‘be friends’
Argument frame: |
X
(be friends) with
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
is friends with
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
дружить
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(дружить) с
Y
-ом
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
дружит с
М
.
|
Abaza
nbž’aʕʷ
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
X: IO |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
rasúl |
murád |
d-jə́-nbž’aʕʷ-ṗ |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
io
-friend-
npst
.
dcl
|
‘Rasul is friends with Murad.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Adyghe
nəbǯʼeʁʷə
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
dirjekterə-r |
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m |
jə-nəbǯʼeʁʷ |
директор-
abs
|
учитель-
obl
|
poss
-друг
|
‘Этот учитель дружит с директором.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Aghul
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
aslan=na |
meʜemed |
dustː-ar |
e |
pn
=and
|
pn
|
friend-
pl
|
cop
|
‘Aslan and Muhammad are friends.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
avəd +xorvayta
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
X: SBJ |
Y: men |
Locus: Y |
yala |
+xorvayta |
vad=əl |
mən |
švav-u |
boy(
m
)
|
friendship(
f
)
|
do.
prog
=3
m
|
from
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘The boy is friends with his neighbor.’ |
Note: Some speakers use preposition am. |
Bambara
bɛ́/tɛ́ tériya` lá
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
ni |
Fùséni |
bɛ́ |
tériya` |
lá |
pn
|
and
|
pn
|
be
|
friendship\
art
|
in
|
‘Seku and Fuseyni are friends.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. Non-verbal predicate. |
Brazilian Portuguese
ter amizade
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
X: SBJ |
Y: com |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
tem |
amizade |
com |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.3
sg
.
prs
|
friendship(
f
)
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pedro is friends with Maria.’ |
Catalan
ser amic
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
en |
Pere |
és |
amic |
de |
la |
Maria |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
friend(
m
)
|
of
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pere is friends with Maria.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Czech
kamarádit se
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
se |
kamarádí |
s |
Michal-em |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
be_friends(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petr is friends with Michal.’ |
Danish
være venner
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
X: SBJ |
Y: med |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
er |
venn-er |
med |
Marie |
pn
|
be.
prs
|
friend-
indf
.
pl
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Peter is friends with Marie.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Dutch
vrienden zijn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
X: SBJ |
Y: met |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
is |
vriend-en |
met |
Marie |
pn
(С)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
friend(
c
)-
pl
|
with
|
pn
(С)
|
‘Piet is friends with Marie.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Eastern Maninka
yé/tɛ́ tériɲɔɔnma
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
ní |
Fónbà |
yé |
tériɲɔɔnma |
lè |
dí. |
pn
|
and
|
pn
|
be
|
friend
|
foc
|
with
|
‘Seku and Fomba are friends.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. Non-verbal predication. |
English
be friends
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
X: SBJ |
Y: with |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
is |
friends |
with |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Estonian
sõber olema
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
on |
Mareti-ga |
sõber |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
com
|
friend.
sg
.
nom
|
‘Peeter is friends with Maret.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Finnish
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Pekka |
ja |
Matti |
ovat |
ystäv-i-ä |
pn
.
nom
|
and
|
pn
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
pl
|
friend-
pl
-
part
|
‘Pekka is friends with Matti.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Forest Enets
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-da |
nɔʔ |
pɔj-ziʔ |
sɔjza |
ɛ-ubi-ʔ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
with
|
relationship-
nom
.
pl
.3
du
|
good
|
be(
ipfv
)-
hab
-3
pl
.
s
|
‘My friend usually has good relations with Vasja’. |
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
French
être ami
Valency pattern:
SBJ_avec
|
X: SBJ |
Y: avec |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
est |
ami |
avec |
Michel |
pn
(
m
)
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
friend(
m
)
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Paul is friends with Michel.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Georgian
Ø-megobr-ob-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT.SOC
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT.SOC |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s-tan |
Ø-megobr-ob-s |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
-
pstp
:
soc
|
s
3-be_friends-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre is friends with Masho.’ |
German
befreundet sein
Valency pattern:
NOM_mitDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: mitDAT |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
ist |
mit |
Marie |
befreundet |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
make.friends.
ptcp
2
|
‘Karl is friends with Marie.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Irish
is cairde
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Is |
cairde |
Pól |
agus |
Máire. |
cop
.
prs
|
friend.
pl
|
pn
|
and
|
pn
|
‘Pól is friends with Máire.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Italian
essere amico
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Leo |
è |
amic-o |
di |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
friend-
sg
.
m
|
of
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo is friends with Maria.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Kalderash Romani
družyl
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
družy-l |
la |
Marijk-asa |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be_friends-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Murša is friends with Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
dostas
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-men |
dosta-s-adï |
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
be_friends-
rec
-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya is friends with Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
λǫχǝs wԑrti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpila
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMpila |
Locus: Y |
pet’a-j-en |
waśa-j-en |
piλ-a |
λǫχǝs |
wԑr-λ-ǝt |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
with-
dat
|
friend
|
make-
npst
-3
pl
|
‘Petja is friends with Vasja.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ERG_INTER
|
X: ERG |
Y: INTER |
Locus: Y |
šamil-i |
muχamade-ł |
halmaʁłi |
l-u-ho |
gołe |
pn
-
erg
|
мухамад-
inter
|
дружба(
iv
)
|
iv
-делать-
prs
|
aux
.
