BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘miss’

Argument frame: X (miss) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. misses M .
Predicate label Ru: скучать
Argument frame Ru: X (скучать) по Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. скучает по М .

Abaza ʕa-gʷalaŝa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
murád j-aχš’á d-ʕá-j-gʷalaŝ-əj-d
pn 3 sg . m . io -sister 3 sg . h . abs - cisl -3 sg . m . erg -miss- prs - dcl
‘Murad misses his sister.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) fe-zešʼə

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN
X: ABS
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
wə-qə-s-fe-mə-zešʼ
2 sg . abs - csl -1 sg . io - ben - neg -miss
‘Don’t miss me!’

Aghul dariχ x.u-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST.LAT
X: ABS
Y: POST.LAT
Locus: Y
aslan dariχ x.u-naa baw.a-q-tːi
pn miss become. pf - prf mother- post - lat
‘Aslan misses his mother.’

Alik Kryz darixmiş xhiy-ic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
terlan leyla-z darixmiş şe-re
pn pn - dat be_bored be. ipf - prs
‘Terlan misses Leyla.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Archi

Valency pattern: NOM_DATxir
X: NOM
Y: DATxir
Locus: Y
paša marin-ni-s χir bazar-ši w-i
pn pn - obl - dat behind be.missing- cvb . ipfv 1-be
‘Паша скучает по Марине.’
Note: The NP in the dative case cannot be separated from the “χir” element. For this reason, the combination of the dative case and “χir” is considered as an argument encoding device here.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic maxnə

Valency pattern: SBJ_bar
X: SBJ
Y: bar
Locus: Y
urza maxnuy=əl +bar baxt-u
man( m ) miss. prog =3 m after woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man misses his wife.’

Azerbaijani darıxmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ucun
X: NOM
Y: ucun
Locus: Y
Aslan Leyla üçün darıx-ır
pn pn for yearn- ipf (3)
‘Aslan misses Leyla.’

Bambara ɲɛ́nafin` bɛ́/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
mùso` ɲɛ́nafin` bɛ́ lá
1 sg woman\ art sadness\ art be 1 sg in
‘I miss my wife.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Brazilian Portuguese sentir falta

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro sent-e falta de Maria
pn ( m ) feel-3 sg . prs lack( f ) of pn ( f )
‘Pedro misses Maria.’

Catalan trobar a faltar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere trob-a a falt-ar la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) find-3 sg . prs to be_missing- inf def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere misses Maria.’

Czech stýskat se

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC
X: NOM
Y: poLOC
Locus: Y
Petr se stýská po Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc miss( ipfv ). prs .3 sg after pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Petr misses Michal.’

Danish savner

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter savne-r Marie
pn miss- prs pn
‘Peter misses Marie.’

Dutch missen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet mis-t Marie
pn ( c ) miss-3 sg pn ( c )
‘Piet misses Marie.’

Eastern Maninka be

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù lɔ́ɔ` yé ná lá.
pn desire\ art be 3 sg mother at
‘Seku misses his mother.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

English miss

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter misses Mary.

Estonian igatsema

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter igatse-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom miss- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter misses Maret.’

Finnish ikävä + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peka-lla on ikävä Matti-a
pn - ade be. prs .3 sg sad. nom pn - part
‘Pekka misses Matti’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

French s’ennuyer

Valency pattern: a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Marie manque à Paul
pn ( f ) miss. prs .3 sg to pn ( m )
‘Paul misses Marie.’

Georgian Ø-e-nat'r-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s mašo-Ø Ø-e-nat'r-eb-a
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : r -wish- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre misses Masho.’

German sich sehnen

Valency pattern: NOM_nachDAT
X: NOM
Y: nachDAT
Locus: Y
Karl sehn-t sich nach Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] long- prs .3 sg refl after pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl misses Marie.’

Icari Dargwa AGR=ет1-иб-ца=AGR

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_POST.ELAT
X: SUPLAT
Y: POST.ELAT
Locus: XY
Islam-lij Madina-leh-er b=et'-ib-ca=b
pn - suplat pn - post - elat n =miss: pf - aor - cop = n
‘Islam misses Madina.’

Irish braith ó

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Braith-ean Pól uaid Máire.
miss- prs pn from.3 sg . m pn
‘Pól misses Máire.’
Note: uaid is not a device for flagging Y.

Italian mancare

Valency pattern: a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a Leo manc-a Maria
to pn ( m ) lack-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Leo misses Maria.’

Kalderash Romani lel doro

Valency pattern: ACC_pa
X: ACC
Y: pa
Locus: XY
le Murš-as l-el doro pa Marijk-a
art . m . obl pn - acc . sg take- prs -3 sg sadness with pn - nom . sg
‘Murša misses Marijka.’

Kazakh saɣïn

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï saɣïn-ïp žür
pn pn - acc miss- cvb go.3 sg
‘Petya misses Masha.’

Kazym Khanty mǎrԑmǝti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMtakla
X: NOM
Y: NOMtakla
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ takλa mǎrԑmǝ-s-i
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg without miss- pst - pass [3 sg ]
‘Petja misses Maša.’
Note: The verb is in the passive form.

Khwarshi lok’ʷaƛ'oho liχʷa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
di-l lok’ʷa-ƛ'o-ho liχ-na uža
1 sg . o - dat heart( iv )- super -? ad go- pst . i son
‘I miss my son.’
Note: The agreement behaviour of “liχ-na” is not clear.

Kina Rutul c’iɣal jišira

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB
X: DAT
Y: SUB
Locus: XY
rasul-u-s madinat-ɨ-χda c’iɣal jiši-r=a
pn - obl - dat pn - obl - sub longing( nom ) 4.become. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul misses Madinat.’

Kumyk saʁɨnmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul patimat-qa saʁɨn-d-ɨ
pn pn - dat miss- pst -3 sg
‘Rasul misses Patimat.’

Latin desidero

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
fort-ius e mult-is mater desidera-t un-um
strong- cmpr from many- abl . pl mother( f ). nom . sg miss[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg one- acc . sg . m
‘A mother missed one of many the most.’
Note: (Ov. Rem. Am. 463)

Laz o-nč'el-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s Fatma-Ø g-a-Ø-nč'el-u.
pn - b - dat pn - nom prv - ver : sup - io 3-hug- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim came to miss Fatma.’

Mandarin Chinese xiǎngniàn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān xiǎngniàn Lǐsì
pn miss pn
‘Zhangsan misses Lisi.’

Mano lɔ̀ kṵ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
lɔ̀ lɛ̄ ŋ̄ kṵ́-pɛ̀lɛ̀
2 sg love 3 sg . exi 1 sg catch- inf
‘I miss you.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mingrelian Ø-o-nart'-u(n)-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø Ø-o-nart'-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -miss- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo misses Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew mitgagea

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Pinχas mitgagea le Menaχem
pn miss[ ptcp . sg . m ] to pn
‘Pinchas misses Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul c'ijal hıʔın

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD
X: DAT
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s majram-ı-χda c'ijal jiʔi
pn - obl - dat pn - obl - apud bore n . cop
‘Murad misses Majram.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Nanai ǯoŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa ǯoŋ-go-j-ni
pn pn - obl mention- rep - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia misses Masha.’

Nivkh ŋawzоr̥kt

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ ŋawzоr̥k-t
pn pn - dat / add miss- ind
‘Kaskazik misses Ajsana.’

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Yukaghir īligi=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ īligi-m-lǝ
pn pn yearn- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien misses Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å savne

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per savne-r Kari
pn miss- prs pn
‘Per misses Kari.’

Polish tęsknić

Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS
X: NOM
Y: zaINS
Locus: Y
Marek tęskni za Magd-ą
pn [ nom . sg ] miss: ipfv . prs .3 sg behind pn - ins . sg
‘Marek misses Magda.’

Russian skučatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_poDAT
X: NOM
Y: poDAT
Locus: Y
Pet-ja skuča-et po Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg miss( ipfv )- prs .3 sg by pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja misses Maša.’

Serbian nedostajati

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u nedostaje Marij-a
pn - dat . sg miss. prs .3 sg pn - nom . sg
‘Petar misses Maria.’

Shughni dargil sitow

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Azim Lola-ti dargīl suδǰ
pn pn - sup sad go. m . pf
‘Azim misses Lola.’

Skolt Saami âʹǩǩõõššâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt âʹǩǩââžž Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom miss. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete misses Maria’

Slovak chýbať

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-ovi chýba Mári-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg miss( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( f )- nom . sg
‘Peter misses Maria.’

Slovenian tožiti se

Valency pattern: DAT_poLOC
X: DAT
Y: poLOC
Locus: XY
Petr-u se toži po An-i
pn - dat . sg rfl miss: ipfv . prs .3 sg by pn - loc . sg
‘Peter misses Ana.’

Sorani Kurdish tase kiridin

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mensour tase-î Marie-î de-k-a
pn missing- izf pn - obl ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Mansour misses Marie.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Southern Rutul isala hıʔın

Valency pattern: ATTR_APUD
X: ATTR
Y: APUD
Locus: XY
murad-ıd ayten-i-xda yik' isala haʔa-r
pn - attr pn - obl - apud heart bored n .do. ipf - indic
‘Murad misses Ayten.’

Spanish echar de menos

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ech-a de menos a María
pn [ sg . m ] throw- prs .3 sg from less dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro misses Maria.’

Svan

Valency pattern: DAT_BEN
X: DAT
Y: BEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s lile-šd x-a-c'wdun-i
pn - dat pn - ben io 3- ver : sup -miss- prs
‘Maizer misses Lile.’
Note: Nominative lile-Ø is also possible.

Swedish att sakna

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn sakna-r Maja
pn miss- prs pn
‘Björn misses Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-ngu~ngulila si Pedro kay Maria
statpv . ipfv ~miss pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro misses Maria.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

Telugu mis agu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ madhuri-ni mis avutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - acc miss become. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen misses Madhuri.’

Tsugni Dargwa *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Turkish özlemek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i özlö-yor
pn pn - acc miss- prs
‘Mehmet misses Filiz.’

Ulcha ǯonǯi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əktə piktə mə̄n ən-bi ǯonǯ-i-ni
female child self mother- refl . sg miss- prs -3 sg
‘The girl misses her mother.’

Uzbek soɣinmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni soɣin-di
pn pn - acc miss- pst .3 sg
‘Petja misses Maša.’

West Central Oromo jaada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n boontuu jaad-a
pn - nom pn . abs miss-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa misses Bontu.’

Zilo Andi haluχ.onn-ij

Valency pattern: NOM_INST
X: NOM
Y: INST
Locus: Y
marjam haluχ.onn-ij pat’imati-qχi
pn [ f ][ nom ] miss. pst - pf pn - inst
‘Mariam misses Patimat.’