BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘lose’

Argument frame: X (lose) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. lost his keys .
Predicate label Ru: терять
Argument frame Ru: X (терять) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. потерял ключи .

Abaza [ĉ-]ʒə

Valency pattern: MAL_ABS
X: MAL
Y: ABS
Locus: X
á-č’ḳʷən a-c̣apχa-kʷá j-ĉə́-ʒ-ṭ
def -boy def -key- pl 3 sg . m . io - mal -get_lost( aor )- dcl
‘The boy lost his keys.’

Adyghe ʁe.ḳʷedə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m wənč̣ʼəbze-xe-r ə-ʁe-ḳʷedə-ʁ
парень- obl ключ- pl - abs 3 sg . erg - caus -пропасть- pst
‘Парень потерял ключи.’

Aghul gul.u-

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS
X: APUD.ELAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-f-as güleg-ar gul.u-ne
pn - apud - elat key- pl disappear. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic talək

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata kdilə tulk-e-la
girl( f ) key( m ). pl lose. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 f
‘The girl lost her keys.’

Bambara bùrun

Valency pattern: ko_SBJ
X: ko
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
kónnɛgɛ` bùrun-na Sékù kɔ́
key\ art fall- pfv . intr pn behind
‘Seku has lost the key.’

Brazilian Portuguese perder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro perd-eu a-s chave-s
pn ( m ) lose-3 sg . pst def . f - pl key( f )- pl
‘Pedro lost the keys.’

Catalan perdre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va perdre les clau-s
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind lose. inf def . pl . f key( f )- pl
‘Pere lost his keys.’

Czech ztratit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr ztrati-l klíč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr lost his keys.’

Danish miste

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter miste-de sin-e nøgle-r
pn lose- pst poss . refl . c - pl key( c )- pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Dutch kwijt zijn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet is de sleutel-s kwijt
pn ( c ) cop .3 sg art . def . c key( c )- pl lost
‘Piet lost the keys.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Eastern Maninka túnun

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kóɲin` bára túnun Sékù bólo.
key\ art prf disappear pn cntrl
‘Seku has lost the key.’

English lose

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter lost his keys.

Estonian kaotama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter kaota-s oma võtme-d
pn . sg . nom lose- pst .3 sg poss . refl key- pl . nom
‘Peeter lost his keys.’

Finnish hukata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka hukka-si avaim-en
pn . nom lose- pst .3 sg key- gen
‘Pekka lost the key.’

Forest Enets dʲɔs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ bɛʃi-za dʲɔʔɔ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg iron- nom . pl .3 sg loose( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend lost his money’.

French perdre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a perdu ses clef-s
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg lose. pst . ptcp . m def . pl key( f )- pl
‘Paul lost his keys.’

Georgian da-Ø-k'arg-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m gasaγeb-i da-Ø-k'arg-a
pn - erg key- nom prv :downward- do 3-lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre lost his keys.’

German verlieren

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl verlor sein-en Schlüssel
pn [ nom . sg ] lose. pst .3 sg his- m . acc . sg key[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl lost his key.’

Irish caill

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=chaill Pól a chuid neochr-acha.
pst =lose pn poss .3 sg . m share keys- gp
‘Pól lost his keys.’

Italian perdere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha perso le chiav-i
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs lose. pst . ptcp def . pl . f key- pl . f
‘Leo lost the keys.’

Kalderash Romani xasarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a xasar-ď-a le te-i
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg lose- pst -3 sg art . pl key- acc . pl
‘Murša lost his keys.’

Kazakh žoɣal

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіlt-і-n žoɣal-tï
pn key- poss 3- acc lose- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya lost the keys.’

Kazym Khanty wǫtšǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en λǫp-ǝt wǫtšǝ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg oar- pl lose- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja lost his oars.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS
X: CONT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
šamil-qo l-it-ta leq'a-ba
pn - cont nhpl -теряться- pst . w ключ( iii )- pl . abs
‘Шамиль потерял ключи.’
Note: ИГ: «На потерять, как и на уронить, предпочитают порождать случайную версию», а это предполагает кодирование CONT. Другой вариант – кодирование X-а эргативом, но это получается как будто намеренно потерял.