prs
|
‘Шамиль снова дружит с Мухаммадом.’ |
Note: Alternative is “šamile-s hamaʁe muχummad gołe” [Шамиль-gen1 друг мухаммад быть.prs] ‘Шамиль дружит с Мухаммадом’, where Y is encoded as part of a NP. |
Kina Rutul
ara χa
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
ramazan-ɨ-kan |
ara |
χ-a |
pn
(
nom
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
com
|
inside
|
pv
-be
|
‘Rasul is friends with Ramazan’ (lit. ‘Rasul is together with Ramazan’). |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Latin
amicus + COP
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
cui |
sum |
amic-us |
which.
dat
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.
ind
.
act
.1
sg
|
friend(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
‘... who I am friends with’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. (Cic. Phil. I, 11, 4) |
Mandarin Chinese
shì péngyou
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
X: SBJ |
Y: he |
Locus: Y |
Zhāngsān |
hé |
Lǐsì |
shì |
péngyou |
pn
|
with
|
pn
|
be
|
friend
|
‘Zhangsan is friends with Lisi.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Mingrelian
Ø-ǯima-k'oč-en-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_SOC
|
X: ERG |
Y: SOC |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
anučia-c'k'ǝma |
Ø-ǯima-k'oč-en-s. |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
soc
|
s
3-brother-man-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo is friends with Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
χaver
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Pinχas |
χaver |
ʃel |
Menaχem |
pn
|
friend
|
poss
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas is friends with Menachem.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Nanai
andalača-
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petia |
Vasia-ǯi |
anda-la-ča-j-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
ins
|
friend-
pfv
-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is friends with Vasia.’ |
Nivkh
ŋafq mud
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COM
|
X: SBJ |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Kaskazik |
Largun-ɣin |
ŋafq |
+ |
mu-d |
pn
|
pn
-
com
.
sg
|
friend
|
+
|
become-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik is friends with Largun.’ |
Northern Mansi
ruməŋ
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjot
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMjot |
Locus: Y |
pājel |
kol’a |
jot |
rum-əŋ |
ōl-ēj |
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
friend-
prop
|
be-
npst
.3
du
|
‘Pasha is friends with Kolja.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Northern Yukaghir
ŋorī=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
wаlˈbǝ |
ŋo-r-ī-m |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
friend
|
be-
caus
-
caus
-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien is friends with Akulina.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være venn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
X: SBJ |
Y: med |
Locus: Y |
Per |
er |
venn |
med |
Ola |
pn
|
be.
prs
|
friend
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Per is friends with Ola.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Polish
przyjaźnić się
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zINS |
Locus: Y |
król |
Maciuś |
przyjaźni |
się |
z |
Bum-Drum-em |
king[
nom
.
sg
]
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be_friends:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘King Maciuś is friends with Bum-Drum.’ |
Russian
družitʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
druž-it |
s |
Maš-ej |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
be_friends(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petja is friends with Maša.’ |
Serbian
družiti se
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
se |
druži |
sa |
Marij-om |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
be.friends.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petar is friends with Maria.’ |
Shughni
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Ahmat=at |
Azim=en |
ox̌no-yen |
pn
=
add
|
pn
=3
pl
|
friend-
pl
|
‘Ahmed is friends with Azim.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X and Y are expressed as a coordinate NP. |
Skolt Saami
leeʹd taaurõš
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Peâtt |
lij |
Määrʹj |
taaurõš |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
gen
|
friend.
sg
.
nom
|
‘Pete is Maria’s friend.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Slovak
kamarátiť sa
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: sINS |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
sa |
kamaráti |
s |
Mark-om |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
be_friends(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Peter is friends with Marek.’ |
Slovenian
prijateljevati
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zINS |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
prijateljuje |
s |
Pavl-om |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be_friends:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Peter is friends with Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
r̂efîq bûn
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Hîwa |
r̂efîq-î |
Kamran-î-e |
pn
|
friend-
izf
|
pn
-
obl
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘Hiwa is friends with Kamran.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
ser amigo
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Pedro |
es |
amigo |
de |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
be_
hab
.
prs
.3
sg
|
friend[
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro is friends with Maria.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Swedish
att vara vän
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
X: SBJ |
Y: med |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
är |
vän |
med |
Maja |
pn
|
be.
prs
|
friend
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Björn is friends with Maja.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
Kaibigan |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
f
riend
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro is friends with Miguel.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. This non-verbal predicate has been identified as an ACT_UND pattern based on RG’s comment that this constructions can be considered like PV. Alternative is an non-verbal pattern with X and Y expressed in a conjoined NP: “Mag-kaibigan sina Pedro at Miguel” [friends 3PL.SUBJ PN CONJ PN] ‘Pedro is friends with Miguel.’ |
Telugu
snēhamu cēyu
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-tō |
snēhamu |
cēstunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
com
|
amity(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
do.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen is friends with Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
arkadaşlık etmek
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Orhan-la |
arkadaşlık |
ed-ıyor |
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
friendship
|
make-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is friends with Orhan’. |
Ulcha
əməǯi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-ǯi |
əməǯ-i-ni |
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
ins
|
be_friend-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘The boy is friends with the girl.’ |
Uzbek
do’st emoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_bilan
|
X: NOM |
Y: bilan |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša |
bilan |
do’st |
pn
|
pn
|
with
|
friend
|
‘Petja is friends with Maša.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate, emoq is 'to be'. |
West Central Oromo
hirijaa=ɗa
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSwaddzin
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABSwaddzin |
Locus: Y |
obsaa-n |
tolaa |
waddʒin |
hirijaa=ɗa |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
with
|
friend=
cop
.
npst
|
‘Obsa is friend with Tola.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Zilo Andi
homoloʁi-ɬir-ʔa
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
ali |
homoloʁi-ɬir-ʔa |
qχ’urban=noj |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
friend-
abst
-
super
|
pn
=
com
|
‘Ali is friends with Qurban.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |