‘lose’
| Argument frame: |
X
(lose)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
lost
his keys
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
терять
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(терять)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
потерял
ключи
.
|
Abaza
[ĉ-]ʒə
|
Valency pattern:
MAL_ABS
|
| X: MAL |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| á-č’ḳʷən |
a-c̣apχa-kʷá |
j-ĉə́-ʒ-ṭ |
|
def
-boy
|
def
-key-
pl
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
mal
-get_lost(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy lost his keys.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
ʁe.ḳʷedə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
ʔʷənč̣ʼəbze-xe-r |
ə-ʁe-ḳʷedə-ʁ |
|
guy-
obl
|
key-
pl
-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
caus
-get_lost-
pst
|
| ‘The guy lost his keys.’ |
Aghul
gul.u-
|
Valency pattern:
APUD.ELAT_ABS
|
| X: APUD.ELAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-f-as |
güleg-ar |
gul.u-ne |
|
pn
-
apud
-
elat
|
key-
pl
|
disappear.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan lost his keys.’ |
Alik Kryz
gula aric
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
açar-bi |
gula |
ar-ic |
|
pn
-
erg
|
lock-
pl
.
nom
|
get_lost.
pfv
|
do.
pfv
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan lost his keys.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| paša-n |
nakʼən |
i-tʼ-etːi |
|
pn
-
gen
|
key
|
be-
neg
-4.become.
pfv
|
| ‘Pasha lost his keys.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
talək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata |
kdilə |
tulk-e-la |
|
girl(
f
)
|
key(
m
).
pl
|
lose.
pst
-
ss
(
o
).3
pl
-
ls
.3
f
|
| ‘The girl lost her keys.’ |
Avar
bilize
|
Valency pattern:
APUDEL_NOM
|
| X: APUDEL |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕali-qa |
k’ulal |
r-il-ana |
|
pn
-
apudel
|
keys
|
pl
-disappear-
aor
|
| ‘Ali lost his keys.’ |
Azerbaijani
itirmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
açar-lar-ı-nı |
itir-di |
|
pn
|
key-
pl
-
poss
3-
acc
|
lose-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan lost his keys.’ |
Bambara
bùrun
|
Valency pattern:
ko_SBJ
|
| X: ko |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| kónnɛgɛ` |
bùrun-na |
Sékù |
kɔ́ |
|
key\
art
|
fall-
pfv
.
intr
|
pn
|
behind
|
| ‘Seku has lost the key.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
perder
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
perd-eu |
a-s |
chave-s |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
lose-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
f
-
pl
|
key(
f
)-
pl
|
| ‘Pedro lost the keys.’ |
Catalan
perdre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
perdre |
les |
clau-s |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
lose.
inf
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
key(
f
)-
pl
|
| ‘Pere lost his keys.’ |
Chirag
b-itaqi b-aqi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ʡa̰li-le |
gilaw-me |
d-itaq-i |
d-aq-ib-le |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
pl
(
abs
)
|
n
.
pl
-disappear:
pf
-
inf
|
n
.
pl
-
caus
:
pf
-
aor
-
res
.
prs
.3
|
| ‘Ali lost the keys.’ |
Czech
ztratit
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
ztrati-l |
klíč-e |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petr lost his keys.’ |
Danish
miste
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
miste-de |
sin-e |
nøgle-r |
|
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
-
pl
|
key(
c
)-
pl
|
| ‘Peter lost his keys.’ |
Dutch
kwijt zijn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
is |
de |
sleutel-s |
kwijt |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
key(
c
)-
pl
|
lost
|
| ‘Piet lost the keys.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Eastern Maninka
túnun
|
Valency pattern:
bolo_SBJ
|
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Kóɲin` |
bára |
túnun |
Sékù |
bólo. |
|
key\
art
|
prf
|
disappear
|
pn
|
cntrl
|
| ‘Seku has lost the key.’ |
English
lose
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
kaotama
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
kaota-s |
oma |
võtme-d |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
poss
.
