‘sink’
Argument frame: |
X
(sink) in
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(This tree has very heavy wood. I threw a log in the river.)
The log
sank in
the water
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
тонуть
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(тонуть) в
Y
-е
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(У этого дерева очень тяжелая древесина. Однажды я кинул полено в речку).
Полено] утонуло в [воде
.
|
Abaza
[c̣a-]ŝq̇ʷal
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOCca
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOCca |
Locus: Y |
a-mč̣χə́ |
a-ʒə́ |
j-c̣a-ŝḳʷál-ṭ |
def
-log
|
def
-water
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-
loc
-sink(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The log sank to water.’ |
Adyghe
č̣-jə-he
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.UNDER.LOC.CONT
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOC.UNDER.LOC.CONT |
Locus: Y |
mə |
qʷaŝʷe-xe-r |
xə-m-jə, |
psəχʷe-m-jə |
a-č̣-jə-he-r-ep |
этот
|
лодка-
pl
-
abs
|
море-
obl
-
add
|
река-
obl
-
add
|
3
pl
.
io
-
loc
:
under
-
loc
:
cont
-войти-
dyn
-
neg
|
‘Эти лодки не тонут в морях и реках’ |
Aghul
ʕarx.u-na ahajš.u-
Valency pattern:
ABS_INTER
|
X: ABS |
Y: INTER |
Locus: Y |
c’aχun |
xitː.a-ʕ |
ʕarx.u-na |
ahajš.u-ne |
log
|
water-
inter
|
{
inter
}get.
pf
-
conv
|
sink.
pf
-
aor
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṭabbə
Valency pattern:
SBJ_gu
|
X: SBJ |
Y: gu |
Locus: Y |
kesa |
+ṭbi-l |
gu |
miyya |
wood(
m
)
|
sink.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
in
|
water(
pl
)
|
‘The log sank in water.’ |
Bambara
túnun
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
jírikurun` |
túnun-na |
jí` |
lá |
log\
art
|
disappear-
pfv
.
intr
|
water\
art
|
in
|
‘The log drowned in the water.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
afundar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_em
|
X: SBJ |
Y: em |
Locus: Y |
o |
galho |
afund-ou |
na |
água |
def
.
m
|
branch(
m
)
|
sink-3
sg
.
pst
|
in+
def
.
f
|
water(
f
)
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Catalan
enfonsar-se
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
el |
tronc |
es |
va |
enfons-ar |
a |
l'aigua |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
branch(
m
)
|
refl
.3
sg
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
sink-
inf
|
to
|
def
.
sg
.
f
-water(
f
)
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Note: Cf. "el tronc s'hi va enfonsar" |
Czech
potopit se
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: doGEN |
Locus: Y |
polen-o |
se |
potopi-l-o |
do |
vod-y |
log(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
refl
.
acc
|
sink(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
|
in
|
water(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Danish
synke ned
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
Kævl-en |
sank |
ned |
i |
vand-et |
log(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
sink.
pst
|
down
|
in
|
water(
n
)-
def
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Dutch
zinken
Valency pattern:
SBJ_in
|
X: SBJ |
Y: in |
Locus: Y |
de |
boomstam |
is |
ge-zonk-en |
in |
het |
water |
art
.
def
.
c
|
log(
c
)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
ptcp
-sink-
ptcp
|
in
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
water(
n
)
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Eastern Maninka
túnun
Valency pattern:
SBJ_do(POST)
|
X: SBJ |
Y: do(POST) |
Locus: Y |
Yíri-kudun` |
báda |
túnun |
jí` |
dɔ́. |
tree-piece\
art
|
prf
|
disappear
|
water\
art
|
in
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
English
sink
Valency pattern:
SBJ_in
|
X: SBJ |
Y: in |
Locus: Y |
The |
log |
sank |
in |
the |
water. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
vajuma
Valency pattern:
NOM_ILL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ILL |
Locus: Y |
palk |
vaju-s |
vette |
log.
sg
.
nom
|
sink-
pst
.3
sg
|
water.
sg
.
ill
|
‘The log sank into the water.’ |
Finnish
upota
Valency pattern:
NOM_ILL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ILL |
Locus: Y |
tukki |
uppo-si |
vete-en |
log.
nom
|
sink-
pst
.3
sg
|
water-
ill
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Forest Enets
sija
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
ɔdu |
dʲɔxa |
bi-t |
sija |
boat
|
river
|
water-
dat
.
sg
|
sink(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘The boat sank in the river’. |
French
s’enfoncer
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dans
|
X: SBJ |
Y: dans |
Locus: Y |
la |
bûche |
s’ |
est |
enfoncée |
dans |
l’ |
eau |
def
.
