‘have a grudge’
| Argument frame: |
X
(have a grudge) against
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(Why doesn’t P. speak with M.?)
P.
has a grudge against
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
сердиться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(сердиться) на
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Почему П. не разговаривает с М.?)
П.
сердится на
М
.
|
Abaza
[z-]gʷəẑḳə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| á-č’ḳʷən |
j-aš’á |
d-jə-z-gʷə́ẑḳ-əj-ṭ |
|
def
-boy
|
def
-brother
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
ben
-be_angry-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy is angry with his brother.’ |
Adyghe
fe-gʷəbžə.ʁe
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| pŝaŝe-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
fe-gʷəbžə-ʁ |
|
девушка-
abs
|
парень-
obl
|
ben
-рассердиться-
res
|
| ‘Девушка сердится на парня.’ |
Aghul
qel ke-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUBCONT.ELAT
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
| Locus: XY |
| aslan.a-s |
meʜemed.i-k-as |
qel |
ke-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
resentment
|
{
sub
/
cont
}be-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan has a grudge against Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
carəb
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur |
bəcrab=əl |
+al |
baxt-u |
|
pn
|
be_angry.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Ashur has a grudge against his wife.’ |
Bambara
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Brazilian Portuguese
estar bravo
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
brav-o |
com |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
angry-
m
|
with
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Catalan
estar enfadat
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: amb |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
està |
enfadat |
amb |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
angry(
m
)
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere has a grudge against Marc.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Czech
naštvanej + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
je |
naštvanej |
na |
Michal-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
upset
|
on
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr holds a grudge against Michal.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Danish
have nag
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_til
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: til |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
ha-r |
nag |
til |
Marie |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
grudge(
n
).
sg
|
to
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter has a grudge against Marie.’ |
Dutch
boos zijn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_op
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: op |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
is |
boos |
op |
Marie |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
angry
|
on
|
pn
(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet is angry with Marie.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Eastern Maninka
dímin
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ma
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ma |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
dímin-nin |
Fónba |
mà. |
|
pn
|
ache-
ptcp
.
res
|
pn
|
adr
|
| ‘Seku has a grudge against Fomba.’ |
English
have a grudge
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_against
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: against |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
has |
a |
grudge |
against |
Mary. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
pidama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENvastu
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENvastu |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
pea-b |
Mareti |
vastu |
viha |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
hold-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
gen
|
against
|
grudge.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter holds a grudge against Maret.’ |
Finnish
kantaa kaunaa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ALL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
kant-aa |
kauna-a |
Mati-lle |
|
pn
.
nom
|
bear-
prs
.3
sg
|
grudge-
part
|
pn
-
all
|
| ‘Pekka has a grudge against Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
barzir
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-xa-da |
barziŋa |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
be_angry(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is angry with Vasja’. |
French
être fâché
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contre
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: contre |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
est |
fâché |
contre |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
make_angry.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
against
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is angry with Marie.’ |
| Note: Passive construction. |
Georgian
Ø-braz-ob-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT.SUPERESS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT.SUPERESS |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-ze |
Ø-braz-ob-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
|
pstp
:
superess
s
3-be_angry-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is angry with Masho.’ |
German
sauer sein
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_aufACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: aufACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
ist |
sauer |
auf |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
sour
|
on
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl holds a grudge against Marie.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Irish
bí an chloch sa muinirtle
|
Valency pattern:
aige_do(PREP)
|
| X: aige |
| Y: do(PREP) |
| Locus: X |
| Tá |
an |
chloch |
sa |
muinirtle |
aige |
Pól |
do |
Mháire. |
|
be.
prs
|
def
|
stone
|
in.
def
|
sleeve
|
at
|
pn
|
for
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól holds a grudge against Máire.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
essere arrabbiato
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
è |
arrabbiat-o |
con |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
|
angry-
sg
.
m
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo holds a grudge against Maria.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Kalderash Romani
xoľavel
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pe |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
xoľ-ajl-o |
pe |
Marijk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be_angry-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
on
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša holds a grudge against Marijka.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the NOM_peLOC structure would be used. |
Kazakh
ašulï
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša-ɣa |
ašulï |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
angry
|
| ‘Petya is angry with Masha.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kazym Khanty
λǝkaśti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpela
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMpela |
| Locus: Y |
| waśa-j-en |
λǝkaś-əλ |
maša-j-en |
pɛλa |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
be_angry-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
at
|
| ‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
GEN1_CONT.LAT
|
| X: GEN1 |
| Y: CONT.LAT |
| Locus: XY |
| di-lo |
χole-s |
semi |
mak'a-ha |
uža-qo-l |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
муж-
gen
1
|
гнев
|
идти-
prs
|
сын-
cont
-
lat
|
| ‘Мой муж сердится на сына.’ |
Kina Rutul
sɨrχɨra
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUB |
| Locus: Y |
| islam |
sɨrχɨ-r=a |
nadir-ɨ-χda |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
1.become.mad.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
-
obl
-
sub
|
| ‘Islam has a grudge against Nadir.’ |
Latin
irascor
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| (frater) |
etiam |
quibus |
irasci-tur |
crebr-ius, |
tamen |
car-os |
habe-t |
|
brother(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
even
|
which.
