‘surround’
| Argument frame: |
X
(surround)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
Walls
surround
the city
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
окружать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(окружать)
Y
(стена город)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
Стены
окружают
город
.
|
Abaza
ʕa-q̇ʷ-r.ša
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| a-bɮə́n-kʷa |
a-gorad |
ʕá-ḳʷ-də-r-š-əj-d |
|
def
-wall-
pl
|
def
-city
|
cisl
-
loc
-3
pl
.
erg
-
caus
-divide-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Aghul
aldark.u-naa
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| šahar |
(jaq’u |
pːatː.a-k-as) |
cil-ar.i-l-di |
aldark.u-naa |
|
town
|
four
|
side-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
wall-
pl
-
super
-
lat
|
encircle.
pf
-
prf
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ (lit. ‘The city is circled by the walls from four sides.’) |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Brazilian Portuguese
cercar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| o-s |
muro-s |
cerc-am |
a |
cidade |
|
def
.
m
-
pl
|
wall(
m
)-
pl
|
surround-3
pl
.
prs
|
def
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
| ‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Catalan
envoltar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| les |
paret-s |
envolt-en |
la |
ciutat |
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
wall(
f
)-
pl
|
surround-3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Czech
obklopovat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| měst-o |
obklopují |
hradb-y |
|
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
surround(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
|
wall(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Danish
omgive
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Mur-e |
omgive-r |
borg-en |
|
wall(
c
)-
indf
.
pl
|
surround-
prs
|
city(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Dutch
omringen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| de |
muur |
omring-t |
de |
stad |
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
wall(
c
)
|
surround-3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
city(
c
)
|
| ‘The wall surrounds the city.’ |
Estonian
ümbritsema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| müüri-d |
ümbritse-vad |
linna |
|
wall-
pl
.
nom
|
surround-
prs
.3
pl
|
city.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Finnish
ympäröidä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| muuri-t |
ympäröi-vät |
kaupunki-a |
|
wall-
nom
.
pl
|
surround-3
pl
|
city-
part
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
| Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb. |
Forest Enets
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
German
umgeben
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| die |
Wände |
umgeben |
die |
Stadt |
|
def
.
nom
.
pl
|
wall.
nom
.
pl
|
surround.
prs
.3
pl
|
def
.
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
city[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Italian
circonda
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| le |
mur-a |
circond-ano |
la |
città |
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
wall-
pl
.
f
|
surround-3
pl
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
city.
sg
.
f
|
| ‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Kazakh
qorša
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Qala-nï |
qabïrɣa-lar |
qorša-ydï |
|
city-
acc
|
wall-
pl
|
surround-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Latin
cingo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (dom-us) |
quae |
non |
ea |
est |
quam |
paret-es |
nostr-i |
cing-unt |
|
house(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
which.
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
not
|
that.
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
be.
prs
.
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
which.
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
wall(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
our-
nom
.
pl
.
m
|
encircle[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
| ‘... (the house) that is not that what our walls encircle.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Rep. I, 19) |
Modern Hebrew
makif-ot
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| χom-ot |
makif-ot |
et |
ha |
ir |
|
wall-
pl
|
surround[
ptcp
]-
pl
.
f
|
do
|
def
|
city
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Nanai
elisi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLkendeli
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLkendeli |
| Locus: Y |
| xoto-mba |
kəndəli |
paǯeran |
ele-si-ni |
|
town-
obl
|
around
|
wall
|
stand_up-
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være omgitt
|
Valency pattern:
av_SBJ
|
| X: av |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| by-en |
er |
omgitt |
av |
mur-er |
|
town-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
be.
prs
|
surround.
ptcp
|
of
|
wall-
pl
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Polish
otaczać
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| miast-o |
otacza |
mur |
|
city-
acc
.
sg
|
surround:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
wall[
nom
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Russian
okružatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| sten-y |
okruža-jut |
gorod |
|
wall(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
surround(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
pl
|
city(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Rutul
ara ewira
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| masal-mɨ-ra |
ara |
e-w-i-r=a |
šeher |
|
wall-
obl
.
pl
-
erg
|
around
|
pv
-1-close.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
town(
nom
)
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Serbian
opasan
|
Valency pattern:
INS_NOM
|
| X: INS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| grad |
je |
opasan |
zidin-ama |
|
город.
nom
.
sg
|
быть.
prs
.3
sg
|
окружить.
part
.
pass
.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
городская_стена-
ins
.
pl
|
| ‘Город окружен стеной.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Shughni
vidow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLgarginuxa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLgarginuxa |
| Locus: Y |
| burǰ-en |
x̌ār |
garginūx̌ā |
|
wall-
pl
|
city
|
around
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
| Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt. |
Skolt Saami
pirrõõttâd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| uur |
pirrâʹtte |
gåårad |
|
wall.
pl
.
nom
|
surround.
prs
.3
pl
|
city.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Slovenian
obdajati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| mest-o |
obdaja |
obzidj-e |
|
city-
acc
.
sg
|
surround:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
wall-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Spanish
rodear
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| la-s |
muralla-s |
rode-an |
la |
ciudad |
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
-
pl
|
wall[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
surround-
prs
.3
|
pl
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
city[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Swedish
att omge
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| mur-arna |
omge-r |
stad-en |
|
wall-
def
.
pl
|
surround-
prs
|
city-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Turkish
çevrelemek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| duvar |
şehr-i |
çevreli-yor |
|
wall
|
city-
acc
|
encircle-
prs
|
| ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Ulcha
bi-
|
Valency pattern:
dooLOC_NOM
|
| X: dooLOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| bāča |
mū |
dō-la-n |
bī-n |
|
island
|
water
|
inside-
loc
-3
sg
|
be.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘The island is surrounded by (lit. is in) the water.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Zilo Andi
hinni <b>-iʃ-oɬ.i-j
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| qχ’enada-di |
hinni |
b-iʃ-oɬ.i-j |
ʃahar |
|
wall.
pl
.
obl
-
erg
|
inside.
lat
|
inan
1-return-
caus
.
pst
-
pf
|
town[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
| ‘The walls surround the town.’ |
