BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘sink’

Argument frame: X (sink) in Y
Stimulus sentence: (This tree has very heavy wood. I threw a log in the river.) The log sank in the water .
Predicate label Ru: тонуть
Argument frame Ru: X (тонуть) в Y -е
Stimulus sentence Ru: (У этого дерева очень тяжелая древесина. Однажды я кинул полено в речку). Полено] утонуло в [воде .

Abaza [c̣a-]ŝq̇ʷal

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCca
X: ABS
Y: LOCca
Locus: Y
a-mč̣χə́ a-ʒə́ j-c̣a-ŝḳʷál-ṭ
def -log def -water 3 sg . n . abs - loc -sink( aor )- dcl
‘The log sank to water.’

Adyghe č̣-jə-he

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.UNDER.LOC.CONT
X: ABS
Y: LOC.UNDER.LOC.CONT
Locus: Y
mə qʷaŝʷe-xe-r xə-m-jə, psəχʷe-m-jə a-č̣-jə-he-r-ep
этот лодка- pl - abs море- obl - add река- obl - add 3 pl . io - loc : under - loc : cont -войти- dyn - neg
‘Эти лодки не тонут в морях и реках’

Aghul ʕarx.u-na ahajš.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER
X: ABS
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
c’aχun xitː.a-ʕ ʕarx.u-na ahajš.u-ne
log water- inter { inter }get. pf - conv sink. pf - aor
‘The log sank in the water.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṭabbə

Valency pattern: SBJ_gu
X: SBJ
Y: gu
Locus: Y
kesa +ṭbi-l gu miyya
wood( m ) sink. pst - ls .3 m in water( pl )
‘The log sank in water.’

Bambara túnun

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
jírikurun` túnun-na jí` lá
log\ art disappear- pfv . intr water\ art in
‘The log drowned in the water.’

Brazilian Portuguese afundar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
o galho afund-ou na água
def . m branch( m ) sink-3 sg . pst in+ def . f water( f )
‘The log sank in the water.’

Catalan enfonsar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
el tronc es va enfons-ar a l'aigua
def . sg . m branch( m ) refl .3 sg go.3 sg . prs . ind sink- inf to def . sg . f -water( f )
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Cf. "el tronc s'hi va enfonsar"

Czech potopit se

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
polen-o se potopi-l-o do vod-y
log( n )- nom . sg refl . acc sink( pfv )- pst - n . sg in water( f )- gen . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Danish synke ned

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Kævl-en sank ned i vand-et
log( c )- def . sg sink. pst down in water( n )- def . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Dutch zinken

Valency pattern: SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
de boomstam is ge-zonk-en in het water
art . def . c log( c ) cop .3 sg ptcp -sink- ptcp in art . def . n water( n )
‘The log sank in the water.’

Eastern Maninka túnun

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)
X: SBJ
Y: do(POST)
Locus: Y
Yíri-kudun` báda túnun jí` dɔ́.
tree-piece\ art prf disappear water\ art in
‘The log sank in the water.’

English sink

Valency pattern: SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
The log sank in the water.

Estonian vajuma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
palk vaju-s vette
log. sg . nom sink- pst .3 sg water. sg . ill
‘The log sank into the water.’

Finnish upota

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
tukki uppo-si vete-en
log. nom sink- pst .3 sg water- ill
‘The log sank in the water.’

Forest Enets sija

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ɔdu dʲɔxa bi-t sija
boat river water- dat . sg sink( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘The boat sank in the river’.

French s’enfoncer

Valency pattern: SBJ_dans
X: SBJ
Y: dans
Locus: Y
la bûche s’ est enfoncée dans l’ eau
def . sg . f log( f ) refl be. prs .3 sg push. pst . ptcp . m inside def . sg . f water( f )
‘The log sank in the water.’

