‘have a grudge’
Argument frame: |
X
(have a grudge) against
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(Why doesn’t P. speak with M.?)
P.
has a grudge against
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
сердиться
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(сердиться) на
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Почему П. не разговаривает с М.?)
П.
сердится на
М
.
|
Abaza
[z-]gʷəẑḳə
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
X: ABS |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
á-č’ḳʷən |
j-aš’á |
d-jə-z-gʷə́ẑḳ-əj-ṭ |
def
-boy
|
def
-brother
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
ben
-be_angry-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘The boy is angry with his brother.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
fe-gʷəbžə.ʁe
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
X: ABS |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
pŝaŝe-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
fe-gʷəbžə-ʁ |
girl-
abs
|
guy-
obl
|
ben
-be_angry-
res
|
‘The girl holds a grudge against the guy.’ |
Aghul
qel ke-
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUBCONT.ELAT
|
X: DAT |
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
Locus: XY |
aslan.a-s |
meʜemed.i-k-as |
qel |
ke-a |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
resentment
|
{
sub
/
cont
}be-
prs
|
‘Aslan has a grudge against Muhammad.’ |
Alik Kryz
acuğlu xhiyic
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENxaba7ar
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENxaba7ar |
Locus: Y |
terlan |
rasul |
xab-aʕar |
acuğlu-ya |
pn
|
pn
(
gen
)
|
hand-
inel
|
angry-
cop
.
m
|
‘Terlan holds a grudge against Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Archi
qʼaˁrarši -i
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP.LAT |
Locus: Y |
paša |
qʼˁara-r-ši |
w-i |
marin-ni-tːi-k |
pn
|
be.angry-
ipfv
-
advz
|
1-be
|
pn
-
obl
-
sup
-
lat
|
‘Pasha holds a grudge against Marina.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
carəb
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
+Ašur |
bəcrab=əl |
+al |
baxt-u |
pn
|
be_angry.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘Ashur has a grudge against his wife.’ |
Avar
ccin baqine
Valency pattern:
GEN_LOC
|
X: GEN |
Y: LOC |
Locus: XY |
ʕali-l |
ccin |
b-aq-un |
b-ugo |
aħmad-i-da |
pn
-
gen
|
anger
|
n
-rise-
seq
|
n
-
cop
|
pn
-
obl
-
loc
|
‘Ali holds a grudge against Ahmad.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Azerbaijani
acıqlı-COP
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
Aslan |
Rǝsul-dan |
acıqlı-dır |
pn
|
pn
-
abl
|
angry-
cop
3
|
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Bafut
bíʔî … múm ntᵼ́ᵼ́ jì
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
àmbɛ́ |
à |
bíʔî-nᵼ̀ |
sùù |
múm |
ntᵼ́ᵼ́ |
jì |
pn
|
sm
|
carry-
ipfv
|
pn
|
inside
|
heart
|
his
|
‘Ambe is angry with Suh.’ |
Bambara
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Brazilian Portuguese
estar bravo
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
X: SBJ |
Y: com |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
está |
brav-o |
com |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
angry-
m
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Budugh
iciğlu yıxhar
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
rosul-ekir |
iciğlu |
vi |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
.
part
|
angry
|
cop
|
‘Aslan holds a grudge against Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Catalan
estar enfadat
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
X: SBJ |
Y: amb |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
està |
enfadat |
amb |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
angry(
m
)
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere has a grudge against Marc.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Chirag
q’uc’-le
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
ʡa̰le |
rasul-l-i |
q’uc’-le |
pn
(
abs
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
|
angry-
adv
.
prs
.3
|
‘Ali has a grudge against Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Czech
naštvanej + COP
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
je |
naštvanej |
na |
Michal-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
upset
|
on
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr holds a grudge against Michal.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Danish
have nag
Valency pattern:
SBJ_til
|
X: SBJ |
Y: til |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
ha-r |
nag |
til |
Marie |
pn
|
have-
prs
|
grudge(
n
).