refl
|
key-
pl
.
nom
|
| ‘Peeter lost his keys.’ |
Finnish
hukata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
hukka-si |
avaim-en |
|
pn
.
nom
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
key-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka lost the key.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔs
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
bɛʃi-za |
dʲɔʔɔ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
iron-
nom
.
pl
.3
sg
|
loose(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend lost his money’. |
French
perdre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
perdu |
ses |
clef-s |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
def
.
pl
|
key(
f
)-
pl
|
| ‘Paul lost his keys.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-k'arg-av-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
gasaγeb-i |
da-Ø-k'arg-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
do
3-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre lost his keys.’ |
German
verlieren
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
verlor |
sein-en |
Schlüssel |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose.
pst
.3
sg
|
his-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
key[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl lost his key.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
pǐli
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pépèe |
àá |
gwɛ̀li |
píli |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
def
\key
|
lose
|
| ‘Pepee lost the key.’ |
Icari Dargwa
d=it-aq-aq-uj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
umx-ni |
d=it-aˤq-aˤq-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
pl
.
abs
|
npl
=lose-
lv
:
pf
-
caus
-
aor
|
| ‘Islam lost his keys.’ |
Irish
caill
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Do=chaill |
Pól |
a |
chuid |
neochr-acha. |
|
pst
=lose
|
pn
|
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
share
|
keys-
gp
|
| ‘Pól lost his keys.’ |
Italian
perdere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
perso |
le |
chiav-i |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
key-
pl
.
f
|
| ‘Leo lost the keys.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
ibxan-t |
awgar-d-ar-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
pl
|
be.absent.
part
-
npl
-do.
pfv
-
pret
|
| ‘Muhammad lost his keys.’ |
Kalderash Romani
xasarəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
xasar-ď-a |
le |
te-i |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
lose-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
pl
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Murša lost his keys.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| maˁhaˁmad-ǯi |
ǯülg-er |
ʁu-du<r>g-nu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
pl
(
abs
)
|
pf
-<
pl
>lose-
pst
|
| ‘Mahamad lost his keys.’ |
Karata
betaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
CONTEL_NOM
|
| X: CONT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕali-č’ogal |
rek’ul-di |
r-et-a |
|
pn
-
contel
|
key-
pl
|
npl
-lose-
pf
|
| ‘Ali lost his keys.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
derq’aχara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| petja-l |
d-erq’iχ-iv |
umxni |
|
pn
-
erg
|
npl
-lose.
pf
-
aor
|
key.
pl
.
nom
|
| ‘Petja lost his keys.’ |
Kazakh
žoɣal
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kіlt-і-n |
žoɣal-tï |
|
pn
|
key-
poss
3-
acc
|
lose-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya lost the keys.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǫtšǝti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
λǫp-ǝt |
wǫtšǝ-s |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
oar-
pl
|
lose-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja lost his oars.’ |
Khoekhoe
gāxū-he
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_xa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: xa |
| Locus: Y |
| Petru-b |
ge |
ǁî-b |
ǁkhowaam-gu |
xa |
go |
gāxū-he |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
3-3
m
.
sg
|
key-3
m
.
pl
|
by
|
rpst
|
lose-
pass
|
| ‘Peter lost his keys.’ |
Khwarshi
j/ita
|
Valency pattern:
CONT_ABS
|
| X: CONT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| šamil-qo |
l-it-ta |
leq'a-ba |
|
pn
-
cont
|
nhpl
-be.lost-
pst
.
w
|
key(
iii
)-
pl
.
abs
|
| ‘Shamil lost his keys.’ |
Kina Rutul
sugura
|
Valency pattern:
APUD.EL_NOM
|
| X: APUD.EL |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-da: |
güleg-mar |
su-gu-r=a |
|
pn
-
apud
.
