‘sympathise’
| Argument frame: |
X
(sympathise) with
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P.’s mother is very ill.)
P.
sympathises with
his mother
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
жалеть
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(жалеть)
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Мать П. очень больна).
П.
жалеет
свою мать
.
|
Abaza
[ma-]rəcha
|
Valency pattern:
JUD_ABS
|
| X: JUD |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| rasúl |
j-an |
d-jə́-ma-rəcha-ṗ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-mother
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
io
-
jud
-poor-
npst
.
dcl
|
| ‘Rasul sympathises with his mother.’ |
Adyghe
gʷə ʁʷə
|
Valency pattern:
NominalPossessor_ERG
|
| X: NominalPossessor |
| Y: ERG |
| Locus: X |
| pŝaŝe-m |
č̣ʼale-xe-m |
ə-gʷ |
ja-ʁʷə |
|
девушка-
obl
|
парень-
pl
-
obl
|
3
sg
.
pr
-сердце
|
3
pl
.
erg
-грызть
|
| ‘Девушка жалеет парней’ |
| Note: Lit. ‘The guys are gnawing (at) the girl’s heart’. |
Aghul
ʜajif-tːi + ‘be’
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s |
uč.i-n |
baw |
ʜajif-tːi |
a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
self-
gen
|
mother
|
pitiful-
adv
|
{
in
}be:
prs
|
| ‘Aslan sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+xṭita atə
|
Valency pattern:
BARE_BARE
|
| X: BARE |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: XY |
| aha |
naša |
+xṭit=ət |
yəmm-u |
bitay=əla |
|
dem
1.
sg
|
person(
m
)
|
sin(
f
)=
rel
|
mother(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
come.
prog
=3
f
|
| ‘This man sympathizes with his mother.’ |
Bambara
hínɛ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
hínɛ-na |
Fántà |
lá |
|
pn
|
pity-
pfv
.
intr
|
pn
|
in
|
| ‘Seku sympathizes with Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
estar triste
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_por
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: por |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
está |
triste |
por |
sua |
mãe |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
sad
|
by
|
poss
.3.
f
|
mother(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro feels sorry for his mother.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Catalan
compadir-se
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
es |
compadeix |
de |
la |
seva |
mare |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
.3
sg
|
feel_sorry.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
of
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.3.
f
.
sg
|
mother(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere sympathises with his mother.’ |
Czech
líto + COP
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| Petr-ovi |
je |
líto |
matk-y |
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
be(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
sorry
|
mother(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Danish
have medfølelse
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
ha-r |
medfølelse |
for |
sin |
mor |
|
pn
|
have-
prs
|
sympathy(
c
).
sg
|
for
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
mother(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter sympathises with his mother.’ |
Dutch
medelijden hebben
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
heeft |
medelijden |
met |
zijn |
moeder |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
compassion(
n
)
|
with
|
poss
.
c
.3
sg
|
mother(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet sympathises with his mother.’ |
Eastern Maninka
kìninkinin
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ma
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ma |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
yé |
kìninkinin-na |
à |
ná |
mà. |
|
pn
|
be
|
pity-
inf
.
la
|
3
sg
|
mother
|
adr
|
| ‘Seku has pity for his mother.’ |
English
sympathise
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: with |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
sympathises |
with |
his |
mother. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
kaasa tundma
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ALL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
tunne-b |
oma |
ema-le |
kaasa |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
feel-
prs
.3
sg
|
poss
.
refl
|
mother-
all
|
with
|
| ‘Peeter sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (kaasa is not a flagging device). |
Finnish
sääliä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
sääli-i |
äiti-ä-än |
|
pn
.
nom
|
feel.pity-
prs
.3
sg
|
mother-
part
-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pekka feels pity for his mother.’ |
Forest Enets
sɛr
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| kasa-jʔ |
ɛɛ-da |
aga-an |
sɛŋa-za |
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
mother-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
big-
prol
.
sg
|
feel_sorry_for(
ipfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend sympathizes with his mother a lot’. |
French
compatir
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
compatit |
à |
sa |
mère |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
sympathise.
prs
.3
sg
|
to
|
one’s.
sg
.
