’

Mukhad Rutul naˤhni hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	bıt'ra-d	naˤhni	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	beautiful- attr	song	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad sang a beautiful song.’

Nanai ǯari-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	gučkuli	ǯare-mba	ǯare-xa-ni
pn	beautiful	n anai_song- obl	sing- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia sang a beautiful song.’

Nivkh lud

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	pоcurla	+	lu	+	lu-d
pn	beautiful	+	song	+	sing- ind
‘Kaskazik sang a beautiful song.’

Northern Akhvakh huruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	rešša	nikwa	hw-eri
pn - erg	nice	song	blow- ipf 3
‘Patahi sang a nice song.’

Northern Mansi ērɣǝs

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

am	ɕan’-um	jomas	ēriɣ	ērɣ-ǝs
1 sg	mother- poss .1 sg	good	song	sing- pass [3 sg ]
‘My mother sang a beautiful song.’

Northern Yukaghir jahtǝ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	аm-u-čǝ	jаhtǝ-k	jаhtǝ-m-lǝ
pn	good- stat - ptcl	song- foc	sing- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien sang a beautiful song.’

Norwegian Bokmål å synge

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	sang	en	vakker	sang
pn	sing. pst	indf . m . sg	beautiful	song
‘Per sang a beautiful song.’

Polish zaśpiewać

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Stefan	zaśpiewa-ł	ładn-ą	piosenk-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	sing: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	beautiful- f . acc . sg	song- acc . sg
‘Stefan sang a beautiful song.’

Russian spetʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	spe-l	krasiv-uju	pesn-ju
pn ( m )- nom . sg	sing( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	beautiful- f . acc . sg	song( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

Serbian otpevati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	otpeva-o	lep-u	pesm-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	sing- part . perf . m . sg	beautiful- acc . sg . f	song- acc . sg
‘Petar sang a beautiful song.’

Shinaz Rutul hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	bɨt'ra-d	maˁni	hɨʔɨ-r
pn ( erg )	nice- attr	song	n .do. pf - aor
‘Basir sang a beautiful song.’

Shughni lůdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Lola=yi	xušrūy	soz	lůd
pn =3 sg	beautiful	song	sing. pst
‘Lola sang a beautiful song.’

Skolt Saami läullad

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	lääula-i	mooččâs	laulli
pn . sg . nom	sing- pst .3 sg	beautiful	song. sg . acc
‘Pete sang a beautiful song.’

Slovak spievať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	spieva-l	krásn-u	pieseň
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	sing( ipfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	beautiful- f . acc . sg	song( f )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

Slovenian zapeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	zape-l	lep-o	pesem
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	sing: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	beautiful- acc . sg . f	song[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter sang a beautiful song.’

Sorani Kurdish witin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sîrwan	goranî-ek-î	xoʂ=î	wit-Ø
pn	song- def - izf	good=3 sg . pc	tell. pst -3 sg
‘Sirwan sang a beautiful song.’

Southern Rutul huxhun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	sa	xvaş-id	ç'al-bı	huxhu-r
pn - erg	one	nice- attr	word- pl . nom	n .say. pf - aor
‘Murad sang a beautiful song.’

Spanish cantar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	cant-ó	una	canción	muy	bonit-a
pn [ sg ]	sing- aor .3 sg	art . ndef . sg . f	song[ sg . f ]	very	beautiful[ sg ]- f
‘Pedro sang a very beautiful song.’

Standard Arabic ġannā

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-u-n	ġannā	Ɂuġniyyat-a-n	ǧamīl-at-a-n
pn - nom - indef	sing. pf .3 m	song( f )- acc - indef	beautiful- f - acc - indef
‘Badr sang a beautiful song.’

Svan

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maizer-d	xoča	liγral-Ø	lä-Ø-γir-aːl-e
pn - erg	good	song- nom	prv : slightly . ver : s - do 3-sing- pst
‘Maizer sang a good song.’

Swedish att sjunga

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	sjöng	en	vacker	sång
pn	sing. pst	indf . c . sg	beautiful. indf . c . sg	song
‘Björn sang a beautiful song.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

K<um>anta	si	Pedro	ng	maganda-ng	kanta
< av > pfv .sing	pers . subj	pn	gen	beautiful- lin	song
‘Pedro sang a beautiful song.’

Telugu pāḍu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	oka	andamaina	pāṭa	pāḍāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	one	beautiful	song( n ). sg . nom	sing. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen sang a beautiful song.’

Tsakhur hek’iy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	i-na	meʔni	hook’u-na
pn - erg	prox - a	song( a )	a .call. pf - a
‘Murad sang this song.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-elč'-iz/b-uč'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	dalaj	b-elč'-un
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	song	n -read. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy sang a song.’

Tsugni Dargwa dalaj b-elč'-i / b-uč'-i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

durħaˤ-li	dalaj	b-elč'-un
boy- erg	song	n -read. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy sang a song.’

Turkish söylemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	güzel	şarkı-yı	söyle-di
pn	beautiful	song- acc	sing- pst
‘Mehmet sang a beautiful song.’

Turoyo zomər

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Gabriyel	zmər-le	qolo	sagi	šafiro
pn	sing. pfv - ls .3 m	song( m )	very	beautiful( m )
‘Gabriyel sang a beautiful song.’

Ulcha jaja-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

dāda	largi	jaja-wa	jaja-xa-ni.
grandmother	nice	song- acc	sing- pst -3 sg
‘Grandma sang a beautiful song.’

Uzbek aytmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	čiroyli	qo’šiq	ayt-ti
pn	nice	song	say- pst .3 sg
‘Petja sang a beautiful song.’

West Central Oromo sirba

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	sirba	bareedaa	sirb-e
pn - nom	song. abs	beautiful. abs	sing-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa sang a beautiful song.’

Zilo Andi qχ’or.i-j

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pat’imati-di	qχ’or.i-j	baʁu	ketʃ’i
pn - erg	call. pst - pf	beautiful	song[ inan 1][ nom ]
‘Patimat sang a beautifl song.’