BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘sink’

Argument frame: X (sink) in Y
Stimulus sentence: (This tree has very heavy wood. I threw a log in the river.) The log sank in the water .
Predicate label Ru: тонуть
Argument frame Ru: X (тонуть) в Y -е
Stimulus sentence Ru: (У этого дерева очень тяжелая древесина. Однажды я кинул полено в речку). Полено] утонуло в [воде .

Abaza [c̣a-]ŝq̇ʷal

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCca
X: ABS
Y: LOCca
Locus: Y
a-mč̣χə́ a-ʒə́ j-c̣a-ŝḳʷál-ṭ
def -log def -water 3 sg . n . abs - loc -sink( aor )- dcl
‘The log sank to water.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) č̣-jə-he

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.UNDER.LOC.CONT
X: ABS
Y: LOC.UNDER.LOC.CONT
Locus: Y
mə qʷaŝʷe-xe-r xə-m-jə, psəχʷe-m-jə a-č̣-jə-he-r-ep
this boat- pl - abs sea- obl - add river- obl - add 3 pl . io - loc : under - loc : cont -enter- dyn - neg
‘These boats do not sink in seas and rivers.’

Aghul ʕarx.u-na ahajš.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER
X: ABS
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
c’aχun xitː.a-ʕ ʕarx.u-na ahajš.u-ne
log water- inter { inter }get. pf - conv sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

Alik Kryz batmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
tir xhic-a batmiş-ce-ni
beam water. obl - in sink- perf . n - pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

Archi

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
šaˁtːi-li-n qʼˁartʼi ɬːenne-qˁ oqːʼˁu-li oqˁa
beam- obl - gen roller water. obl - inter 4.go.down. pfv - cvb 4.go. pfv
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: It is not entirely clear whether the first NP conventionally denotes a wooden log.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṭabbə

Valency pattern: SBJ_gu
X: SBJ
Y: gu
Locus: Y
kesa +ṭbi-l gu miyya
wood( m ) sink. pst - ls .3 m in water( pl )
‘The log sank in water.’

Avar ʁanq’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
qwalxen ʕur-uɬ ʁanq’-ana
log river- inter drown- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

Azerbaijani batmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
girdin su-da bat-mış-dı
log water- loc sink- perf - pst (3)
‘The log sank in the water.’

Bambara túnun

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
jírikurun` túnun-na jí` lá
log\ art disappear- pfv . intr water\ art in
‘The log drowned in the water.’

Brazilian Portuguese afundar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
o galho afund-ou na água
def . m branch( m ) sink-3 sg . pst in+ def . f water( f )
‘The log sank in the water.’

Catalan enfonsar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
el tronc es va enfons-ar a l'aigua
def . sg . m branch( m ) refl .3 sg go.3 sg . prs . ind sink- inf to def . sg . f -water( f )
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Cf. "el tronc s'hi va enfonsar"

Chirag b-i-b-uqːi

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER
X: ABS
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
χːʷar šin-ni-cːe b-i-b-a̰rqː-ib
log( abs ) water- obl - inter n . sg - inter - n . sg -take.away: pf - aor .3
‘The log sank in the water.’

Czech potopit se

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
polen-o se potopi-l-o do vod-y
log( n )- nom . sg refl . acc sink( pfv )- pst - n . sg in water( f )- gen . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Danish synke ned

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Kævl-en sank ned i vand-et
log( c )- def . sg sink. pst down in water( n )- def . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Dutch zinken

Valency pattern: SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
de boomstam is ge-zonk-en in het water
art . def . c log( c ) cop .3 sg ptcp -sink- ptcp in art . def . n water( n )
‘The log sank in the water.’

Eastern Maninka túnun

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)
X: SBJ
Y: do(POST)
Locus: Y
Yíri-kudun` báda túnun jí` dɔ́.
tree-piece\ art prf disappear water\ art in
‘The log sank in the water.’

English sink

Valency pattern: SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
The log sank in the water.

Estonian vajuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
palk vaju-s vette
log. sg . nom sink- pst .3 sg water. sg . ill
‘The log sank into the water.’

Finnish upota

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
tukki uppo-si vete-en
log. nom sink- pst .3 sg water- ill
‘The log sank in the water.’

