‘surround’
Argument frame: |
X
(surround)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
Walls
surround
the city
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
окружать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(окружать)
Y
(стена город)
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
Стены
окружают
город
.
|
Abaza
ʕa-q̇ʷ-r.ša
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
a-bɮə́n-kʷa |
a-gorad |
ʕá-ḳʷ-də-r-š-əj-d |
def
-wall-
pl
|
def
-city
|
cisl
-
loc
-3
pl
.
erg
-
caus
-divide-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Adyghe
wəχʷərejahə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
depqə-xe-m |
qale-r |
q-a-wə.χʷəreja.hə |
стена-
pl
-
obl
|
город-
abs
|
csl
-3
pl
.
erg
-окружать
|
‘Стены окружают город.’ |
Aghul
aldark.u-naa
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
šahar |
(jaq’u |
pːatː.a-k-as) |
cil-ar.i-l-di |
aldark.u-naa |
town
|
four
|
side-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
wall-
pl
-
super
-
lat
|
encircle.
pf
-
prf
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ (lit. ‘The city is circled by the walls from four sides.’) |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Bambara
lámini
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
kógo` |
bɛ |
só` |
lámini |
wall\
art
|
ipfv
|
house\
art
|
surround
|
‘A wall surrounds the house.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
cercar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
o-s |
muro-s |
cerc-am |
a |
cidade |
def
.
m
-
pl
|
wall(
m
)-
pl
|
surround-3
pl
.
prs
|
def
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Catalan
envoltar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
les |
paret-s |
envolt-en |
la |
ciutat |
def
.
pl
.
f
|
wall(
f
)-
pl
|
surround-3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Czech
obklopovat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
měst-o |
obklopují |
hradb-y |
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
surround(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
|
wall(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Danish
omgive
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Mur-e |
omgive-r |
borg-en |
wall(
c
)-
indf
.
pl
|
surround-
prs
|
city(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Dutch
omringen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
de |
muur |
omring-t |
de |
stad |
art
.
def
.
c
|
wall(
c
)
|
surround-3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
city(
c
)
|
‘The wall surrounds the city.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lámini
Valency pattern:
la_SBJ
|
X: la |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Lú` |
lámini-nin |
yíri`-lu |
lá. |
compound\
art
|
surround-
ptcp
.
res
|
tree\
art
-
pl
|
at
|
‘The compound is surrounded with trees.’ |
English
surround
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
ümbritsema
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
müüri-d |
ümbritse-vad |
linna |
wall-
pl
.
nom
|
surround-
prs
.3
pl
|
city.
sg
.
part
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Finnish
ympäröidä
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
muuri-t |
ympäröi-vät |
kaupunki-a |
wall-
nom
.
pl
|
surround-3
pl
|
city-
part
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb. |
Forest Enets
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
entourer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
des |
mur-s |
entourent |
la |
ville |
indf
.
pl
|
wall(
m
)-
pl
|
surround.
prs
.3
pl
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Georgian
gars Ø-a-rt'q'-i-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
galavan-i |
kalak-s |
gars |
Ø-a-rt'q'-i-a |
town.wall-
nom
|
city-
dat
|
around
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-strike-
stat
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘The wall surrounds the city.’ |
Note: The linear position of gars is flexible. |
German
umgeben
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
die |
Mauern |
umgeben |
die |
Stadt |
def
.
nom
.
pl
|
wall.
nom
.
pl
|
surround.
prs
.3
pl
|
def
.
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
city[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Irish
bí timpeall
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ar |
Locus: Y |
Tá |
fall-aí |
timpeall |
air |
an |
gcathair. |
be.
prs
|
wall-
pl
|
around
|
on
|
def
|
town
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
circonda
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
le |
mur-a |
circond-ano |
la |
città |
def
.
pl
.
f
|
wall-
pl
.
f
|
surround-3
pl
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
city.
sg
.
f
|
‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Kalderash Romani
ankolil
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
le |
zyd-uri |
ankoli-n |
o |
for-o |
art
.
pl
|
wall-
nom
.
pl
|
surround-
prs
.3
pl
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
wall-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Kazakh
qorša
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Qala-nï |
qabïrɣa-lar |
qorša-ydï |
city-
acc
|
wall-
pl
|
surround-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
šed-za |
muk'o |
giłе-l |
b-uƛ-o:χa |
стена-
pl
.
erg
|
место(
iii
)
|
внутри-
lat
|
iii
-кружиться-
caus
.
gnt
|
‘Стены окружают огород.’ |
Note: Предикату соответствуют последние два слова вместе. |
Kina Rutul
ara ewira
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
masal-mɨ-ra |
ara |
e-w-i-r=a |
šeher |
wall-
obl
.
pl
-
erg
|
around
|
pv
-1-close.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
town(
nom
)
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Latin
cingo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(dom-us) |
quae |
non |
ea |
est |
quam |
paret-es |
nostr-i |
cing-unt |
house(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
which.
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
not
|
that.
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
be.
prs
.
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
which.