sg
|
to
|
pn
|
‘Peter has a grudge against Marie.’ |
Dutch
boos zijn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_op
|
X: SBJ |
Y: op |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
is |
boos |
op |
Marie |
pn
(
c
)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
angry
|
on
|
pn
(
c
)
|
‘Piet is angry with Marie.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Eastern Maninka
dímin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ma
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ma |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
dímin-nin |
Fónba |
mà. |
pn
|
ache-
ptcp
.
res
|
pn
|
adr
|
‘Seku has a grudge against Fomba.’ |
English
have a grudge
Valency pattern:
SBJ_against
|
X: SBJ |
Y: against |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
has |
a |
grudge |
against |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
pidama
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENvastu
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENvastu |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
pea-b |
Mareti |
vastu |
viha |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
hold-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
gen
|
against
|
grudge.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter holds a grudge against Maret.’ |
Finnish
kantaa kaunaa
Valency pattern:
NOM_ALL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ALL |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
kant-aa |
kauna-a |
Mati-lle |
pn
.
nom
|
bear-
prs
.3
sg
|
grudge-
part
|
pn
-
all
|
‘Pekka has a grudge against Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
barzir
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-xa-da |
barziŋa |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
be_angry(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend is angry with Vasja’. |
French
être fâché
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contre
|
X: SBJ |
Y: contre |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
est |
fâché |
contre |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
make_angry.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
against
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul is angry with Marie.’ |
Note: Passive construction. |
Georgian
Ø-braz-ob-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT.SUPERESS
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT.SUPERESS |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-ze |
Ø-braz-ob-s |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
pstp
:
superess
|
s
3-be_angry-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre is angry with Masho.’ |
German
sauer sein
Valency pattern:
NOM_aufACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: aufACC |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
ist |
sauer |
auf |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
sour
|
on
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl holds a grudge against Marie.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Guinean Kpelle
líi hólu
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Pépèe |
líi |
àa |
hólu |
Ɲàákwɛ̀i |
pɔ́ |
pn
|
heart
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
sting
|
pn
|
to
|
‘Pepee is angry with Nyakwei.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Icari Dargwa
ʕaˤsi-li w=ih-araj
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPLAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPLAT |
Locus: Y |
Islam |
Nadir-rij |
ʕaˤsi-li-ca=w |
pn
.
abs
|
pn
-
suplat
|
angry-
adv
-
cop
=
m
|
‘Islam holds a grudge against Nadir.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Irish
bí an chloch sa muinirtle
Valency pattern:
aige_do(PREP)
|
X: aige |
Y: do(PREP) |
Locus: X |
Tá |
an |
chloch |
sa |
muinirtle |
aige |
Pól |
do |
Mháire. |
be.
prs
|
def
|
stone
|
in.
def
|
sleeve
|
at
|
pn
|
for
|
pn
|
‘Pól holds a grudge against Máire.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
essere arrabbiato
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
X: SBJ |
Y: con |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
è |
arrabbiat-o |
con |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
|
angry-
sg
.
m
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo is angry with Maria.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Kadar Dargwa
CL-irq'-es (IPFV)
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
meħamad |
him-r-a-ni |
0-irq'-u-le |
ʡaˤšura-ke |
pn
|
anger-
pl
-
obl
.
pl
-
erg
|
m
-do.
ipfv
-
prs
-
cvb
|
pn
-
super
|
‘Muhammad holds a grudge against Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
xoľavel
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
X: NOM |
Y: pe |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
xoľ-ajl-o |
pe |
Marijk-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be_angry-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
on
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša holds a grudge against Marijka.’ |
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used. |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
DAT_CONT.ELAT
|
X: DAT |
Y: CONT.ELAT |
Locus: XY |
dada.ji-z |
bal-k-an |
qaˁl |
k-a |
mother-
dat
|
boy-
cont
-
elat
|
anger
|
cont
-be(
prs
)
|
‘The mother has a grudge against Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Karata
ssime raʔaɬa
Valency pattern:
POSS_DAT
|
X: POSS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: XY |
ʕali-b |
aħmat’-ja |
ssime |
r-aʔ-a |
idja |
pn
-
n
|
pn
-
dat
|
anger
|
npl
-come-
pf
|
cop
|
‘Ali got angry with Ahmat.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
ʕaˁsidex vihara
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
X: GEN |
Y: DATLAT |
Locus: XY |
petja-la |
maša-j |
ʕaˁsidex |
b-i |
pn
-
gen
|
pn
-
datlat
|
grudge
|
n
-
cop
|
‘Petja holds a grudge against Masha.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kazakh
ašulï
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ɣa |
ašulï |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
angry
|
‘Petya is angry with Masha.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kazym Khanty
λǝkaśti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpela
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMpela |
Locus: Y |
waśa-j-en |
λǝkaś-əλ |
maša-j-en |
pɛλa |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
be_angry-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
at
|
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’ |
Khoekhoe
sunu-b-a ūhâ
Valency pattern:
SBJ_!oagu
|
X: SBJ |
Y: !oagu |
Locus: Y |
Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s |
ǃoagu |
sunu-b-a |
ūhâ |
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
opposite
|
grudge-3
m
.