el
|
key-
pl
(
nom
)
|
pv
-
npl
.lose.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul lost his keys.’ |
Kumyk
tas etmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
ačqɨč-la-nɨ |
tas |
et-gen |
|
pn
|
key-
pl
-
acc
|
lost
|
do-
pf
|
| ‘Basir lost the keys.’ |
Latin
perdo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| perdid-istin |
tu |
anul-um? |
|
lose[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.2
sg
|
you.
nom
|
ring(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Have you lost a ring?’ |
| Note: (Pl. Cur. 584) |
Laz
o-ndun-u
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Käzim-i-s |
k'ola-Ø |
g-Ø-u-ndun-u |
|
pn
-
b
-
dat
|
key-
nom
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Käzim lost the key(s).’ |
Mandarin Chinese
nòng diū
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ba
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ba |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
bǎ |
yàoshi |
nòng |
diū |
le |
|
pn
|
ba
|
key
|
make
|
lost
|
pfv
|
| ‘Zhangsan lost his keys.’ |
| Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial. |
Mano
gínī
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| māà |
pɛ̄ |
dò |
gínī |
|
1
sg
.
prf
|
thing
|
indef
|
lose
|
| ‘I have lost something.’ |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
CONT.EL_NOM
|
| X: CONT.EL |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Islam-ize-la |
ar-d-uʔ-ur |
urx-ne |
|
pn
-
cont
-
el
|
pv
-
npl
-lose:
pfv
-
aor
|
key-
p
l
|
| ‘Islam lost his keys.’ |
Mingrelian
mi-Ø-o-din-u-an-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
muš-(i) |
k'ila-Ø |
mi-Ø-o-din-(u) |
|
pn
-
erg
|
refl
.
poss
-(
nom
)
|
key-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo lost his keys.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ibed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
ibed |
et |
ha |
mafteχ-ot |
ʃel-o |
|
pn
|
lose[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
key-
pl
|
poss
-3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Pinchas lost his keys.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
suga hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
ačar-bır |
suga |
hıʔı-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
pl
.
nom
|
n
.lose
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad lost his keys.’ |
Nanai
xuədə-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
anoko-wa |
xuədə-xə-ni |
|
pn
|
key-
obl
|
lose-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia lost his keys.’ |
Nivkh
vəkzd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ |
pəkz-d |
|
pn
|
book
|
lose-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik lost his book.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
buquruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
POSS_NOM
|
| X: POSS |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pataħi-ƛƛi |
rik’aƛƛa |
r-uq-ari |
|
pn
-
gen
|
keys
|
npl
-lose-
aor
|
| ‘Patahi lost his keys.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Northern Mansi
xotūstǝs
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| am |
os |
ta |
kasaj-um |
xot-ūst-ǝs-um |
|
1
sg
|
add
|
ptcl
|
knife-
poss
.1
sg
|
off-lose-
pst
-1
sg
|
| ‘I lost my knife again.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
saɣusǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
mа̄čǝ-lǝ |
sаɣusǝ-m-lǝ |
|
pn
|
lasso-
acc
|
lose-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien lost the lasso.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å miste
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
miste-t |
nøkl-ene |
|
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
key-
def
.
pl
|
| ‘Per lost his keys.’ |
Polish
zgubić
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Marek |
zgubi-ł |
klucz-e |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Marek lost his keys.’ |
Russian
poterjatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
poterja-l |
ključ-i |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petja lost his keys.’ |
Serbian
izgubiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
izgubi-o |
ključ-eve |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
lose-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petar lost his keys.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
suga hɨʔɨn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
suga |
hɨʔɨ-r |
gülej-mar |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
(
n
)lose.
cov
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
key-
pl
.
nom
|
| ‘Basir lost his keys.’ |
Shughni
binêstow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| yu=yi |
xu |
wix̌īӡ-en |
binês-t |
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
=3
sg
|
refl
|
key-
pl
|
lose-
pst
|
| ‘He lost his keys.’ |
Skolt Saami
läʹpped
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
laaʹpp-i |
suu |
lokkčouddi |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
3
sg
.