Forest Enets sija

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ɔdu dʲɔxa bi-t sija
boat river water- dat . sg sink( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘The boat sank in the river’.

French s’enfoncer

Valency pattern: SBJ_dans
X: SBJ
Y: dans
Locus: Y
la bûche s’ est enfoncée dans l’ eau
def . sg . f log( f ) refl be. prs .3 sg push. pst . ptcp . m inside def . sg . f water( f )
‘The log sank in the water.’

Georgian ča-Ø-i-ʒir-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT.INESS
X: NOM
Y: DAT.INESS
Locus: Y
mor-i c'q'al-ši ča-Ø-i-ʒir-a
log- nom water- pstp : iness prv :downward+inward- s 3- ver : s -sink- s 3 sg . pst
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: This verb refers to inanimates. Animates require the verb da-Ø-i-xrč-ob-s [PRV:downward-S3-drown-SM-S3SG] 'X will drown'.

German versinken

Valency pattern: NOM_inDAT
X: NOM
Y: inDAT
Locus: Y
der Holzklotz versank im Wasser
def . m . nom . sg log[ nom . sg ] sink. pst .3 sg in. def . n . dat . sg water[ dat . sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

Guinean Kpelle lɛ̌ɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_hu
X: SBJ
Y: hu
Locus: Y
nú tà è wɛ́i lɛ̀ɛ ɲà-í ɲɛ́í hû
person some 3 sg yesterday stay def \water- art dem in
‘Someone got drowned in this river yesterday.’

Icari Dargwa gu=b=uqː-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB
X: ABS
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
paq'a hin-ni-gu gu=b=erqː-ib
log. abs water- obl - sub under = n =carry: pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

Irish báigh

Valency pattern: DO_i
X: DO
Y: i
Locus: XY
Bá-dh é in-san uisce.
sink- pst . pass he. acc in- def water
‘It sank in the water.’
Note: Passive construction (but no promotion to the subject position).

Italian affondare

Valency pattern: SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
il tronc-o di legn-o è affondat-o nell’ acqu-a
def . sg . m log- sg . m of wood- sg . m aux .3 sg . prs sink. pst . ptcp - sg . m in. def . sg . f water- sg . f
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
qit'a ši-j-ze ʡala-b-ik-ib
log water- obl - in down- n -fall. pfv - pret
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kalderash Romani tasol

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o kašt tas-ul-o and-o paj
art . m . dir . sg log[ nom . sg ] sink- pst -3 sg . m in- art . m . dir . sg water[ nom . sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ABS_SUB
X: ABS
Y: SUB
Locus: Y
k’ak’ul štu-kː kː-a<b>q-nu
wood( abs ) water- sub sub -< n . sg >sink- pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

Karata ʁanq’aaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
ɬuda ɬenj-ƛi ʁanq’e-e
wood water- inter drown- pf
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kaytag Dargwa gunuq:q:ara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
q:at erk’-i gunbuq:-iv
log river- datlat n .sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kazakh bat

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Butaq suw-ɣa bat-ïp ket-tі
log water- dat sink- cvb leave- pst 1.3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kazym Khanty šǫjλǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
jŭχ šǫp-ǝλ jiŋk-a šǫjλ-ǝs
wood piece- poss .3 sg water- dat sink- pst [3 sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

Khoekhoe tsōǂgâ

Valency pattern: SBJ_!na
X: SBJ
Y: !na
Locus: Y
Haiǃgao-b ge ǁgam-i ǃnâ ge tsōǂgâ
log-3 m . sg decl water-3 c . sg in decl sink
‘The log sank in the water. ’

Khwarshi j/iƛ'a

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER.DIR
X: ABS
Y: INTER.DIR
Locus: Y
q'emq'osa łi-ł-ʁol l-iƛ'-ƛ'a
shawl( iv ) water( iv )- inter - dir iv -go- pst . w
‘The shawl sank in the water.’

