BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘surround’

Argument frame:

X (surround) Y

Stimulus sentence:

Walls surround the city .

Predicate label Ru:

окружать

Argument frame Ru:

X (окружать) Y (стена город)

Stimulus sentence Ru:

Стены окружают город .

Abaza ʕa-q̇ʷ-r.ša

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

a-bɮə́n-kʷa	a-gorad	ʕá-ḳʷ-də-r-š-əj-d
def -wall- pl	def -city	cisl - loc -3 pl . erg - caus -divide- prs - dcl
‘The walls surround the city.’

Adyghe wəχʷərejahə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

depqə-xe-m	qale-r	q-a-wə.χʷəreja.hə
стена- pl - obl	город- abs	csl -3 pl . erg -окружать
‘Стены окружают город.’

Aghul aldark.u-naa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

šahar	(jaq’u	pːatː.a-k-as)	cil-ar.i-l-di	aldark.u-naa
town	four	side- sub / cont - elat	wall- pl - super - lat	encircle. pf - prf
‘Walls surround the city.’ (lit. ‘The city is circled by the walls from four sides.’)

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Bambara lámini

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kógo`	bɛ	só`	lámini
wall\ art	ipfv	house\ art	surround
‘A wall surrounds the house.’

Brazilian Portuguese cercar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o-s	muro-s	cerc-am	a	cidade
def . m - pl	wall( m )- pl	surround-3 pl . prs	def . f	city( f )
‘The walls surround the city.’

Catalan envoltar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

les	paret-s	envolt-en	la	ciutat
def . pl . f	wall( f )- pl	surround-3 pl . prs . ind	def . sg . f	city( f )
‘Walls surround the city.’

Czech obklopovat

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

měst-o	obklopují	hradb-y
city( n )- acc . sg	surround( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	wall( f )- nom . pl
‘Walls surround the city.’

Danish omgive

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Mur-e	omgive-r	borg-en
wall( c )- indf . pl	surround- prs	city( c )- def . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

Dutch omringen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

de	muur	omring-t	de	stad
art . def . c	wall( c )	surround-3 sg	art . def . c	city( c )
‘The wall surrounds the city.’

Eastern Maninka lámini

Valency pattern: la_SBJ

X: la

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Lú`	lámini-nin	yíri`-lu	lá.
compound\ art	surround- ptcp . res	tree\ art - pl	at
‘The compound is surrounded with trees.’

English surround

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Walls	surround	the	city.

Estonian ümbritsema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

müüri-d	ümbritse-vad	linna
wall- pl . nom	surround- prs .3 pl	city. sg . part
‘Walls surround the city.’

Finnish ympäröidä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

muuri-t	ympäröi-vät	kaupunki-a
wall- nom . pl	surround-3 pl	city- part
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb.

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

French entourer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

des	mur-s	entourent	la	ville
indf . pl	wall( m )- pl	surround. prs .3 pl	def . sg . f	city( f )
‘Walls surround the city.’

Georgian gars Ø-a-rt'q'-i-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

galavan-i	kalak-s	gars	Ø-a-rt'q'-i-a
town.wall- nom	city- dat	around	io 3- ver : sup -strike- stat - s 3 sg . inact
‘The wall surrounds the city.’
Note: The linear position of gars is flexible.

German umgeben

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

die	Mauern	umgeben	die	Stadt
def . nom . pl	wall. nom . pl	surround. prs .3 pl	def . f . acc . sg	city[ acc . sg ]
‘The walls surround the city.’

Irish bí timpeall

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar

X: SBJ

Y: ar

Locus: Y

Tá	fall-aí	timpeall	air	an	gcathair.
be. prs	wall- pl	around	on	def	town
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian circonda

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

le	mur-a	circond-ano	la	città
def . pl . f	wall- pl . f	surround-3 pl . prs	def . sg . f	city. sg . f
‘The walls surround the city.’

Kalderash Romani ankolil

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

le	zyd-uri	ankoli-n	o	for-o
art . pl	wall- nom . pl	surround- prs .3 pl	art . m . dir . sg	wall- acc . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

Kazakh qorša

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Qala-nï	qabïrɣa-lar	qorša-ydï
city- acc	wall- pl	surround- prs 2.3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

Kazym Khanty *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

šed-za	muk'o	giłе-l	b-uƛ-o:χa
стена- pl . erg	место( iii )	внутри- lat	iii -кружиться- caus . gnt
‘Стены окружают огород.’
Note: Предикату соответствуют последние два слова вместе.

Kina Rutul ara ewira

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

masal-mɨ-ra	ara	e-w-i-r=a	šeher
wall- obl . pl - erg	around	pv -1-close. pfv - cvb =be	town( nom )
‘Walls surround the city.’

Latin cingo

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

(dom-us)	quae	non	ea	est	quam	paret-es	nostr-i	cing-unt
house( f )- nom . sg	which. nom . sg . f	not	that. nom . sg . f	be. prs . ind . act .3 sg	which. acc . sg . f	wall( m )- nom . pl	our- nom . pl . m	encircle[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl
‘... (the house) that is not that what our walls encircle.’
Note: (Cic. Rep. I, 19)

Mandarin Chinese huánrào

Valency pattern: SBJ_sizhou

X: SBJ

Y: sizhou

Locus: Y

chéngshì-sìzhōu	huánrào	zhe	wéiqiáng
city-around	surround	dur	wall
‘The walls surround the city.’
Note: Here, "sìzhōu" is treated as an argument-marking device, but it can alternatively be viewed as a locative noun meaning ‘surrounding part’.

