‘follow’
Argument frame: |
X
(follow)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
follows
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
следовать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(следовать) за
Y
-ом
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
следует за
М
.
|
Abaza
[c̣əqʷa] ta-gəla
Valency pattern:
ABS_jceqwa
|
X: ABS |
Y: jceqwa |
Locus: Y |
rasúl |
j-aš’á |
j-c̣ə́qʷa |
d-ta-gəla-b |
pn
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-brother
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-tail
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-
loc
-stand-
npst
.
dcl
|
‘Rasul follows his brother.’ |
Adyghe
ə-wəžə jə-tə
Valency pattern:
ABS_PPweze
|
X: ABS |
Y: PPweze |
Locus: Y |
č̣ʼale-r |
č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-m |
ə-wəžə |
jə-t |
парень-
abs
|
учитель-
obl
|
3
sg
.
pp
-после
|
loc
:
cont
-стоять
|
‘Парень следует за учителем.’ |
Aghul
ʕʷ.a-
Valency pattern:
ABS_GENxupaqas
|
X: ABS |
Y: GENxupaqas |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
meʜemed.i-n |
χupːaq-as |
ʕʷ.a-a |
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
behind-
elat
|
go.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan follows Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
azəl
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: bar |
Locus: Y |
ayya |
baxta |
bəšš=əla |
+bar |
+gor-o |
dem
2.
f
|
woman(
f
)
|
go.
prog
=3
f
|
after
|
man(
m
)-
p
.3
f
|
‘This woman follows her husband.’ |
Bambara
tùgu
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ko
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ko |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
bɛ |
tùgu |
Fántà |
kɔ́ |
pn
|
ipfv
|
follow
|
pn
|
behind
|
‘Seku follows Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
seguir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
segu-e |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
follow-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro follows Miguel.’ |
Catalan
seguir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
segueix |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
follow.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere follows Marc.’ |
Czech
jít
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zaINS |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
jde |
za |
Michal-em |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
go(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
behind
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petr follows Michal.’ |
Danish
følge
Valency pattern:
SBJ_efter
|
X: SBJ |
Y: efter |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
følge-r |
efter |
Marie |
pn
|
follow-
prs
|
after
|
pn
|
‘Peter follows Marie.’ |
Dutch
volgen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
volg-t |
Marie |
pn
(
c
)
|
follow-3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
‘Piet follows Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bìla
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ko
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ko |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
bìla-nɛn |
Fántà |
kɔ́. |
pn
|
put-
ptcp
.
res
|
pn
|
behind
|
‘Seku follows Fanta.’ |
English
follow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
jälitama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
jälita-b |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
follow-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter follows Maret.’ |
Finnish
seurata
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
seura-a |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
follow-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka follows Matti’ |
Forest Enets
dʲazu
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLpoon
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLpon |
Locus: Y |
vasʲa |
kasa-da |
pɔɔn |
dʲaza |
pn
|
man-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
behind
|
go(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘Vasja is following his friend’. |
French
suivre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
suit |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
follow.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul follows Marie.’ |
Georgian
mi-h-q'v-eb-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
mi-h-q'v-eb-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
:
dist
-
io
3-follow-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre follows Masho.’ |
German
folgen
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
folg-t |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
follow-
prs
.3
sg
|
m
arie[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl follows Marie.’ |
Irish
lean
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Lean-aíonn |
Pól |
Máire. |
follow-
prs
|
pn
|
pn
|
‘Pól follows Máire.’ |
Italian
seguire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
segu-e |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
follow-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo follows Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
źal
Valency pattern:
NOM_pala
|
X: NOM |
Y: pala |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
źa-l |
pala |
Marijk-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
go-
prs
.3
sg
|
behind
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša follows Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
žür
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENartynan
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENartynan |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-nïŋ |
artïnan |
žür-edі |
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
after
|
go-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya follows Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
šǫtši
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjupijen
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMjupijen |
Locus: Y |
pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-ǝλ |
jŭpijǝn |
šǫt-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
behind
|
go-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja follows Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_GEN2
|
X: ABS |
Y: GEN2 |
Locus: Y |
beƛ'q'u-ba |
n-ak'a-ha |
iho-lo |
žoho |
овцы-
pl
.
abs
|
nhpl
-идти-
prs
|
пастух-
gen
2
|
вслед
|
‘Овцы следуют за чабаном.’ |
Note: The use of GEN2 is determined by the spatial element “žoho” ‘behind’, which is part of the predicate. The two do not have to behave as a single constituent. |
Kina Rutul
xale ana jiɁi
Valency pattern:
NOM_ATTRzibra
|
X: NOM |
Y: ATTRzibra |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
xal-e |
a-na |
jiɁi |
asijet-dɨ |
ǯibra |
pn
(
nom
)
|
trail-
in
|
be-
cvb
|
1.
