BivalTyp

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‘lose’

Argument frame:

X (lose) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. lost his keys .

Predicate label Ru:

терять

Argument frame Ru:

X (терять) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. потерял ключи .

Abaza [ĉ-]ʒə

Valency pattern: MAL_ABS

X: MAL

Y: ABS

Locus: X

á-č’ḳʷən	a-c̣apχa-kʷá	j-ĉə́-ʒ-ṭ
def -boy	def -key- pl	3 sg . m . io - mal -get_lost( aor )- dcl
‘The boy lost his keys.’

Adyghe ʁe.ḳʷedə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

č̣ʼale-m	wənč̣ʼəbze-xe-r	ə-ʁe-ḳʷedə-ʁ
парень- obl	ключ- pl - abs	3 sg . erg - caus -пропасть- pst
‘Парень потерял ключи.’

Aghul gul.u-

Valency pattern: APUD.ELAT_ABS

X: APUD.ELAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

aslan.a-f-as	güleg-ar	gul.u-ne
pn - apud - elat	key- pl	disappear. pf - aor
‘Aslan lost his keys.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic talək

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

brata	kdilə	tulk-e-la
girl( f )	key( m ). pl	lose. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 f
‘The girl lost her keys.’

Bambara bùrun

Valency pattern: ko_SBJ

X: ko

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

kónnɛgɛ`	bùrun-na	Sékù	kɔ́
key\ art	fall- pfv . intr	pn	behind
‘Seku has lost the key.’

Brazilian Portuguese perder

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	perd-eu	a-s	chave-s
pn ( m )	lose-3 sg . pst	def . f - pl	key( f )- pl
‘Pedro lost the keys.’

Catalan perdre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	perdre	les	clau-s
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	lose. inf	def . pl . f	key( f )- pl
‘Pere lost his keys.’

Czech ztratit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	ztrati-l	klíč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr lost his keys.’

Danish miste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	miste-de	sin-e	nøgle-r
pn	lose- pst	poss . refl . c - pl	key( c )- pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Dutch kwijt zijn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	is	de	sleutel-s	kwijt
pn ( c )	cop .3 sg	art . def . c	key( c )- pl	lost
‘Piet lost the keys.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Eastern Maninka túnun

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ

X: bolo

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Kóɲin`	bára	túnun	Sékù	bólo.
key\ art	prf	disappear	pn	cntrl
‘Seku has lost the key.’

English lose

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lost	his	keys.

Estonian kaotama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	kaota-s	oma	võtme-d
pn . sg . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	poss . refl	key- pl . nom
‘Peeter lost his keys.’

Finnish hukata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	hukka-si	avaim-en
pn . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	key- gen
‘Pekka lost the key.’

Forest Enets dʲɔs

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	bɛʃi-za	dʲɔʔɔ
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	iron- nom . pl .3 sg	loose( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend lost his money’.

French perdre

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	perdu	ses	clef-s
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	lose. pst . ptcp . m	def . pl	key( f )- pl
‘Paul lost his keys.’

Georgian da-Ø-k'arg-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	gasaγeb-i	da-Ø-k'arg-a
pn - erg	key- nom	prv :downward- do 3-lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre lost his keys.’

German verlieren

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	verlor	sein-en	Schlüssel
pn [ nom . sg ]	lose. pst .3 sg	his- m . acc . sg	key[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl lost his key.’

Irish caill

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Do=chaill	Pól	a	chuid	neochr-acha.
pst =lose	pn	poss .3 sg . m	share	keys- gp
‘Pól lost his keys.’

Italian perdere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	perso	le	chiav-i
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	lose. pst . ptcp	def . pl . f	key- pl . f
‘Leo lost the keys.’

Kalderash Romani xasarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	xasar-ď-a	le	te-i
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	lose- pst -3 sg	art . pl	key- acc . pl
‘Murša lost his keys.’

Kazakh žoɣal

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	kіlt-і-n	žoɣal-tï
pn	key- poss 3- acc	lose- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya lost the keys.’

Kazym Khanty wǫtšǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	λǫp-ǝt	wǫtšǝ-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	oar- pl	lose- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja lost his oars.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS

X: CONT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

šamil-qo	l-it-ta	leq'a-ba
pn - cont	nhpl -теряться- pst . w	ключ( iii )- pl . abs
‘Шамиль потерял ключи.’
Note: ИГ: «На потерять, как и на уронить, предпочитают порождать случайную версию», а это предполагает кодирование CONT. Другой вариант – кодирование X-а эргативом, но это получается как будто намеренно потерял.

Kina Rutul sugura

Valency pattern: APUD.EL_NOM

X: APUD.EL

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-da:	güleg-mar	su-gu-r=a
pn - apud . el	key- pl ( nom )	pv - npl .lose. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul lost his keys.’