sg
.
f
|
log(
f
)
|
refl
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
push.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
inside
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
water(
f
)
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Georgian
ča-Ø-i-ʒir-eb-a (FUT)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT.INESS
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT.INESS |
Locus: Y |
mor-i |
c'q'al-ši |
ča-Ø-i-ʒir-a |
log-
nom
|
water-
pstp
:
iness
|
prv
:downward+inward-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-sink-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Note: This verb refers to inanimates. Animates require the verb da-Ø-i-xrč-ob-s [PRV:downward-S3-drown-SM-S3SG] 'X will drown'. |
German
versinken
Valency pattern:
NOM_inDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: inDAT |
Locus: Y |
der |
Holzklotz |
versank |
im |
Wasser |
def
.
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
log[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sink.
pst
.3
sg
|
in.
def
.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
water[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Irish
báigh
Valency pattern:
DO_i
|
X: DO |
Y: i |
Locus: XY |
Bá-dh |
é |
in-san |
uisce. |
sink-
pst
.
pass
|
he.
acc
|
in-
def
|
water
|
‘It sank in the water.’ |
Note: Passive construction (but no promotion to the subject position). |
Italian
affondare
Valency pattern:
SBJ_in
|
X: SBJ |
Y: in |
Locus: Y |
il |
tronc-o |
di |
legn-o |
è |
affondat-o |
nell’ |
acqu-a |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
log-
sg
.
m
|
of
|
wood-
sg
.
m
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
sink.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
in.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
water-
sg
.
f
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Kalderash Romani
tasol
Valency pattern:
NOM_ande
|
X: NOM |
Y: ande |
Locus: Y |
o |
kašt |
tas-ul-o |
and-o |
paj |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
log[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sink-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
in-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
water[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Kazakh
bat
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Butaq |
suw-ɣa |
bat-ïp |
ket-tі |
log
|
water-
dat
|
sink-
cvb
|
leave-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Kazym Khanty
šǫjλǝti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
jŭχ |
šǫp-ǝλ |
jiŋk-a |
šǫjλ-ǝs |
wood
|
piece-
poss
.3
sg
|
water-
dat
|
sink-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_INTER.DIR
|
X: ABS |
Y: INTER.DIR |
Locus: Y |
q'emq'osa |
łi-ł-ʁol |
l-iƛ'-ƛ'a |
платок(
iv
)
|
вода(
iv
)-
inter
-
dir
|
iv
-идти-
pst
.
w
|
‘Платок ушел в воду.’ |
Kina Rutul
ara: saɁ kipxur
Valency pattern:
NOM_IN
|
X: NOM |
Y: IN |
Locus: Y |
girdɨm |
xij-e |
ara: |
saɁ |
k-i<p>xu-r |
log(
nom
)
|
water.
obl
-
in
|
inside.
el
|
down.
lat
|
pv
-<3>get.to.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Latin
sido
Valency pattern:
NOM_inABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: inABL |
Locus: Y |
sid-it |
autem |
(mini-um) |
in |
aqu-a |
disappear[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
but
|
red_lead(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
in
|
water(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
‘The red-lead sinks in water.’ |
Note: (Plin. NH 33, 120) |
Mandarin Chinese
chén-rù
Valency pattern:
SBJ_zhong
|
X: SBJ |
Y: zhong |
Locus: Y |
mùtou |
chén-rù |
le |
shuǐ-zhōng |
wood
|
sink-into
|
pfv
|
water-middle
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Note: Here, "zhōng" is treated as an argument-marking device, but it can alternatively be viewed as a locative noun meaning ‘middle’. |
Mingrelian
Ø-i-nc'q'-u-ap-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
ǯik'-i-k |
c'q'ar-s |
di-Ø-i-nc'q'-u. |
log-
b
-
erg
|
water-
dat
|
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-sink-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ʃaka
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
X: SBJ |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
bul |
ha |
ets |
ʃaka |
ba |
maim |
log1
|
def
|
log2
|
sink[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
in+
def
|
water
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Nanai
ii-
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
|
X: NOM |
Y: DIR |
Locus: Y |
moo |
muə-či |
ii-xə-ni |
wood
|
water-
dir
|
enter-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
witna ɕaltǝs
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
sājrap |
wit-na |
ɕalt-ǝs |
axe
|
water-
lat
|
enter-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘The axe sank in the water.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
čirǝj=
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
sisаɣа-s-uo-dˈǝ |
sа̄l |
lаwjǝ-ɣa |
mǝ |
čirǝ-č |
get_chopped-
caus
-
res
-
ptcl
|
log
|
water-
loc
|
aff
|
sink-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘The chopped log sank in the water.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å synke
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
tømmer-et |
sank |
i |
vann-et |
log-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
sink.