Kina Rutul ara: saɁ kipxur

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
girdɨm xij-e ara: saɁ k-i<p>xu-r
log( nom ) water. obl - in inside. el down. lat pv -<3>get.to. pfv - cvb =be
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kumyk batmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aʁač suw-ʁa bat-d-ɨ
wood water- dat drown- pst -3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Latin sido

Valency pattern: NOM_inABL
X: NOM
Y: inABL
Locus: Y
sid-it autem (mini-um) in aqu-a
disappear[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg but red_lead( n )- nom . sg in water( f )- abl . sg
‘The red-lead sinks in water.’
Note: (Plin. NH 33, 120)

Laz o-nt'on-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
dišk'a-Ø c'k'a(r)-i-s do-Ø-i-nt'on-u
log- nom water- b - dat prv - s 3- ver : s -drown- s 3 sg . pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

Mandarin Chinese chén-rù

Valency pattern: SBJ_zhong
X: SBJ
Y: zhong
Locus: Y
mùtou chén-rù le shuǐ-zhōng
wood sink-into pfv water-middle
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Here, "zhōng" is treated as an argument-marking device, but it can alternatively be viewed as a locative noun meaning ‘middle’.

Mano tó

Valency pattern: SBJ_ba
X: SBJ
Y: ba
Locus: Y
āà tó yíí bà
3 sg . prf stay water in
‘S/he has sunk in water.’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.ESS
X: NOM
Y: CONT.ESS
Locus: Y
b-aˤq-ib-i ulculi ʁanq' b-uh-ub šin-ze-b
n -hit: pfv - pst - attr firewood sink n -become: pfv - aor water- cont - n ( ess )
‘The log sank in the water.’

Mingrelian Ø-i-nc'q'-u-ap-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ǯik'-i-k c'q'ar-s di-Ø-i-nc'q'-u
log- b - erg water- dat prv - s 3- ver : s -sink- s 3 sg . pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

Modern Hebrew ʃaka

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
bul ha ets ʃaka ba maim
log1 def log2 sink[ pst .3 sg . m ] in+ def water
‘The log sank in the water.’

Mukhad Rutul kigun

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
us xidi-k kigu-ri
wood water. obl - cont ( n )sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

Nanai ii-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
moo muə-či ii-xə-ni
wood water- dir enter- pst - p .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Akhvakh geƛ’ƛ’a buxuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
ɬuda ɬɬen-ga geƛ’ƛ’a b-ux-ari
wood water. obl - lat down n -fall- aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

Northern Mansi witna ɕaltǝs

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
sājrap wit-na ɕalt-ǝs
axe water- lat enter- pst [3 sg ]
‘The axe sank in the water.’

Northern Yukaghir čirǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
sisаɣа-s-uo-dˈǝ sа̄l lаwjǝ-ɣa mǝ čirǝ-č
get_chopped- caus - res - ptcl log water- loc aff sink- intr .3 sg
‘The chopped log sank in the water.’

Norwegian Bokmål å synke

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
tømmer-et sank i vann-et
log- def . n . sg sink. pst in water- def . n . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Polish utonąć

Valency pattern: NOM_wLOC
X: NOM
Y: wLOC
Locus: Y
polan-o utonę-ł-o w wodzi-e
log- nom . sg sink: pfv - pst - f .3 sg in water- loc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Russian utonutʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_vLOC
X: NOM
Y: vLOC
Locus: Y
polen-o utonu-l-o v vod-e
log( n )- nom . sg drown( pfv )- pst - n . sg in water( f )- loc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Serbian potonuti

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
cepanic-a je potonu-l-a u vod-u
log- nom . sg be. prs .3 sg sink- part . perf . m . sg in water- acc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Shinaz Rutul saʔ kit'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
us-u-d q'at' saʔ kit'ɨ-r xij-kj
wood- obl - attr piece ( n )down n .pull_in. pf - aor water. obl - cont
‘The log sank in the water.’

Shughni ɣůt nīstow

Valency pattern: NOM_PREP.DOWN
X: NOM
Y: PREP.DOWN
Locus: Y
yu δorg ar x̌ac ɣůt nūs-t
d 3. m . sg stick prep . down water diving sit- pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

Skolt Saami vuäjjad

Valency pattern: NOM_GENvualla
X: NOM
Y: GENvualla
Locus: Y
stokk vuäja-i čääʹʒʒ vuâlla
log. sg . nom sink- pst .3 sg water. sg . gen under
‘The log sank in the water.’