sg
-
obl
|
have
|
‘Peter has a grudge against Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
semi mak'a
Valency pattern:
GEN1_CONT.LAT
|
X: GEN1 |
Y: CONT.LAT |
Locus: XY |
di-lo |
χole-s |
semi |
m-ak'a-ha |
uža-qo-l |
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
husband-
gen
1
|
anger
|
iii
-go-
prs
|
son-
cont
-
lat
|
‘My husband is angry with our son.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Kina Rutul
sɨrχɨra
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUB |
Locus: Y |
islam |
sɨrχɨ-r=a |
nadir-ɨ-χda |
pn
(
nom
)
|
1.become.mad.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
-
obl
-
sub
|
‘Islam has a grudge against Nadir.’ |
Kumyk
ačuwlanmaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
patimat |
musa-ʁa |
ačuw-la-n-a |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
anger-
vblz
-
refl
-3
sg
|
‘Patimat holds a grudge against Musa.’ |
Latin
irascor
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
(frater) |
etiam |
quibus |
irasci-tur |
crebr-ius, |
tamen |
car-os |
habe-t |
brother(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
even
|
which.
dat
.
pl
|
be_angry[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
often-
cmpr
|
but
|
dear-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
have[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
‘Even those who he (brother) is so often angry with, he holds dear.’ |
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. X, 11, 1) |
Laz
gur-i mu-xt'-in-er-i o-r-in-u
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
Käzim-i |
Fatma-šen |
gu(r)-I |
mu-xt'-in-e(r)-i |
Ø-[r]-en-Ø |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
abl
|
heart-
b
|
prv
-go-
r
.
ext
-
ptcp
-
nom
|
s
3-[be]-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Käzim is angry with Fatma.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle). |
Mandarin Chinese
yǒu jīyuàn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
X: SBJ |
Y: he |
Locus: Y |
Zhāngsān |
hé |
Lǐsì |
yǒu |
jīyuàn |
pn
|
with
|
pn
|
have
|
grudge
|
‘Zhangsan has grudge against Lisi.’ |
Mano
wɛ̄lɛ̄ kpō kùnɔ̄
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mo
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mo |
Locus: Y |
ŋ̄ |
ŋ̄ |
wɛ̄lɛ̄ |
kpō |
kùnɔ̄-pɛ̀lɛ̀ |
ī |
mɔ̀ |
1
sg
.
exi
|
1
sg
|
face
|
ball
|
bend-
inf
|
2
sg
|
on
|
‘I am angry with you.’ |
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). The possessor is necessarily coreferential with the subject. |
Mehweb
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
Islam |
himi-li-ču |
le-w |
Nadir-li-če |
pn
|
gall-
obl
-
com
|
be-
m
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
|
‘Islam holds a grudge against Nadir.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Mingrelian
gurmulir-i Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
anučia-še(n) |
Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø |
gur-mulir-(i) |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
abl
|
s
3-(
ver
:
sup
)-be-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
heart-come-(
nom
)
|
‘Chelo has a grudge against Anuchia.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle). |
Modern Hebrew
noter tina
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
noter |
tina |
le |
Menaχem |
pn
|
guard[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
malice
|
to
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas holds a grudge against Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
qhaˤl ʁa
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUPEREL
|
X: DAT |
Y: SUPEREL |
Locus: XY |
murad-ı-s |
q'urban-ııla |
qhaˤl |
ʁa |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
-
superel
|
anger(
a
)
|
be_on
|
‘Murad holds a grudge against Kurban.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Nanai
ajakta-
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
|
X: NOM |
Y: DIR |
Locus: Y |
Petia |
Maša-či |
ajakta.či-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
dir
|
hold_a_grudge.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia holds a grudge against Masha.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Akhvakh
ssimi beq’uruƛa
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
pataħi |
ssimi |
b-eq’-o |
gudi |
musa-ge |
pn
|
anger
|
n
-come-
seq
.
