BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘have (illness)’

Argument frame:

X (have) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. has the flu .

Predicate label Ru:

болеть#болезнью#

Argument frame Ru:

X (болеть) Y -ом

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. болеет гриппом .

Abaza *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Adyghe (West Circassian) jə-ʔe

Valency pattern: POSS_ABS

X: POSS

Y: ABS

Locus: X

č̣ʼale-m	grip	jə-ʔ
guy- obl	flu( abs )	poss -be
‘The guy has the flu.’

Aghul x.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

aslan.a-s	stalǯam	x.u-naa
pn - dat	pneumonia	become. pf - prf
‘Aslan has pneumonia.’

Alik Kryz xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

terlan	grip-e
pn ( m )	flu- cop . m
‘Terlan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Archi -qˁes

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

patʼimal-li-s	grip	qˁa-li
pn - obl - dat	influenza	4.come. pfv - cvb ( evid )
‘Patimat has the flu.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +marrə

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

brata	+mrit=əla	bi	gripp
girl( f )	ache. res . f =3 f	with	flu( m )
‘The girl has the flu.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar untize

Valency pattern: NOM_ERG

X: NOM

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

ʕali	q’wat’u-l	unt-i-jaɬ	unt-un	w-ugo
pn	outside. obl - gen	be_sick- msd - erg	be_sick- seq	m - cop
‘Ali has the flu.’ (lit. ‘Ali is ill by the street disease.’)

Azerbaijani COP

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

Aslan	qrip-dir
pn	flu- cop 3
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bafut tsí

Valency pattern: nu_SBJ

X: nu

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

àsáŋə̀	tsí	nú	àmbɛ́
flu	stay	body/ prep	pn
‘Ambe has the flu.’

Bambara mìnɛ

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

fàrigan`	ye	Sékù	mìnɛ
fever\ art	pfv . tr	pn	catch
‘Seku has a fever.’

Brazilian Portuguese estar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com

X: SBJ

Y: com

Locus: Y

Pedro	está	com	gripe
pn ( m )	cop _ prog .3 sg . prs	with	flu( f )
‘Pedro has a flu.’

Budugh yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NO.AGR)

Locus: Y

aslan	grip	saxha-ci
pn	flu	( m )be. pf - aor
‘Aslan has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Catalan tenir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	té	la	grip
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	have.3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . f	flu( f )
‘Pere has the flu.’

Chirag icːi-b-aχːʷi

Valency pattern: ABS_ERG

X: ABS

Y: ERG

Locus: Y

ʡa̰le	grip-le	icːi-w-aχː-un-ne
pn ( abs )	flu- erg	get.sick- m . sg - lv : pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Ali has the flu.’

Czech mít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	má	chřipk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	flu( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr has the flu.’

Danish have

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	ha-r	kræft
pn	have- prs	cancer( c )
‘Peter has cancer.'

Dutch hebben

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	de	griep
pn (С)	have.3 sg	art . def . c	flu( c )
‘Piet has the flu.’

Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: la_SBJ

X: la

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Dénbalen`	yé	Sékù	lá.
malaria\ art	be	pn	at
‘Seku has malaria.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

English have

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	has	the	flu.

Estonian olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM

X: ADESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peetri-l	on	gripp
pn - adess	be. prs .3 sg	flu. sg . nom
‘Peeter has the flu.’

Finnish olla

Valency pattern: ADE_NOM

X: ADE

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peka-lla	on	flunssa
pn - ade	be. prs .3 sg	flu. nom
‘Pekka has the flu.’

Forest Enets kader

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

kasa-jʔ	gripo-xon	kadeŋa
man- nom . sg .1 sg	flu- loc . sg	be_ill( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend has the flu’.

French avoir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	une	grippe
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	def . sg . f	flu( f )
‘Paul has the flu.’

Georgian Ø-a-kv-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

p'et're-s	grip'-i	Ø-a-kv-s
pn - dat	flu- nom	io 3- ver : sup -have- s 3 sg
‘Petre has the flu.’
Note: This root is associated with inanimate possessees.

German haben

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	hat	die	Grippe
pn [ nom . sg ]	have. prs .3 sg	def . f . acc . sg	flu[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl has the flu.’

Guinean Kpelle káa

Valency pattern: bha_SBJ

X: bha

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

kwɛ́lɛ-ɲɔ́ŋ̀	gáa	Pépèe	ɓà
cold-illness\ l	cop	pn	on1
‘Pepee has fever.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Icari Dargwa w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_GEN

X: ABS

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Islam	beža-la	w=ih-ub-ca=w
pn . abs	flu- gen	m =become: pf - aor - cop = m
‘Islam has the flu.’

Irish bí slaghdán

Valency pattern: ar_SBJ

X: ar

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Tá	slaghdán	air	Phól.
be. prs	flu	on	pn
‘Pól has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian avere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	l’	influenz-a
pn ( m )	have.3 sg . prs	def . sg . f	flu- sg . f
‘Leo has a flu.’