pst
|
in
|
water-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Polish
utonąć
Valency pattern:
NOM_wLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: wLOC |
Locus: Y |
polan-o |
utonę-ł-o |
w |
wodzi-e |
log-
nom
.
sg
|
sink:
pfv
-
pst
-
f
.3
sg
|
in
|
water-
loc
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Russian
utonutʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_vLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: vLOC |
Locus: Y |
polen-o |
utonu-l-o |
v |
vod-e |
log(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
drown(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
|
in
|
water(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Serbian
potonuti
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: uACC |
Locus: Y |
cepanic-a |
je |
potonu-l-a |
u |
vod-u |
log-
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
sink-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
in
|
water-
acc
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Shughni
ɣůt nīstow
Valency pattern:
NOM_PREP.DOWN
|
X: NOM |
Y: PREP.DOWN |
Locus: Y |
yu |
δorg |
ar |
x̌ac |
ɣůt |
nūs-t |
d
3.
m
.
sg
|
stick
|
prep
.
down
|
water
|
diving
|
sit-
pst
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Skolt Saami
vuäjjad
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENvualla
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENvualla |
Locus: Y |
stokk |
vuäja-i |
čääʹʒʒ |
vuâlla |
log.
sg
.
nom
|
sink-
pst
.3
sg
|
water.
sg
.
gen
|
under
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Slovak
potopiť sa
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: doGEN |
Locus: Y |
Polen-o |
sa |
potopi-l-o |
do |
vod-y |
log(
n
)-
nom
.
sg
|
refl
.
acc
|
sink(
pfv
)-
pst
-
n
.
sg
|
in
|
water(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Slovenian
potoniti
Valency pattern:
NOM_vLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: vLOC |
Locus: Y |
Polen-o |
je |
potoni-l-o |
v |
vod-i |
log-
nom
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
sink:
pfv
-
lpt
-
n
.
sg
|
in
|
water-
loc
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
nuqim bûn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_lenew.da
|
X: SBJ |
Y: lenew.da |
Locus: Y |
kolkedar-eke |
lenêw |
çom-eke-î-da |
nuqim |
bû-Ø |
log-
def
|
inside
|
river-
def
-
obl
-in
|
sinking
|
be.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘The log sank in the river.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
hundir
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
X: SBJ |
Y: en |
Locus: Y |
el |
leño |
se |
hundi-ó |
en |
el |
agua |
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
log[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
sink-
aor
.3
sg
|
in
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
water[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Swedish
att sjunka
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
stock-en |
sjönk |
i |
vattn-et |
log-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
sink.
pst
|
in
|
water-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
L<um>ubog |
ang |
troso |
sa |
tubig |
<
av
>
ipfv
.sink
|
subj
|
log
|
dat
|
water
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Note: Can you change the voice and turn water into the subject here? |
Telugu
munugu
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOCDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOCDAT |
Locus: Y |
ceṭṭu |
niḷḷa-lō-ki |
munigiṁdi |
tree(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
water.
pl
.
obl
-
loc
-
dat
|
sink.
pst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘The tree sank in the water.’ |
Turkish
batmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
odun |
parça-sı |
su-da |
bat-tı |
wood
|
piece-
p
.3
|
water-
loc
|
sink-
pst
|
‘The piece sank in the water.’ |
Ulcha
o-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
mūlu |
mū |
dō-la-ni |
o-či-ni |
birchbark_bucket
|
water
|
inside-
loc
-3
sg
|
become-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Mulu (birchbark bucket) got in the water.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. Mulu is a birch bark bucket. |
Uzbek
čo’qib ketmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
tayoq |
daryo-da |
čo’q-ib |
ket-ti |
stick
|
river-
loc
|
sink-
cvb
|
go_away-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
West Central Oromo
gadi lit'a
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSkeessatti
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABSkeessatti |
Locus: Y |
dʒirm-ittʃ-i |
biʃaan |
keessa-tti |
gadi |
lit'-e |
log-
def
-
nom
|
water.
abs
|
in-
loc
|
down
|
get-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |
Zilo Andi
ʁʷanqχ’.unn-ij
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTER
|
X: NOM |
Y: INTER |
Locus: Y |
reʃa |
ɬen-tɬi |
ʁʷanqχ’.unn-ij |
wood[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
water-
inter
|
sink.
pst
-
pf
|
‘The log sank in the water.’ |