m
|
m
.
cop
|
pn
-
loc
|
‘Patahi holds a grudge against Musa.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. Same as “be angry” |
Northern Yukaghir
joŋoči=
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ |
mǝ |
joŋo-či-j |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
aff
|
be_angry-
mult
-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien holds a grudge against Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være sint på
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
er |
sint |
på |
Ola |
pn
|
be.
prs
|
angry
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Per is angry with Ola.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Phrasal predicative expression (på is not a flagging device). |
Polish
wściekać się
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Michał |
wścieka |
się |
na |
Ann-ę |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
annoy:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Michał holds a grudge against Anna.’ |
Russian
serditʹsja
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
serd-it-sja |
na |
Maš-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
vex(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
on
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’ |
Serbian
ljutiti se
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
se |
ljuti |
na |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
anger.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar holds a grudge against Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
qhaˁl libq'ɨ-n
Valency pattern:
DAT_EL
|
X: DAT |
Y: EL |
Locus: XY |
basir-ɨs |
qhaˁl |
libq'ɨ-v |
karam-ɨla |
pn
-
dat
|
anger(
a
)
|
a
.rise.
pf
-
aor
.
a
|
pn
-
el
|
‘Basir holds a grudge against Karam.’ |
Shughni
dar-qār δêdow2
Valency pattern:
NOM_EQ
|
X: NOM |
Y: EQ |
Locus: Y |
Šamil |
tar |
Lola |
dar-qār |
δod |
pn
|
eq
|
pn
|
angry
|
fall.
pst
|
‘Shamil holds a grudge against Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovak
mať zášť
Valency pattern:
NOM_vociDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: vociDAT |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
má |
voči |
Mark-ovi |
zášť |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
against
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
grudge
|
‘Peter holds a grudge against Marek.’ |
Slovenian
jeziti se
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Pavel |
se |
jezi |
na |
Petr-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
anger:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Pavel is angry with Peter.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
r̂iq heɫgirtin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ.TR |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
r̂iq=î |
le |
Kamr̂an-î |
heɫ-girt-û-e |
pn
|
hatred=3
sg
.
pc
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
prev
-catch.
pst
-
pfv
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘Hiwa has a grudge against Kamran.’ |
Southern Rutul
qhaˤl laˤvç'uˤn
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUPEREL
|
X: DAT |
Y: SUPEREL |
Locus: XY |
murad-ı-s |
aydın-ııle |
qhaˤl |
laˤvuˤç'uˤ-r |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
-
superel
|
anger(
a
)
|
a
.climb.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Murad holds a grudge against Aydin.’ |
Spanish
enfadarse
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
X: SBJ |
Y: con |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
se |
enfad-a |
con |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
make_angry-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro has a grudge against Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
zaʕila
Valency pattern:
NOM_alaaGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: alaaGEN |
Locus: Y |
Badr-un |
yazʕalu |
ʕalā |
Maryam-a |
pn
-
nom
|
be_angry.
ipf
.3
m
|
on
|
pn
-
gen
|
‘Badr holds a grudge against Maryam.’ |
Svan
Ø-i-xrin-äːl (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPERESS
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPERESS |
Locus: Y |
maizer-Ø |
lile-ži |
Ø-i-xrin-äːl |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
superess
|
s
3-
ver
:
s
-grudge-
vpl
|
‘Maizer has a grudge against Lile.’ |
Swedish
att vara sur
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
X: SBJ |
Y: pa |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
är |
sur |
på |
Maja |
pn
|
be.
prs
|
sour.