Slovak potopiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Polen-o sa potopi-l-o do vod-y
log( n )- nom . sg refl . acc sink( pfv )- pst - n . sg in water( f )- gen . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Slovenian potoniti

Valency pattern: NOM_vLOC
X: NOM
Y: vLOC
Locus: Y
Polen-o je potoni-l-o v vod-i
log- nom . sg aux .3 sg sink: pfv - lpt - n . sg in water- loc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Sorani Kurdish nuqim bûn

Valency pattern: SBJ_lenew.da
X: SBJ
Y: lenew.da
Locus: Y
kolkedar-eke lenêw çom-eke-î-da nuqim bû-Ø
log- def inside river- def - obl -in sinking be. pst -3 sg
‘The log sank in the river.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Southern Rutul q'uˤrt' yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
us xhid-e q'uˤrt' yişi-r
wood water. obl - in gulp n .be. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Lit. ‘The log has been swallowed in the water.’

Spanish hundir

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
el leño se hundi-ó en el agua
art . def . sg . m log[ sg . m ] refl .3 sg sink- aor .3 sg in art . def . sg . f water[ sg . f ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

Standard Arabic ġaraqa

Valency pattern: NOM_fiiGEN
X: NOM
Y: fiiGEN
Locus: Y
Ɂal-ḫašab-at-u ġaraqat fī l-māɁ-i
def -wood- f - nom sink. pf .3 f in def -water- gen
‘The log sank in the water.’

Svan

Valency pattern: NOM_INESS
X: NOM
Y: INESS
Locus: Y
cicw-Ø lic-isga č-äd-Ø-q'im-äːn
cat- nom water- iness prv : downward - prv : dist - s 3-drown- pst
‘The cat drowned in the water.’
Note: This verb usually requires an animate subject and can also read as ‘choke.’

Swedish att sjunka

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
stock-en sjönk i vattn-et
log- def . c . sg sink. pst in water- def . n . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
L<um>ubog ang troso sa tubig
< av > ipfv .sink subj log dat water
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

Telugu munugu

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCDAT
X: NOM
Y: LOCDAT
Locus: Y
ceṭṭu niḷḷa-lō-ki munigiṁdi
tree( n ). sg . nom water. pl . obl - loc - dat sink. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The tree sank in the water.’

Tsakhur batmıšхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
yıv хhinee batmıš-хha
tree water. in sink- aux . pf
‘The log sank in the water.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa ar b-uq-iz/b-eq-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_GENgu
X: NOM
Y: GENgu
Locus: Y
tːultːa šin-na gu ar b-uqː-ib
plank water- gen sub ( lat ) away/from n -carry. pfv - pret (3)
‘The log sank in the water.’

Tsugni Dargwa gu-b-uqː-i / gu-b-iqː-i

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG
X: NOM
Y: ERG
Locus: Y
hin-ni tːalla gu-b-uqː-ib
water- erg plank sub - n -carry. pfv - pret (3)
‘The log sank in the water.’

Turkish batmak

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
odun parça-sı su-da bat-tı
wood piece- p .3 water- loc sink- pst
‘The piece sank in the water.’

Turoyo ġoyər

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_b
X: SBJ.SS
Y: b
Locus: Y
i qatte d-u qayso ġayir-o b-am maye
art . f piece( f ) rel - art . m wood( m ) sink. pfv - ss .3 f in- art . pl water( pl )
‘The piece of wood sank in water.’

Ulcha o-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mūlu mū dō-la-ni o-či-ni
birchbark_bucket water inside- loc -3 sg become- pst -3 sg
‘Mulu (birchbark bucket) got in the water.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. Mulu is a birch bark bucket.

Uzbek čo’qib ketmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
tayoq daryo-da čo’q-ib ket-ti
stick river- loc sink- cvb go_away- pst .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

West Central Oromo gadi lit'a

Valency pattern: NOM_ABSkeessatti
X: NOM
Y: ABSkeessatti
Locus: Y
dʒirm-ittʃ-i biʃaan keessa-tti gadi lit'-e
log- def - nom water. abs in- loc down get-3 sg . m . pfv
‘The log sank in the water.’

Zilo Andi ʁʷanqχ’.unn-ij

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
reʃa ɬen-tɬi ʁʷanqχ’.unn-ij
wood[ inan 1][ nom ] water- inter sink. pst - pf
‘The log sank in the water.’