‘lose’
Argument frame: |
X
(lose)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
lost
his keys
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
терять
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(терять)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
потерял
ключи
.
|
Abaza
[ĉ-]ʒə
Valency pattern:
MAL_ABS
|
X: MAL |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
á-č’ḳʷən |
a-c̣apχa-kʷá |
j-ĉə́-ʒ-ṭ |
def
-boy
|
def
-key-
pl
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
mal
-get_lost(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The boy lost his keys.’ |
Adyghe
ʁe.ḳʷedə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
č̣ʼale-m |
wənč̣ʼəbze-xe-r |
ə-ʁe-ḳʷedə-ʁ |
парень-
obl
|
ключ-
pl
-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
caus
-пропасть-
pst
|
‘Парень потерял ключи.’ |
Aghul
gul.u-
Valency pattern:
APUD.ELAT_ABS
|
X: APUD.ELAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-f-as |
güleg-ar |
gul.u-ne |
pn
-
apud
-
elat
|
key-
pl
|
disappear.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan lost his keys.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
talək
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
brata |
kdilə |
tulk-e-la |
girl(
f
)
|
key(
m
).
pl
|
lose.
pst
-
ss
(
o
).3
pl
-
ls
.3
f
|
‘The girl lost her keys.’ |
Bambara
bùrun
Valency pattern:
ko_SBJ
|
X: ko |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
kónnɛgɛ` |
bùrun-na |
Sékù |
kɔ́ |
key\
art
|
fall-
pfv
.
intr
|
pn
|
behind
|
‘Seku has lost the key.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
perder
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
perd-eu |
a-s |
chave-s |
pn
(
m
)
|
lose-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
f
-
pl
|
key(
f
)-
pl
|
‘Pedro lost the keys.’ |
Catalan
perdre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
perdre |
les |
clau-s |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
lose.
inf
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
key(
f
)-
pl
|
‘Pere lost his keys.’ |
Czech
ztratit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
ztrati-l |
klíč-e |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Petr lost his keys.’ |
Danish
miste
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
miste-de |
sin-e |
nøgle-r |
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
-
pl
|
key(
c
)-
pl
|
‘Peter lost his keys.’ |
Dutch
kwijt zijn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
is |
de |
sleutel-s |
kwijt |
pn
(
c
)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
key(
c
)-
pl
|
lost
|
‘Piet lost the keys.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Eastern Maninka
túnun
Valency pattern:
bolo_SBJ
|
X: bolo |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Kóɲin` |
bára |
túnun |
Sékù |
bólo. |
key\
art
|
prf
|
disappear
|
pn
|
cntrl
|
‘Seku has lost the key.’ |
English
lose
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
kaotama
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
kaota-s |
oma |
võtme-d |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
poss
.
refl
|
key-
pl
.
nom
|
‘Peeter lost his keys.’ |
Finnish
hukata
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
hukka-si |
avaim-en |
pn
.
nom
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
key-
gen
|
‘Pekka lost the key.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔs
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
bɛʃi-za |
dʲɔʔɔ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
iron-
nom
.
pl
.3
sg
|
loose(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend lost his money’. |
French
perdre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
perdu |
ses |
clef-s |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
def
.
pl
|
key(
f
)-
pl
|
‘Paul lost his keys.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-k'arg-av-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-m |
gasaγeb-i |
da-Ø-k'arg-a |
pn
-
erg
|
key-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
do
3-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre lost his keys.’ |
German
verlieren
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
verlor |
sein-en |
Schlüssel |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose.
pst
.3
sg
|
his-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
key[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl lost his key.’ |
Irish
caill
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Do=chaill |
Pól |
a |
chuid |
neochr-acha. |
pst
=lose
|
pn
|
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
share
|
keys-
gp
|
‘Pól lost his keys.’ |
Italian
perdere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
perso |
le |
chiav-i |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
lose.
pst
.
ptcp
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
key-
pl
.
f
|
‘Leo lost the keys.’ |
Kalderash Romani
xasarəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
xasar-ď-a |
le |
te-i |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
lose-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
pl
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Murša lost his keys.’ |
Kazakh
žoɣal
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
kіlt-і-n |
žoɣal-tï |
pn
|
key-
poss
3-
acc
|
lose-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya lost the keys.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǫtšǝti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
λǫp-ǝt |
wǫtšǝ-s |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
oar-
pl
|
lose-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja lost his oars.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
CONT_ABS
|
X: CONT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
šamil-qo |
l-it-ta |
leq'a-ba |
pn
-
cont
|
nhpl
-теряться-
pst
.
w
|
ключ(
iii
)-
pl
.
abs
|
‘Шамиль потерял ключи.’ |
Note: ИГ: «На потерять, как и на уронить, предпочитают порождать случайную версию», а это предполагает кодирование CONT. Другой вариант – кодирование X-а эргативом, но это получается как будто намеренно потерял. |
Kina Rutul
sugura
Valency pattern:
APUD.EL_NOM
|
X: APUD.EL |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-da: |
güleg-mar |
su-gu-r=a |
pn
-
apud
.