Georgian ča-Ø-i-ʒir-eb-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT.INESS
X: NOM
Y: DAT.INESS
Locus: Y
mor-i c'q'al-ši ča-Ø-i-ʒir-a
log- nom water- pstp : iness prv :downward+inward- s 3- ver : s -sink- s 3 sg . pst
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: This verb refers to inanimates. Animates require the verb da-Ø-i-xrč-ob-s [PRV:downward-S3-drown-SM-S3SG] 'X will drown'.

German versinken

Valency pattern: NOM_inDAT
X: NOM
Y: inDAT
Locus: Y
der Holzklotz versank im Wasser
def . m . nom . sg log[ nom . sg ] sink. pst .3 sg in. def . n . dat . sg water[ dat . sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

Irish báigh

Valency pattern: DO_i
X: DO
Y: i
Locus: XY
Bá-dh é in-san uisce.
sink- pst . pass he. acc in- def water
‘It sank in the water.’
Note: Passive construction (but no promotion to the subject position).

Italian affondare

Valency pattern: SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
il tronc-o di legn-o è affondat-o nell’ acqu-a
def . sg . m log- sg . m of wood- sg . m aux .3 sg . prs sink. pst . ptcp - sg . m in. def . sg . f water- sg . f
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kalderash Romani tasol

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o kašt tas-ul-o and-o paj
art . m . dir . sg log[ nom . sg ] sink- pst -3 sg . m in- art . m . dir . sg water[ nom . sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kazakh bat

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Butaq suw-ɣa bat-ïp ket-tі
log water- dat sink- cvb leave- pst 1.3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Kazym Khanty šǫjλǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
jŭχ šǫp-ǝλ jiŋk-a šǫjλ-ǝs
wood piece- poss .3 sg water- dat sink- pst [3 sg ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_INTER.DIR
X: ABS
Y: INTER.DIR
Locus: Y
q'emq'osa łi-ł-ʁol l-iƛ'-ƛ'a
платок( iv ) вода( iv )- inter - dir iv -идти- pst . w
‘Платок ушел в воду.’

Kina Rutul ara: saɁ kipxur

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
girdɨm xij-e ara: saɁ k-i<p>xu-r
log( nom ) water. obl - in inside. el down. lat pv -<3>get.to. pfv - cvb =be
‘The log sank in the water.’

Latin sido

Valency pattern: NOM_inABL
X: NOM
Y: inABL
Locus: Y
sid-it autem (mini-um) in aqu-a
disappear[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg but red_lead( n )- nom . sg in water( f )- abl . sg
‘The red-lead sinks in water.’
Note: (Plin. NH 33, 120)

Mandarin Chinese chén-rù

Valency pattern: SBJ_zhong
X: SBJ
Y: zhong
Locus: Y
mùtou chén-rù le shuǐ-zhōng
wood sink-into pfv water-middle
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Here, "zhōng" is treated as an argument-marking device, but it can alternatively be viewed as a locative noun meaning ‘middle’.

Mingrelian Ø-i-nc'q'-u-ap-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ǯik'-i-k c'q'ar-s di-Ø-i-nc'q'-u.
log- b - erg water- dat prv - s 3- ver : s -sink- s 3 sg . pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

Modern Hebrew ʃaka

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
bul ha ets ʃaka ba maim
log1 def log2 sink[ pst .3 sg . m ] in+ def water
‘The log sank in the water.’

Nanai ii-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR
X: NOM
Y: DIR
Locus: Y
moo muə-či ii-xə-ni
wood water- dir enter- pst - p .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi witna ɕaltǝs

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
sājrap wit-na ɕalt-ǝs
axe water- lat enter- pst [3 sg ]
‘The axe sank in the water.’

Northern Yukaghir čirǝj=

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
sisаɣа-s-uo-dˈǝ sа̄l lаwjǝ-ɣa mǝ čirǝ-č
get_chopped- caus - res - ptcl log water- loc aff sink- intr .3 sg
‘The chopped log sank in the water.’