f
|
mother(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul sympathises with his mother.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-cod-eb-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
deda-Ø |
Ø-e-cod-eb-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
mother-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-pity-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre sympathises with his mother.’ |
German
leid tun
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Karl |
tu-t |
sein-e |
Mutter |
leid |
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
do-
prs
.3
sg
|
his-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
mother[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sorry
|
| ‘Karl is sorry for his mother.’ |
Irish
bí trua
|
Valency pattern:
aige_le
|
| X: aige |
| Y: le |
| Locus: XY |
| Tá |
trua |
aige |
Pól |
le-na |
mháthair. |
|
be.
prs
|
sympathy
|
at
|
pn
|
with-
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
mother
|
| ‘Pól sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
avere pieta
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: di |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
ha |
pietà |
di |
su-a |
madr-e |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.3
sg
.
prs
|
pity.
sg
.
f
|
of
|
poss
.3
sg
-
sg
.
f
|
mother-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo fells sorry for his mother.’ |
Kalderash Romani
mila
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: XY |
| le |
Murš-ahkə |
mila |
kata |
Marijk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
obl
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
sorry
|
from
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša sympathises with Marijka.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used. |
Kazakh
aya
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
öz |
ana-sï-n |
aya-ydï |
|
pn
|
one’s
|
mother-
poss
3-
acc
|
feel_pity-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya feels sorry for his mother.’ |
Kazym Khanty
šalitti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| petr-en |
aŋke-λ |
šalit-λ-ǝλλe |
|
pn
-
poss
.2
sg
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
|
sympathise-
npst
-3
sg
.
so
|
| ‘Petja sympathises with his mother.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
GEN1_SUB
|
| X: GEN1 |
| Y: SUB |
| Locus: XY |
| di-ja |
išate-ƛ |
lok'wa |
urʁida-ha |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
1
|
мать-
sub
|
сердце(
iv
)
|
думать-
prs
|
| ‘Мне жаль мать.’ |
| Note: Букв. мое сердце думает о матери. |
Kina Rutul
haˀjiw raɁara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
haˀjiw |
r-aɁa-r=a |
ǯʲu-du |
nin |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pity
|
2-do.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
self.
m
.
obl
-
attr
|
mother(
nom
)
|
| ‘Rasul sympathises with his mother.’ |
Latin
miserescere
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| miseresc-ite |
reg-is |
et |
patri-as |
audi-te |
prec-es |
|
have_pity-
prs
.
imp
.
act
.2
pl
|
king(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
and
|
father’s-
acc
.
pl
.
f
|
listen-
prs
.
imp
.
act
.2
pl
|
prayer(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Have pity for the king and listen to the father’s prayers.’ |
| Note: (Verg. Aen. VIII, 573) |
Mandarin Chinese
tóngqíng
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
tóngqíng |
tā-mǔqīn |
|
pn
|
sympathise
|
he-mother
|
| ‘Zhangsan sympathises his mother.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-e-cod-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
dia-muš-(i) |
Ø-e-cod-(un)-Ø. |
|
pn
-
dat
|
mother-
refl
.
poss
-(
nom
)
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-pity-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo sympathizes with his mother.’ |
| Note: This verb phrase is a recent calque of the Georgian original. |
Modern Hebrew
meraxem
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
meraχem |
al |
im-o |
|
pn
|
sympathise[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
on
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Pinchas sympathises with his mother.’ |
Nanai
guǯiəsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
ənim-bi |
guǯiə.si-ni |
|
pn
|
mother-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
sympathise.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia sympathises with his mother.’ |
Nivkh
оŋard
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
pʰ-əmk |
+ |
оŋar-d |
|
pn
|
rfl
-mother
|
+
|
sympathise-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik sympathises with his mother.’ |
Northern Mansi
sāl’ ōlēj
|
Valency pattern:
LAT_ACC
|
| X: LAT |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: XY |
| anum-n |
sāl’ |
rum-ēkwa-m |
|
1
sg
.
obl
-
lat
|
pity
|
friend-woman-
poss
.1
sg
|
| ‘I pity my female friend.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Northern Yukaghir
jуolwijуori=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
tudǝ |
ǝnˈiǝ-ɣаnǝ |
juolwij-uo-ri-m |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
poss
|
mother-
acc
|
sympathize-
res
-
caus
-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien sympathises with his mother.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å synes synd på
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
syne-s |
synd |
på |
mor-en |
|
pn
|
show-
pass
.