el
|
key-
pl
(
nom
)
|
pv
-
npl
.lose.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul lost his keys.’ |
Latin
perdo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
perdid-istin |
tu |
anul-um? |
lose[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.2
sg
|
you.
nom
|
ring(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Have you lost a ring?’ |
Note: (Pl. Cur. 584) |
Mandarin Chinese
nòng diū
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ba
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ba |
Locus: Y |
Zhāngsān |
bǎ |
yàoshi |
nòng |
diū |
le |
pn
|
ba
|
key
|
make
|
lost
|
pfv
|
‘Zhangsan lost his keys.’ |
Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial. |
Mingrelian
mi-Ø-o-din-u-an-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-k |
muš-(i) |
k'ila-Ø |
mi-Ø-o-din-(u). |
pn
-
erg
|
refl
.
poss
-(
nom
)
|
key-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-lose-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo lost his keys.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ibed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
ibed |
et |
ha |
mafteχ-ot |
ʃel-o |
pn
|
lose[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
key-
pl
|
poss
-3
sg
.
m
|
‘Pinchas lost his keys.’ |
Nanai
xuədə-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
anoko-wa |
xuədə-xə-ni |
pn
|
key-
obl
|
lose-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia lost his keys.’ |
Nivkh
vəkzd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ |
pəkz-d |
pn
|
book
|
lose-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik lost his book.’ |
Northern Mansi
xotūstǝs
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
am |
os |
ta |
kasaj-um |
xot-ūst-ǝs-um |
1
sg
|
add
|
ptcl
|
knife-
poss
.1
sg
|
off-lose-
pst
-1
sg
|
‘I lost my knife again.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
saɣуsǝ=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
mа̄čǝ-lǝ |
sаɣusǝ-m-lǝ |
pn
|
lasso-
acc
|
lose-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘Semien lost the lasso.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å miste
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
miste-t |
nøkl-ene |
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
key-
def
.
pl
|
‘Per lost his keys.’ |
Polish
zgubić
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Marek |
zgubi-ł |
klucz-e |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Marek lost his keys.’ |
Russian
poterjatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
poterja-l |
ključ-i |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Petja lost his keys.’ |
Serbian
izgubiti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
izgubi-o |
ključ-eve |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
lose-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Petar lost his keys.’ |
Shughni
binêstow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
yu=yi |
xu |
wix̌īӡ-en |
binês-t |
d
3.
m
.
sg
=3
sg
|
refl
|
key-
pl
|
lose-
pst
|
‘He lost his keys.’ |
Skolt Saami
läʹpped
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
laaʹpp-i |
suu |
lokkčouddi |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
lose-
pst
.3
sg
|
3
sg
.
gen
|
key.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete lost his key.’ |
Slovak
stratiť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
strati-l |
svoj-e |
kľúč-e |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
lose(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
one's-
acc
.
pl
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Peter lost his keys.’ |
Slovenian
izgubiti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
izgubi-l |
ključ-e |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
lose:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Peter lost his keys.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
win kirdin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
kilîl-ek-an=î |
win |
kird-Ø |
pn
|
key-
def
-
pl
=3
sg
.
pc
|
disappear
|
do.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa lost his keys.’ |
Spanish
perder
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ha |
perdi-do |
la-s |
llave-s |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
lose-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
def
.
f
-
pl
|
key[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
‘Pedro lost the keys.’ |
Swedish
att tappa bort
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
tappa-de |
bort |
sina |
nyckl-ar |
pn
|
lose-
pst
|
away
|
poss
.
refl
.
pl
|
key-
pl
|
‘Björn lost his keys.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (bort is not a flagging device). |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
Na-wala |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
kaniya-ng |
susi |
potpv
.
pfv
-lose
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
3.
sg
.
dat
-
lin
|
key
|
‘Pedro lost his keys.’ |
Telugu
pōgoṭṭukōnu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
atani |
tāḷaṁcēvu-lu |
pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
that_man(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
key(
n
)-
pl
.
nom
|
lose.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen lost his keys.’ |
Turkish
kaybetmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
anahtar-lar-ı |
kaybet-ti |
pn
|
key-
pl
-
p
.3
|
lose-
pst
|
‘Mehmet lost his keys.’ |
Ulcha
wədə-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
anaqu-wa |
wədə-xə-ni |
father
|
key-
acc
|
lose-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Father lost the keys.’ |
Uzbek
yo’qotib olmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
kalt-ni |
yo’qot-ib |
ol-di |
pn
|
key-
acc
|
lose-
cvb
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja lost his keys.’ |
West Central Oromo
gata
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
furtuu-wwan |
isaa |
gat-e |
pn
-
nom
|
key-
pl
.
abs
|
3
sg
.
m
.
poss
|
lose-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa lost his keys.’ |
Zilo Andi
<r>-ot’-oɬ.i
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ali-di |
r-ot’-oɬ.i |
rek’ulol |
pn
-
erg
|
inan
2-
pl
\get_lost-
caus
.
pst
(
aor
)
|
key[
inan
2].
pl
[
nom
]
|
‘Ali lost the keys.’ |