cop
|
pn
-
attr
|
behind
|
‘Rasul follows Asijat.’ |
Latin
sequor
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
parv-us |
Iul-us |
sequi-tur |
patr-em |
non |
pass-ibus |
aequ-is |
little-
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
follow[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
father(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
not
|
step(
m
)-
abl
.
pl
|
equal-
abl
.
pl
.
m
|
‘Little Iulus followed, with unequal step, his sire.’ |
Note: (Verg. Aen. II, 723) |
Mandarin Chinese
gēn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
gēn |
zhe |
Lǐsì |
zǒu |
pn
|
follow
|
dur
|
pn
|
walk
|
‘Zhangsan follows Lisi and walks.’ |
Mingrelian
ge-Ø-ʔun-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-Ø |
anučia-s |
ge-Ø-ʔ-un-s. |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-follow-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Chelo follows Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
okev
Valency pattern:
SBJ_axarej
|
X: SBJ |
Y: axarej |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
okev |
aχarej |
Menaχem |
pn
|
follow[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
after
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas follows Menachem.’ |
Nanai
ənə-
Valency pattern:
NOM_xamila
|
X: NOM |
Y: xamila |
Locus: Y |
Petia |
Maša |
xame-la-ni |
ənə-j-ni |
pn
|
pn
|
back-
loc
-
p
.3
sg
|
go-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia follows Masha.’ |
Nivkh
jarid
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
+ |
ari-d |
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
fall.behind-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik follows Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
n’awlaxti
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMjuji.palt
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMjuji.palt |
Locus: Y |
kati |
am |
juji |
pal-um |
akwaj |
ta |
n’awl-axt-i |
cat
|
1
sg
|
back
|
half-
poss
.1
sg
|
always
|
ptcl
|
follow-
refl
-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘The cat follows me everywhere.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
ū=
Valency pattern:
NOM_lajaat
|
X: NOM |
Y: lajaat |
Locus: Y |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ |
lаjа̄-t |
ū-j |
pn
|
pn
|
bihind-
abl
|
go-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien follows Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å følge etter
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
følge-r |
etter |
Ola |
pn
|
follow-
prs
|
after
|
pn
|
‘Per follows Kari.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (etter is not a flagging device). |
Polish
iść
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zaINS |
Locus: Y |
Jacek |
idzie |
za |
Mark-iem |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
go:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
behind
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Jacek follows Marek.’ |
Russian
idti
Valency pattern:
NOM_zaINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zaINS |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
id-et |
za |
Maš-ej |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
go(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
behind
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petja follows Maša.’ |
Serbian
slediti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
sledi |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
follow.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar follows Maria.’ |
Shughni
tīdow
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLdamti
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLdamti |
Locus: Y |
Azim |
Lola |
dām-ti |
tīz-d |
pn
|
pn
|
back-
sup
|
go-3
sg
|
‘Azim follows Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
čuâvvad
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
čuâvv |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
follow.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete follows Maria’ |
Slovak
následovať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
následuje |
Mári-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
follow(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter follows Maria.’ |
Slovenian
slediti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
sledi |
Pavl-u |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
follow:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Peter follows Pavel.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
wediwa kewtin
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Kamr̂an |
we-diwa-î |
Mensour-î |
de-kew-ê |
pn
|
prev
-back-
izf
|
pn
-
obl
|
ind
-falling-3
sg
|
‘Kamran follows Mansour.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
seguir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
sigu-e |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
follow-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro follows Maria.’ |
Swedish
att följa efter
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
följ-er |
efter |
Maja |
pn
|
follow-
prs
|
after
|
pn
|
‘Björn follows Maja.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (efter is not a flagging device). |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
S<um>u~sunod |
si |
Pedro |
kay |
Miguel |
<
av
>
ipfv
~follow
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
pers
.
dat
|
pn
|
‘Pedro follows Miguel.’ |
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
veṁbaḍiṁcu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ni |
veṁbaḍistunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
follow.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen follows Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
gitmek
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENpesinden
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENpesinden |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Orhan-ın |
peşinden |
gid-iyor |
pn
|
pn
-
gen
|
after
|
go-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is following Orhan.’ |
Ulcha
pulsi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_xamiPROL
|
X: NOM |
Y: xamiPROL |
Locus: Y |
əj |
iŋda |
min |
xami-ki-je |
ti |
pul-s-i-ni |
this
|
dog
|
my
|
behind-
prol
-1
sg
|
so
|
walk-
ipfv
-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘This dog follows me like this.’ |
Uzbek
ergašmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-ga |
ergaš-moqda |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
follow-
prs
3.3
sg
|
‘Petja follows Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
hordofa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
boontuu |
hordof-a |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
follow-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa follows Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-eχːudu <w>-uʔ.inn-e
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT
|
X: NOM |
Y: CONT |
Locus: Y |
ali |
muħammadi-tʃ’u |
w-eχːudu |
w-uʔ.inn-e |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
pn
-
cont
|
m
-after
|
m
-go.
npst
-
hab
|
‘Ali is going after/following Muhammad.’ |