prs
|
unfortunate
|
on
|
mother-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (på is not a flagging device). |
Polish
żałować
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Michał |
żałuje |
swoj-ej |
matk-i |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sympathise:
pfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
one’s_own-
f
.
gen
.
sg
|
mother-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Michał sympathises with his mother.’ |
Russian
žaletʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
žale-et |
svo-ju |
matʹ |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
sympathise(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
one’s-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
mother(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja sympathises with his mother.’ |
Serbian
biti žao
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| Petr-u |
je |
žao |
svoj-e |
majk-e |
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
pity
|
one’s-
gen
.
sg
.
f
|
mother-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Shughni
rām čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
LAT_EL
|
| X: LAT |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: XY |
| Azim-ard |
as |
wi |
nān |
rām |
kix̌-t |
|
pn
-
lat
|
el
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
mother
|
pity
|
do-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim sympathises with his mother.’ |
Skolt Saami
žaʹllʼjed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
čuuʹt |
žaʹllʼj-i |
jieʹnn-es |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
very
|
feel.pity-
pst
.3
sg
|
mother.
sg
.
acc
-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pete sympathised with his mother.’ |
Slovak
súcitiť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
súcití |
so |
svoj-ou |
matk-ou |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
sympathise(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
one’s-
f
.
ins
.
sg
|
mother(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter sympathises with his mother.’ |
Slovenian
smiliti se
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-u |
se |
mat-i |
smili |
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
rfl
|
mother-
nom
.
sg
|
pity:
pfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Peter sympathises with his mother.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
hawderdî kirdin
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Hîwa |
hawderd-î |
dayk=î-tî |
|
pn
|
sympathizer-
izf
|
mother=3
sg
.
pc
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa sympathies with his mother.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
compadecer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
compadec-e |
a |
su |
madre |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
sympathise-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
one’s[
sg
.
f
]
|
mother[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro sympathises with his mother.’ |
Swedish
att känna med
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
känn-er |
med |
sin |
mamma |
|
pn
|
feel-
prs
|
with
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
.
sg
|
mother
|
| ‘Björn sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (med is not a flagging device). |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Na-ki-ki~simpatya |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
kaniya-ng |
nanay |
|
av
-
soc
-
ipfv
~sympathize
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
3.
sg
.
dat
-
lin
|
mother
|
| ‘Pedro sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Can you change the voice and turn his mother into the subject here? |
Telugu
bādha(ni) paṁcukōnu
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| pravīṇ |
tana |
amma |
bādha-ni |
paṁcukuṁṭunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
own
|
mother(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
pain(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
share.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen sympathises with his mother.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. This translation is probably semantically inaccurate. |
Turkish
acımak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
anne-si-ne |
acı-yor |
|
pn
|
mother-
p
.3-
dat
|
feel_pity-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet feels sorry for his mother.’ |
Ulcha
guǯələsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| min |
dāma-ŋgu-j |
mimbə |
tēs |
guǯələ-s-i |
bi-či-n |
|
my
|
grandfather-
poss
-1
sg
|
i
.
acc
|
very
|
feel_sorry-
ipfv
-
prs
|
be-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘My grandfather sympathised with me a lot.’ |
| Note: This example is taken from natural texts. |
Uzbek
iči ačinmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
o’z-i-niŋ |
ona-si-ga |
iči |
ačin-a-di |
|
pn
|
own-
poss
.3
sg
-
gen
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
dat
|
inside
|
sympathize-
prs
2-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja sympathises with his mother.’ |
West Central Oromo
gadda
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
haaɗa |
isaa-f |
in |
gadd-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
mother.
abs
|
3
sg
.
m
.
poss
-
dat
|
foc
|
be_pity-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa feels sorry for his mother.’ |
Zilo Andi
rok’o uzad.i-r
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_SUPER.LAT
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: XY |
| pat’imati-tɬi |
rok’o |
uzad.i-r |
en-tɬi=ɡu |
baba-ʔo |
|
pn
-
gen
|
heart[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
pity.
pst
-
prog
|
rfl
-
gen
=
emph
|
mother-
super
.
lat
|
| ‘Patimat feels sorry for her mother.’ |