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
wall(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
our-
nom
.
pl
.
m
|
encircle[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
‘... (the house) that is not that what our walls encircle.’ |
Note: (Cic. Rep. I, 19) |
Mandarin Chinese
huánrào
Valency pattern:
SBJ_sizhou
|
X: SBJ |
Y: sizhou |
Locus: Y |
chéngshì-sìzhōu |
huánrào |
zhe |
wéiqiáng |
city-around
|
surround
|
dur
|
wall
|
‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Note: Here, "sìzhōu" is treated as an argument-marking device, but it can alternatively be viewed as a locative noun meaning ‘surrounding part’. |
Mingrelian
go-Ø-ʔ-un-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
noγa-s |
galevan-i |
go-Ø-ʔ-un-s=u. |
town-
dat
|
town.wall-
nom
|
prv
-
io
3-accompany-
sm
-
s
3
sg
=
ev
|
‘The wall surrounds the town.’ |
Modern Hebrew
makif-ot
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
χom-ot |
makif-ot |
et |
ha |
ir |
wall-
pl
|
surround[
ptcp
]-
pl
.
f
|
do
|
def
|
city
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Nanai
elisi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLkendeli
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLkendeli |
Locus: Y |
xoto-mba |
kəndəli |
paǯeran |
ele-si-ni |
town-
obl
|
around
|
wall
|
stand_up-
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
(lˈǝ=)
Valency pattern:
NOM_pomniir
|
X: NOM |
Y: pomniir |
Locus: Y |
gorod |
pömnīr |
stjenǝ-lǝŋ |
(lˈǝ-l) |
town
|
around
|
wall-
foc
|
be-
sf
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være omgitt
Valency pattern:
av_SBJ
|
X: av |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
by-en |
er |
omgitt |
av |
mur-er |
town-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
be.
prs
|
surround.
ptcp
|
of
|
wall-
pl
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Polish
otaczać
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
miast-o |
otacza |
mur |
city-
acc
.
sg
|
surround:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
wall[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Russian
okružatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
sten-y |
okruža-jut |
gorod |
wall(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
surround(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
pl
|
city(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Serbian
biti opasan
Valency pattern:
INS_NOM
|
X: INS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
grad |
je |
opasan |
zidin-ama |
city.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
surround.
part
.
pass
.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
city_wall-
ins
.
pl
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Shughni
vidow
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLgarginuxa
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLgarginuxa |
Locus: Y |
burǰ-en |
x̌ār |
garginūx̌ā |
wall-
pl
|
city
|
around
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt. |
Skolt Saami
pirrõõttâd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
uur |
pirrâʹtte |
gåårad |
wall.
pl
.
nom
|
surround.
prs
.3
pl
|
city.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Slovak
obkolesovať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Múr-y |
obkolesujú |
mest-o |
wall(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
surround(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
|
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Slovenian
obdajati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
mest-o |
obdaja |
obzidj-e |
city-
acc
.
sg
|
surround:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
wall-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
dewre dan
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
dîwar-ek-an |
dewre-î |
ŝar=yan |
da-Ø-we |
wall-
def
-
pl
|
surrounding-
izf
|
city=3
pl
.
pc
|
give.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
|
‘Walls surrounded the city.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
rodear
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
la-s |
muralla-s |
rode-an |
la |
ciudad |
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
-
pl
|
wall[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
surround-
prs
.3
|
pl
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
city[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Swedish
att omge
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
mur-arna |
omge-r |
stad-en |
wall-
def
.
pl
|
surround-
prs
|
city-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
Na-pali~libut-an |
ng |
pader |
ang |
lungsod |
potpv
-
ipfv
~surround-
lv
|
gen
|
wall
|
subj
|
city
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn the walls into the subject here? Alternative is another LV construction: “P<in>a~pa-libut-an ng pader ang lungsod” [<PV>IPFV~surround-LV GEN wall SUBJ city] ‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Telugu
cuṭṭumuṭṭu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
goḍa-lu |
nagarānni |
cuṭṭumuṭṭāyi |
wall(
n
)-
pl
.
nom
|
city(
n
).
sg
.
acc
|
surround.
pst
.3
pl
.
n
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Turkish
çevrelemek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
duvar |
şehr-i |
çevreli-yor |
wall
|
city-
acc
|
encircle-
prs
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
Ulcha
bi-
Valency pattern:
dooLOC_NOM
|
X: dooLOC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
bāča |
mū |
dō-la-n |
bī-n |
island
|
water
|
inside-
loc
-3
sg
|
be.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘The island is surrounded by (lit. is in) the water.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Uzbek
o’rab olmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
devor-lar |
šahar-ni |
o’ra-b |
ol-di |
wall-
pl
|
city-
acc
|
surround-
cvb
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Walls surround the city.’ |
West Central Oromo
marsa
Valency pattern:
INS_NOM
|
X: INS |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
magaal-ittʃ-i |
keeɲɲan-iin |
marf-am-ee |
dʒir-a |
city-
def
-
nom
|
wall-
ins
|
circle-
pass
-
conv
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
‘The walls surround the city.’ |
Zilo Andi
hinni <b>-iʃ-oɬ.i-j
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
qχ’enada-di |
hinni |
b-iʃ-oɬ.i-j |
ʃahar |
wall.
pl
.
obl
-
erg
|
inside.
lat
|
inan
1-return-
caus
.
pst
-
pf
|
town[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
‘The walls surround the town.’ |