Latin perdo

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

perdid-istin	tu	anul-um?
lose[ prf . ind ]- act .2 sg	you. nom	ring( m )- acc . sg
‘Have you lost a ring?’
Note: (Pl. Cur. 584)

Mandarin Chinese nòng diū

Valency pattern: SBJ_ba

X: SBJ

Y: ba

Locus: Y

Zhāngsān	bǎ	yàoshi	nòng	diū	le
pn	ba	key	make	lost	pfv
‘Zhangsan lost his keys.’
Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial.

Mingrelian mi-Ø-o-din-u-an-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	muš-(i)	k'ila-Ø	mi-Ø-o-din-(u).
pn - erg	refl . poss -( nom )	key- nom	prv - do 3- fact -lose- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo lost his keys.’

Modern Hebrew ibed

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	ibed	et	ha	mafteχ-ot	ʃel-o
pn	lose[ pst .3 sg . m ]	do	def	key- pl	poss -3 sg . m
‘Pinchas lost his keys.’

Nanai xuədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	anoko-wa	xuədə-xə-ni
pn	key- obl	lose- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia lost his keys.’

Nivkh vəkzd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	pitɣəŋ	pəkz-d
pn	book	lose- ind
‘Kaskazik lost his book.’

Northern Mansi xotūstǝs

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

am	os	ta	kasaj-um	xot-ūst-ǝs-um
1 sg	add	ptcl	knife- poss .1 sg	off-lose- pst -1 sg
‘I lost my knife again.’

Northern Yukaghir saɣуsǝ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	mа̄čǝ-lǝ	sаɣusǝ-m-lǝ
pn	lasso- acc	lose- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien lost the lasso.’

Norwegian Bokmål å miste

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	miste-t	nøkl-ene
pn	lose- pst	key- def . pl
‘Per lost his keys.’

Polish zgubić

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Marek	zgubi-ł	klucz-e
pn [ nom . sg ]	lose: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	key- acc . pl
‘Marek lost his keys.’

Russian poterjatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	poterja-l	ključ-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Petja lost his keys.’

Serbian izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	izgubi-o	ključ-eve
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	lose- part . perf . m . sg	key- acc . pl
‘Petar lost his keys.’

Shughni binêstow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

yu=yi	xu	wix̌īӡ-en	binês-t
d 3. m . sg =3 sg	refl	key- pl	lose- pst
‘He lost his keys.’

Skolt Saami läʹpped

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	laaʹpp-i	suu	lokkčouddi
pn . sg . nom	lose- pst .3 sg	3 sg . gen	key. sg . acc
‘Pete lost his key.’

Slovak stratiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	strati-l	svoj-e	kľúč-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	lose( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	one's- acc . pl	key( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Slovenian izgubiti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	izgubi-l	ključ-e
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	lose: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	key- acc . pl
‘Peter lost his keys.’

Sorani Kurdish win kirdin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	kilîl-ek-an=î	win	kird-Ø
pn	key- def - pl =3 sg . pc	disappear	do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa lost his keys.’

Spanish perder

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	perdi-do	la-s	llave-s
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	lose- ptcp : prf	art . def . f - pl	key[ sg . f ]- pl
‘Pedro lost the keys.’

Swedish att tappa bort

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	tappa-de	bort	sina	nyckl-ar
pn	lose- pst	away	poss . refl . pl	key- pl
‘Björn lost his keys.’
Note: Phrasal verb (bort is not a flagging device).

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Na-wala	ni	Pedro	ang	kaniya-ng	susi
potpv . pfv -lose	pers . gen	pn	subj	3. sg . dat - lin	key
‘Pedro lost his keys.’

Telugu pōgoṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	atani	tāḷaṁcēvu-lu	pōgoṭṭukunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_man( m ). sg . obl	key( n )- pl . nom	lose. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen lost his keys.’

Turkish kaybetmek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	anahtar-lar-ı	kaybet-ti
pn	key- pl - p .3	lose- pst
‘Mehmet lost his keys.’

Ulcha wədə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ama	anaqu-wa	wədə-xə-ni
father	key- acc	lose- pst -3 sg
‘Father lost the keys.’

Uzbek yo’qotib olmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	kalt-ni	yo’qot-ib	ol-di
pn	key- acc	lose- cvb	take- pst .3 sg
‘Petja lost his keys.’

West Central Oromo gata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	furtuu-wwan	isaa	gat-e
pn - nom	key- pl . abs	3 sg . m . poss	lose-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa lost his keys.’

Zilo Andi <r>-ot’-oɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ali-di	r-ot’-oɬ.i	rek’ulol
pn - erg	inan 2- pl \get_lost- caus . pst ( aor )	key[ inan 2]. pl [ nom ]
‘Ali lost the keys.’