Kina Rutul sugura

Valency pattern: APUD.EL_NOM
X: APUD.EL
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-da: güleg-mar su-gu-r=a
pn - apud . el key- pl ( nom ) pv - npl .lose. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul lost his keys.’

Latin perdo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
perdid-istin tu anul-um?
lose[ prf . ind ]- act .2 sg you. nom ring( m )- acc . sg
‘Have you lost a ring?’
Note: (Pl. Cur. 584)

Mandarin Chinese nòng diū

Valency pattern: SBJ_ba
X: SBJ
Y: ba
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān yàoshi nòng diū le
pn ba key make lost pfv
‘Zhangsan lost his keys.’
Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial.

Mingrelian mi-Ø-o-din-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k muš-(i) k'ila-Ø mi-Ø-o-din-(u).
pn - erg refl . poss -( nom ) key- nom prv - do 3- fact -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo lost his keys.’

Modern Hebrew ibed

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas ibed et ha mafteχ-ot ʃel-o
pn lose[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def key- pl poss -3 sg . m
‘Pinchas lost his keys.’

Nanai xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia anoko-wa xuədə-xə-ni
pn key- obl lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his keys.’

Nivkh vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ pəkz-d
pn book lose- ind
‘Kaskazik lost his book.’

Northern Mansi xotūstǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am os ta kasaj-um xot-ūst-ǝs-um
1 sg add ptcl knife- poss .1 sg off-lose- pst -1 sg
‘I lost my knife again.’

Northern Yukaghir saɣуsǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn mа̄čǝ-lǝ sаɣusǝ-m-lǝ
pn lasso- acc lose- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien lost the lasso.’

Norwegian Bokmål å miste

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per miste-t nøkl-ene
pn lose- pst key- def . pl
‘Per lost his keys.’

Polish zgubić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Marek zgubi-ł klucz-e
pn [ nom . sg ] lose: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] key- acc . pl
‘Marek lost his keys.’

Russian poterjatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja poterja-l ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petja lost his keys.’

Serbian izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je izgubi-o ključ-eve
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg lose- part . perf . m . sg key- acc . pl
‘Petar lost his keys.’

Shughni binêstow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
yu=yi xu wix̌īӡ-en binês-t
d 3. m . sg =3 sg refl key- pl lose- pst
‘He lost his keys.’

Skolt Saami läʹpped

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt laaʹpp-i suu lokkčouddi
pn . sg . nom lose- pst .3 sg 3 sg . gen key. sg . acc
‘Pete lost his key.’

Slovak stratiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter strati-l svoj-e kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] one's- acc . pl key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Slovenian izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je izgubi-l ključ-e
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg lose: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] key- acc . pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Sorani Kurdish win kirdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa kilîl-ek-an=î win kird-Ø
pn key- def - pl =3 sg . pc disappear do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa lost his keys.’

Spanish perder

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha perdi-do la-s llave-s
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg lose- ptcp : prf art . def . f - pl key[ sg . f ]- pl
‘Pedro lost the keys.’

Swedish att tappa bort

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn tappa-de bort sina nyckl-ar
pn lose- pst away poss . refl . pl key- pl
‘Björn lost his keys.’
Note: Phrasal verb (bort is not a flagging device).

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-wala ni Pedro ang kaniya-ng susi
potpv . pfv -lose pers . gen pn subj 3. sg . dat - lin key
‘Pedro lost his keys.’

Telugu pōgoṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ atani tāḷaṁcēvu-lu pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom that_man( m ). sg . obl key( n )- pl . nom lose. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost his keys.’

Turkish kaybetmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet anahtar-lar-ı kaybet-ti
pn key- pl - p .3 lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost his keys.’

Ulcha wədə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama anaqu-wa wədə-xə-ni
father key- acc lose- pst -3 sg
‘Father lost the keys.’

Uzbek yo’qotib olmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kalt-ni yo’qot-ib ol-di
pn key- acc lose- cvb take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost his keys.’

West Central Oromo gata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n furtuu-wwan isaa gat-e
pn - nom key- pl . abs 3 sg . m . poss lose-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa lost his keys.’

Zilo Andi <r>-ot’-oɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di r-ot’-oɬ.i rek’ulol
pn - erg inan 2- pl \get_lost- caus . pst ( aor ) key[ inan 2]. pl [ nom ]
‘Ali lost the keys.’