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Björn holds a grudge against Maja.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
SBJNV_LOC
|
X: SBJNV |
Y: LOC |
Locus: XY |
may |
sama |
ng |
loob |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
exist
|
bad
|
gen
|
feelings
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Telugu
paga + COP
Valency pattern:
DAT_ante
|
X: DAT |
Y: ante |
Locus: XY |
pravīṇ-ki |
maheṣ |
aṁṭē |
paga |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
that_is
|
enmity(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
‘Praveen has a grudge against Mahesh.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tsakhur
qhaˁl vuхhay
Valency pattern:
DAT_CONTEL
|
X: DAT |
Y: CONTEL |
Locus: XY |
murad-ı-s |
rasul-u-ke |
qhaˁl |
vo-b-na |
vuхha |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
-
obl
-
contel
|
anger(
a
)
|
cop
-
a
-
h
|
a
.be.
pf
|
‘Murad holds a grudge against Rasul.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
ʡaˤsi b-ič'-iz
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER(LAT) |
Locus: Y |
uršːi |
juldaš-li-jaˤ |
ʡaˤsi |
ik'-ule=saj |
boy
|
friend-
obl
-
super
(
lat
)
|
disappointment
|
(
m
)say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
‘The boy holds a grudge against his friend.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
q'uc'-le + COP
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER(LAT)
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER(LAT) |
Locus: Y |
durħaˤ |
zumra-ge |
q'uc'-le=caj |
boy
|
neighbor-
super
(
lat
)
|
angry-
adv
-
cop
:
m
(3)
|
‘The boy holds a grudge against his neighbor.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Turkish
öfkelenmek
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Orhan-a |
öfkelen-iyor |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
be_angry-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is angry with Orhan.’ |
Turoyo
ġbino + COP
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
|
X: SBJ |
Y: m |
Locus: Y |
Maryam |
ġbənto |
yo |
me |
Mixoyel |
pn
|
angry(
f
)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
from
|
pn
|
‘Maryam is angry at Michael.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Twi
wᴐ trimpᴐ
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ho
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ho |
Locus: Y |
Kofi |
wᴐ |
nanabarima |
ho |
trimpᴐ |
pn
|
have(3
sg
.
prs
)
|
grandfather
|
about
|
grudge
|
‘Kofi has a grudge against grandfather.’ |
Note: CV |
Ulcha
tagdanasi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_ban
|
X: NOM |
Y: ban |
Locus: Y |
ama |
piktə=bən |
tagda-nas-i-ni |
father
|
child=to
|
feel_angry-
atten
-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Father is angry with his child.’ |
Uzbek
ɣazablanmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ga |
ɣazablan-moqda |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
be_angry-
prs
3.3
sg
|
‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
haaloo k'aba
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
obsaa-n |
boontuu-tti |
haaloo |
k'ab-at-ee |
dʒir-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
loc
|
grudge.
abs
|
hold-
mid
-
conv
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
‘Obsa has held a grudge against Bontu.’ |
Wolof
tong
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
Omar |
dafa-y |
tong |
Sàmba |
pn
|
f
oc
v
.s
i
:3
sg
-
incpl
|
have.a.grudge
|
pn
|
‘Omar has a grudge against Sàmba.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUB/POSTEL
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUB/POSTEL |
Locus: Y |
Sahib-a |
Eldar-a-kaa |
qhel-nva |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
sub
/
postel
|
sulk-
prf
|
‘Sahib holds a grudge against Eldar.’ |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP
|
X: SBJ.INTR |
Y: ra.PSTP |
Locus: Y |
o |
ajɛ=ra |
xulli=jo |
3
sg
.
m
.
abs
|
3
sg
.
f
.
obl
=from
|
creepy=
cop
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘He has a grudge against her.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Zilo Andi
<j>-iχ.onn-ij
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
pat’imati |
j-iχ.onn-ij |
marjam-ʔa |
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
f
-be_offended.
pst
-
pf
|
pn
-
super
|
‘Patimat is cross with Mariam.’ |