Norwegian Bokmål å synke

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
tømmer-et sank i vann-et
log- def . n . sg sink. pst in water- def . n . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Polish utonąć

Valency pattern: NOM_wLOC
X: NOM
Y: wLOC
Locus: Y
polan-o utonę-ł-o w wodzi-e
log- nom . sg sink: pfv - pst - f .3 sg in water- loc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Russian utonutʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_vLOC
X: NOM
Y: vLOC
Locus: Y
polen-o utonu-l-o v vod-e
log( n )- nom . sg drown( pfv )- pst - n . sg in water( f )- loc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Serbian potonuti

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
cepanic-a je potonu-l-a u vod-u
log- nom . sg be. prs .3 sg sink- part . perf . m . sg in water- acc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Shughni ɣůt nīstow

Valency pattern: NOM_PREP.DOWN
X: NOM
Y: PREP.DOWN
Locus: Y
yu δorg ar x̌ac ɣůt nūs-t
d 3. m . sg stick prep . down water diving sit- pst
‘The log sank in the water.’

Skolt Saami vuäjjad

Valency pattern: NOM_GENvualla
X: NOM
Y: GENvualla
Locus: Y
stokk vuäja-i čääʹʒʒ vuâlla
log. sg . nom sink- pst .3 sg water. sg . gen under
‘The log sank in the water.’

Slovak potopiť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Polen-o sa potopi-l-o do vod-y
log( n )- nom . sg refl . acc sink( pfv )- pst - n . sg in water( f )- gen . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Slovenian potoniti

Valency pattern: NOM_vLOC
X: NOM
Y: vLOC
Locus: Y
Polen-o je potoni-l-o v vod-i
log- nom . sg aux .3 sg sink: pfv - lpt - n . sg in water- loc . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Sorani Kurdish nuqim bûn

Valency pattern: SBJ_lenew.da
X: SBJ
Y: lenew.da
Locus: Y
kolkedar-eke lenêw çom-eke-î-da nuqim bû-Ø
log- def inside river- def - obl -in sinking be. pst -3 sg
‘The log sank in the river.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Spanish hundir

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
el leño se hundi-ó en el agua
art . def . sg . m log[ sg . m ] refl .3 sg sink- aor .3 sg in art . def . sg . f water[ sg . f ]
‘The log sank in the water.’

Swedish att sjunka

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
stock-en sjönk i vattn-et
log- def . c . sg sink. pst in water- def . n . sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
L<um>ubog ang troso sa tubig
< av > ipfv .sink subj log dat water
‘The log sank in the water.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn water into the subject here?

Telugu munugu

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCDAT
X: NOM
Y: LOCDAT
Locus: Y
ceṭṭu niḷḷa-lō-ki munigiṁdi
tree( n ). sg . nom water. pl . obl - loc - dat sink. pst .3 sg . nm
‘The tree sank in the water.’

Turkish batmak

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
odun parça-sı su-da bat-tı
wood piece- p .3 water- loc sink- pst
‘The piece sank in the water.’

Ulcha o-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mūlu mū dō-la-ni o-či-ni
birchbark_bucket water inside- loc -3 sg become- pst -3 sg
‘Mulu (birchbark bucket) got in the water.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. Mulu is a birch bark bucket.

Uzbek čo’qib ketmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
tayoq daryo-da čo’q-ib ket-ti
stick river- loc sink- cvb go_away- pst .3 sg
‘The log sank in the water.’

West Central Oromo gadi lit'a

Valency pattern: NOM_ABSkeessatti
X: NOM
Y: ABSkeessatti
Locus: Y
dʒirm-ittʃ-i biʃaan keessa-tti gadi lit'-e
log- def - nom water. abs in- loc down get-3 sg . m . pfv
‘The log sank in the water.’

Zilo Andi ʁʷanqχ’.unn-ij

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
reʃa ɬen-tɬi ʁʷanqχ’.unn-ij
wood[ inan 1][ nom ] water- inter sink. pst - pf
‘The log sank in the water.’