dat
.
pl
|
be_angry[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
often-
cmpr
|
but
|
dear-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
have[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘Even those who he (brother) is so often angry with, he holds dear.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. X, 11, 1) |
Mandarin Chinese
yǒu jīyuàn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: he |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
hé |
Lǐsì |
yǒu |
jīyuàn |
|
pn
|
with
|
pn
|
have
|
grudge
|
| ‘Zhangsan has grudge against Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
gurmulir-i Ø-o-r-en-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
anučia-še(n) |
Ø-(o)-r-e(n)-Ø |
gur-mulir-(i). |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
abl
|
s
3-(
ver
:
sup
)-be-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
heart-come-(
nom
)
|
| ‘Chelo has a grudge against Anuchia.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (participle). |
Modern Hebrew
noter tina
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
noter |
tina |
le |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
guard[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
malice
|
to
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas holds a grudge against Menachem.’ |
Nanai
ajakta-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
Maša-či |
ajakta.či-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dir
|
hold_a_grudge.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia holds a grudge against Masha.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. Same as “be angry” |
Northern Yukaghir
joŋoči=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ |
mǝ |
joŋo-či-j |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
aff
|
be_angry-
mult
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien holds a grudge against Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være sint på
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
er |
sint |
på |
Ola |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
angry
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Per is angry with Ola.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. Phrasal predicative expression (på is not a flagging device). |
Polish
wściekać się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Michał |
wścieka |
się |
na |
Ann-ę |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
annoy:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Michał holds a grudge against Anna.’ |
Russian
serditʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
serd-it-sja |
na |
Maš-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
vex(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
on
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’ |
Serbian
ljutiti se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
se |
ljuti |
na |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
anger.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar holds a grudge against Maria.’ |
Shughni
dar-qār δêdow2
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EQ
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EQ |
| Locus: Y |
| Šamil |
tar |
Lola |
dar-qār |
δod |
|
pn
|
eq
|
pn
|
angry
|
fall.
pst
|
| ‘Shamil holds a grudge against Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Slovak
mať zášť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_vociDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: vociDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
má |
voči |
Mark-ovi |
zášť |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
against
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
grudge
|
| ‘Peter holds a grudge against Marek.’ |
Slovenian
jeziti se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Pavel |
se |
jezi |
na |
Petr-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
anger:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Pavel is angry with Peter.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
riq heɫgirtin
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: le |
| Locus: XY |
| Hîwa |
r̂iq=î |
le |
Kamr̂an-î |
heɫ-girt-û-e |
|
pn
|
hatred=3
sg
.
pc
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
prev
-catch.
pst
-
pfv
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa has a grudge against Kamran.’ |
Spanish
enfadarse
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
se |
enfad-a |
con |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
make_angry-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro has a grudge against Maria.’ |
Swedish
att vara sur
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_pa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
är |
sur |
på |
Maja |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
sour.
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn holds a grudge against Maja.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| May |
sama |
ng |
loob |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
|
exist
|
bad
|
gen
|
feelings
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro has a grudge against Miguel’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. GR suggested to align this construction with the AV. |
Telugu
paga + COP
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ante
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ante |
| Locus: XY |
| pravīṇ-ki |
maheṣ |
aṁṭē |
paga |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
that_is
|
enmity(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
| ‘Praveen has a grudge against Mahesh.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Turkish
öfkelenmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
Orhan-a |
öfkelen-iyor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
be_angry-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is angry with Orhan.’ |
Ulcha
tagdanasi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ban
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ban |
| Locus: Y |
| ama |
piktə=bən |
tagda-nas-i-ni |
|
father
|
child=to
|
feel_angry-
atten
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father is angry with his child.’ |
Uzbek
ɣazablanmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša-ga |
ɣazablan-moqda |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
be_angry-
prs
3.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja holds a grudge against Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
haaloo k'aba
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
boontuu-tti |
haaloo |
k'ab-at-ee |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
loc
|
grudge.
abs
|
hold-
mid
-
conv
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa has held a grudge against Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
<j>-iχ.onn-ij
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati |
j-iχ.onn-ij |
marjam-ʔa |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
f
-be_offended.
pst
-
pf
|
pn
-
super
|
| ‘Patimat is cross with Mariam.’ |