Mingrelian go-Ø-ʔ-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

noγa-s	galevan-i	go-Ø-ʔ-un-s=u.
town- dat	town.wall- nom	prv - io 3-accompany- sm - s 3 sg = ev
‘The wall surrounds the town.’

Modern Hebrew makif-ot

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

χom-ot	makif-ot	et	ha	ir
wall- pl	surround[ ptcp ]- pl . f	do	def	city
‘Walls surround the city.’

Nanai elisi-

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkendeli

X: NOM

Y: OBLkendeli

Locus: Y

xoto-mba	kəndəli	paǯeran	ele-si-ni
town- obl	around	wall	stand_up- ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Yukaghir (lˈǝ=)

Valency pattern: NOM_pomniir

X: NOM

Y: pomniir

Locus: Y

gorod	pömnīr	stjenǝ-lǝŋ	(lˈǝ-l)
town	around	wall- foc	be- sf
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Norwegian Bokmål å være omgitt

Valency pattern: av_SBJ

X: av

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

by-en	er	omgitt	av	mur-er
town- def . m . sg	be. prs	surround. ptcp	of	wall- pl
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

Polish otaczać

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

miast-o	otacza	mur
city- acc . sg	surround: ipfv . prs .3 sg	wall[ nom . sg ]
‘Walls surround the city.’

Russian okružatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

sten-y	okruža-jut	gorod
wall( f )- nom . pl	surround( ipfv )- prs .3 pl	city( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Walls surround the city.’

Serbian biti opasan

Valency pattern: INS_NOM

X: INS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

grad	je	opasan	zidin-ama
city. nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	surround. part . pass . nom . sg . m	city_wall- ins . pl
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive).

Shughni vidow

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgarginuxa

X: NOM

Y: OBLgarginuxa

Locus: Y

burǰ-en	x̌ār	garginūx̌ā
wall- pl	city	around
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

Skolt Saami pirrõõttâd

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

uur	pirrâʹtte	gåårad
wall. pl . nom	surround. prs .3 pl	city. sg . acc
‘Walls surround the city.’

Slovak obkolesovať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Múr-y	obkolesujú	mest-o
wall( f )- nom . pl	surround( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	city( n )- acc . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

Slovenian obdajati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

mest-o	obdaja	obzidj-e
city- acc . sg	surround: ipfv . prs .3 sg	wall- nom . sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

Sorani Kurdish dewre dan

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

dîwar-ek-an	dewre-î	ŝar=yan	da-Ø-we
wall- def - pl	surrounding- izf	city=3 pl . pc	give. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Walls surrounded the city.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Spanish rodear

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

la-s	muralla-s	rode-an	la	ciudad
art . def . sg . f - pl	wall[ sg . f ]- pl	surround- prs .3	pl	art . def . sg . f city[ sg . f ]
‘The walls surround the city.’

Swedish att omge

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mur-arna	omge-r	stad-en
wall- def . pl	surround- prs	city- def . c . sg
‘The walls surround the city.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-pali~libut-an	ng	pader	ang	lungsod
potpv - ipfv ~surround- lv	gen	wall	subj	city
‘Walls surround the city.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn the walls into the subject here? Alternative is another LV construction: “P<in>a~pa-libut-an ng pader ang lungsod” [<PV>IPFV~surround-LV GEN wall SUBJ city] ‘Walls surround the city.’

Telugu cuṭṭumuṭṭu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

goḍa-lu	nagarānni	cuṭṭumuṭṭāyi
wall( n )- pl . nom	city( n ). sg . acc	surround. pst .3 pl . n
‘Walls surround the city.’

Turkish çevrelemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

duvar	şehr-i	çevreli-yor
wall	city- acc	encircle- prs
‘Walls surround the city.’

Ulcha bi-

Valency pattern: dooLOC_NOM

X: dooLOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

bāča	mū	dō-la-n	bī-n
island	water	inside- loc -3 sg	be. prs -3 sg
‘The island is surrounded by (lit. is in) the water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Uzbek o’rab olmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

devor-lar	šahar-ni	o’ra-b	ol-di
wall- pl	city- acc	surround- cvb	take- pst .3 sg
‘Walls surround the city.’

West Central Oromo marsa

Valency pattern: INS_NOM

X: INS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

magaal-ittʃ-i	keeɲɲan-iin	marf-am-ee	dʒir-a
city- def - nom	wall- ins	circle- pass - conv	aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘The walls surround the city.’

Zilo Andi hinni <b>-iʃ-oɬ.i-j

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

qχ’enada-di	hinni	b-iʃ-oɬ.i-j	ʃahar
wall. pl . obl - erg	inside. lat	inan 1-return- caus . pst - pf	town[ inan 1][ nom ]
‘The walls surround the town.’