gen
|
key.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete lost his key.’ |
Slovak
stratiť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
strati-l |
svoj-e |
kľúč-e |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
one's-
acc
.
pl
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Peter lost his keys.’ |
Slovenian
izgubiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
izgubi-l |
ključ-e |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
lose:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Peter lost his keys.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
win kirdin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
kilîl-ek-an=î |
win |
kird-Ø |
|
pn
|
key-
def
-
pl
=3
sg
.
pc
|
disappear
|
do.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa lost his keys.’ |
Southern Rutul
sugva hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
aˤçaˤr |
sugva |
hıʔı-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key
|
(
n
)lose
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad lost his keys.’ |
Spanish
perder
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ha |
perdi-do |
la-s |
llave-s |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
lose-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
def
.
f
-
pl
|
key[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
| ‘Pedro lost the keys.’ |
Standard Arabic
ḍayyaʕa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
ḍayyaʕa |
l-mafātīḥ-a |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
lose.
pf
.3
m
|
def
-keys-
acc
|
| ‘Badr lost the keys.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| maizer-d |
k'ǝl-ar-Ø |
ad-Ø-karw-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
pl
-
nom
|
prv
:
dist
-
do
3-lose-
pst
|
| ‘Maizer lost (his) keys.’ |
Swedish
att tappa bort
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
tappa-de |
bort |
sina |
nyckl-ar |
|
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
away
|
poss
.
refl
.
pl
|
key-
pl
|
| ‘Björn lost his keys.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (bort is not a flagging device). |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Na-wala |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
kaniya-ng |
susi |
|
pot
.
pv
.
pfv
-lose
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
3.
sg
.
dat
-
lin
|
key
|
| ‘Pedro lost his keys.’ |
Telugu
pōgoṭṭukōnu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
atani |
tāḷaṁcēvu-lu |
pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
that_man(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
key(
n
)-
pl
.
nom
|
lose.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen lost his keys.’ |
Tsakhur
ak’an haʔiy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-ee |
mık’ey-bı |
ak’an |
haʔu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
pl
.
nom
|
n
.lose.
ipf
|
n
.do.
pf
|
| ‘Murad lost his keys.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
paˤχli b-už-iz/b-ulž-iz
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| uršːi-la |
umxne |
paˤħ-le |
d-ug-un |
|
boy-
gen
|
key.
pl
|
away-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
npl
-stay.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy lost his keys.’ |
| Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-it-aq-i / b-it-iq-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
umxne |
d-it-aq-ib |
|
boy-
erg
|
key.
pl
|
npl
-thither-go_through.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy lost his keys.’ |
Turkish
kaybetmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
anahtar-lar-ı |
kaybet-ti |
|
pn
|
key-
pl
-
p
.3
|
lose-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet lost his keys.’ |
Turoyo
mṣakər
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
mṣakar-le |
a |
qliḏ-ayḏe |
|
pn
|
lose.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
art
.
pl
|
key-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Gabriyel lost his keys.’ |
Ulcha
wədə-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
anaqu-wa |
wədə-xə-ni |
|
father
|
key-
acc
|
lose-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father lost the keys.’ |
Uzbek
yo’qotib olmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kalt-ni |
yo’qot-ib |
ol-di |
|
pn
|
key-
acc
|
lose-
cvb
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja lost his keys.’ |
West Central Oromo
gata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
furtuu-wwan |
isaa |
gat-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
key-
pl
.
abs
|
3
sg
.
m
.
poss
|
lose-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa lost his keys.’ |
Zilo Andi
<r>-ot’-oɬ.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di |
r-ot’-oɬ.i |
rek’ulol |
|
pn
-
erg
|
inan
2-
pl
\get_lost-
caus
.
pst
(
aor
)
|
key[
inan
2].
pl
[
nom
]
|
| ‘Ali lost the keys.’ |
