‘drive’
| Argument frame: | X (drive) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. is driving the cow (to the pasture). |
| Predicate label Ru: | гнать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (гнать) Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. гонит корову (на пастбище). |
Abaza t-ca
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| á-raχʷχč’a | a-ẑ | tə-j-c-ə́j-ṭ |
| def -herdsman | def -cow | loc -3 sg . m . erg -drive- prs - dcl |
| ‘The herdsman is driving the cow.’ | ||
Aghul hik.a-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a | mal-ar | hik.a-a |
| pn ( erg ) | cattle- pl | drive. ipf - prs |
| ‘Aslan is driving the cattle.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṭarə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata | +bəṭray=əla | tavərt-o | gu | +bukra |
| girl( f ) | drive. prog =3 f | cow( f )- p .3 f | in | herd( m ) |
| ‘The girl is driving the cow to the pasture’ (lit. ‘into the herd’). | ||||
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. | ||||
Brazilian Portuguese conduzir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | conduz | a | vaca |
| pn ( m ) | lead.3 sg . prs | def . f | cow( f ) |
| ‘Pedro is driving the cow.’ | |||
Catalan pasturar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | està | pastur-ant | un-a | vaca |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | be.3 sg . prs . ind | lead- ger | indf - sg . f | cow( f ) |
| ‘Pere is driving the cow.’ | |||||
Czech hnát
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | žene | kráv-u | na | pastv-u |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | drive( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | cow( f )- acc . sg | on | pasture( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petr is chasing the cow to the pasture.’ | ||||
Danish drive
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | drive-r | ko-en |
| pn | drive- prs | cow( c )- def . sg |
| ‘Peter is driving the cow.’ | ||
Dutch opjagen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | jaag-t | de | koe | op |
| pn (С) | drive-3 sg | art . def . c | cow( c ) | on |
| ‘Piet is driving the cow.’ | ||||
Estonian ajama
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter | aja-b | lehma | karjamaa-le |
| pn . sg . nom | drive- prs .3 sg | cow. sg . part | pasture- all |
| ‘Peeter is driving the cow to the pasture.’ | |||
Finnish ajaa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | aj-aa | lehmä-ä | pello-lle |
| pn . nom | drive- prs .3 sg | cow- part | field- all |
| ‘Pekka is driving the cow to the pasture.’ | |||
| Note: The actual sentence displays the NOM_PART pattern, which is conditioned by use of the present tense. | |||
Forest Enets tanir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | ti-za | taniŋa | nɛbe | kɔzuj-d |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | reindeer- nom . pl .3 sg | drive( ipfv ).3 sg . s | new | pasture- dat |
| ‘My friend is driving his reindeer to the new pasture’. | |||||
German treiben
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | treib-t | die | Kuh |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | drive- prs .3 sg | def . f . acc . sg | cow[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl is driving the cow.’ | |||
Italian portare
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | port-a | la | mucc-a | a | pascol-o |
| pn ( m ) | lead-3 sg . prs | def . sg . f | cow- sg . f | to | pasture- sg . m |
| ‘Leo is leading the cow to the pasture.’ | |||||
Kazakh ayda
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | siyïr-dï | ayda-ydï |
| pn | cow- acc | drive- prs 2.3 sg |
| ‘Petya is driving the cow.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty wɔšitti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| petr-en | wǔλǝ-t | wɔšit-ǝλ |
| pn - poss .2 sg | deer- pl | drive- npst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja is driving the reindeer.’ | ||
Latin ago
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ipse | capell-as | protinus | aeger | ag-o |
| oneself. nom . sg . m | she_goat( f )- acc . pl | forward | sick. nom . sg . m | drive[ prs . ind ]- act .1 sg |
| ‘I myself wearily drive forth my she-goats.’ | ||||
| Note: (Verg. Ecl. 1, 13) | ||||
Modern Hebrew movil
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | movil | et | ha | para |
| pn | drive[ ptcp . sg . m ] | do | def | cow |
| ‘Pinchas is driving the cow.’ | ||||
Nanai puŋiə-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | exa-mba | sirgə-či | puŋiə-j-ni |
| pn | cow- obl | hillock_by_river- dir | drive- npst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia is driving the cow to the pasture.’ | |||
Nivkh *
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
| * |
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Norwegian Bokmål å jage
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | jage-r | ku-a | på | beite |
| pn | drive- prs | cow- def . f . sg | on | pasture |
| ‘Per is driving the cow to the pasture.’ | ||||
Polish gonić
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Andrzej | goni | krow-ę |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | drive: ipfv . prs .3 sg | cow- acc . sg |
| ‘Andrzej is driving the cow.’ | ||
Russian gnatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | gon-it | korov-u | na | pastbišč-e |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | drive( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | cow( f )- acc . sg | on | pasture( n )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja is driving the cow to the pasture.’ | ||||
Rutul hiwirgara
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | zer | hi-w-irga-r=a |
| pn - erg | cow( nom ) | pv -3-drive. ipfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul is driving the cow.’ | ||
Serbian tera
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | tera | krav-u |
| pn . nom . sg | гнать. prs .3 sg | корова- acc . sg |
| ‘Петар гонит корову.’ | ||
Shughni ay čīdow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim=i | wam | žow | ay | čūd | wox̌ | xīd |
| pn =3 sg | d 3. f . sg . obl | cow | expulsion | do. pst | grass | eat. inf |
| ‘Azim is driving the cow to graze.’ | ||||||
Skolt Saami laiʹddjed
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | laiʹddai | kuuzz |
| pn . sg . nom | lead. prs .3 sg | cow. sg . acc |
| ‘Pete is driving the cow (to the pasture).’ | ||
Slovenian gnati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | žene | krav-o |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | drive: ipfv . prs .3 sg | cow- acc . sg |
| ‘Peter is driving the cow.’ | ||
Spanish arrear
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | arre-a | a | la | vaca | a | los | pastos |
| pn [ sg . m ] | drive- prs .3 sg | dir . obj . anm | art . def . sg . f | cow[ sg . f ] | to | art . def . m . pl | pasture[ pl . m ] |
| ‘Pedro is driving the cow to the pasture.’ | |||||||
Swedish att driva
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | driv-er | ko-n |
| pn | drive- prs | cow- def . c . sg |
| ‘Björn is driving the cow.’ | ||
Turkish sürmek
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | ineğ-i | sür-üyor |
| pn | cow- acc | drive- prs |
| ‘Mehmet is driving the cow.’ | ||
Ulcha puŋəči-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə | piktə | ixa-wa | puŋə-č-i-ni |
| male | child | cow- acc | drive- iter - prs -3 sg |
| ‘The boy is driving the cows.’ | |||
Zilo Andi <b>-uqχ’.i-r
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di | ziw̃ | b-uqχ’.i-r | alaχil-ʔo |
| pn - erg | cow[ an ][ nom ] | an -displace. pst - prog | pasture- super . lat |
| ‘Ali drives the cow to the pasture.’ | |||