Kadar Dargwa ́CL-aˤʁ-es / CL-iʁ-es

Valency pattern: SUPER_NOM

X: SUPER

Y: NOM

Locus: X

meħamad-i-ke	gripː	b-aˤʁ-i-le
pn - obl - super	flu( rus )	n -reach. pfv - pret - cvb
‘Muhammad has the flu.’

Kalderash Romani sy

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

les-te	sy	les	grib-o
he- loc	be. prs .3	he. cl	flu- nom . sg
‘He has the flu.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: CONT_ABS

X: CONT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

fatima.ji-k	grip	k-iv-na
pn - cont	flu( abs )	cont -put- res
‘Fatima has a flu.’

Karata bexwala

Valency pattern: EXT_NOM

X: EXT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

ʕali	q’wat’ala	b-exw-a	idja
pn	flu	n -come- ipf	cop
‘Ali has the flu.’

Kaytag Dargwa viʕaˁra

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

petja	grip-la	v-iʕ-aˁvca
pn	flu- gen	m -be_ill- perf
‘Petja has the flu.’

Kazakh awïr

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petya	tumaw	awïrw-ï-men	awïr-adï
pn	flu	illness- poss 3- ins	ache- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya has a flu.’

Kazym Khanty mǫšǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pet'a-j-en	grip	mǫš-ǝn	mǫšǝt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	flu	illness- loc	be_ill- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja has the flu.’
Note: Some speakers disallow overt expression of Y.

Khoekhoe ūhâ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Sara-s	ge	ǁkhai-s-a	ūhâ
pn -3 f . sg	decl	fever-3 f . sg - obl	have
‘Sara has the flu.’

Khwarshi j/eƛa

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT

X: ABS

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

di-ja	q'ale	l-eƛ-ƛo	wetrjanka-qо
1 sg . o - gen 1	children	hpl -be.ill- prs	chicken.pox- cont
‘My children have chicken-pox.’

Kina Rutul jiˁχɨˁra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	grip	jiˁχɨˁ-r=a
pn - obl - dat	influenza( nom )	4.hit. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul has the flu.’

Kumyk awrumaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

patimat	grip-den	awru-j
pn	influenza- abl	ache-3 sg
‘Patimat has the flu.’

Latin aegroto

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

natur-a	su-is-met	aegrota-t	morb-is
nature( f )- nom . sg	one’s_own- abl . pl - ints	be_ill[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg	disease( m )- abl . pl
‘The nature suffers from its own diseases.’
Note: (Man. 5, 215)

Laz o-γ-un-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Käzim-i-s	nezle-Ø	Ø-u-γ-un-Ø
pn - b - dat	flu- nom	io 3- ver : o -have- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim has the flu.’

Mandarin Chinese dé

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	dé	le	liúgǎn
pn	have	pfv	flu
‘Zhangsan has the flu.’

Mano kɛ̄

Valency pattern: mo_SBJ

X: mo

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

nɛ́nɛ́yàà	lɛ̄	Sèé	mɔ̀
malaria	3 sg . exi	pn	on
‘Se has malaria.’
Note: Existential construction. Under specific circumstances, the verb 'to be' (kɛ̄) has a zero form.

Mehweb

Valency pattern: SUPER.LAT_NOM

X: SUPER.LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Pat’imat-iče	ʁʷadubar-t	d-aʔ-i-le	le-r
pn - super ( lat )	flu- pl	npl -arrive: pfv - pst - cvb	be- npl
‘Patimat has the flu.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-γ-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	grip'-i	Ø-u-γ-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	flu- nom	io 3- ver : o -have- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo has the flu.’

Modern Hebrew jeʃ

Valency pattern: le_SBJ

X: le

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

le	Pinχas	jeʃ	ʃapaat
to	pn	there.is[ prs ]	flu
‘Pinchas has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Mukhad Rutul jıˤχıˤn

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-s	tımılbır	jıˤχıˤ-ri
pn - obl - dat	flu	n .strike. pf - aor
‘Murad has the flu.’

Nanai ənusi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	grippa-ǯi	ənu.si-ni
pn	flu- ins	be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has the flu.’

Nivkh qоd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS

X: SBJ

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Largun	gripp-ɣir̥	qо-d
pn	flu- ins	be.sick- ind
‘Largun has the flu.’

Northern Akhvakh beq’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

hwari	q’q’wat’ala	b-eq’-e	gidi
pn	flu	n -come- pf	f . cop
‘Pari has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Northern Mansi ajməntaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

pajel	ājməntaxt-i	xōpsi	ājm-əl
pn	suffer_from- npst .3 sg	lungs	illness- ins
‘Pasha has tuberculose.’

Northern Yukaghir handˈǝr=

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sǝmiǝn	mǝ	hаndˈǝ-r-lˈǝ-nˈ
pn	aff	cold- prop - evid - intr .3 sg
‘Semien has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

Norwegian Bokmål å ha

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	ha-r	influensa
pn	have- prs	flu
‘Per has the flu.’

Polish chorować

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Michał	choruje	na	gryp-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	be_ill: ipfv . prs .3 sg	on	flu- acc . sg
‘Michał has the flu.’

Russian boletʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	bole-et	gripp-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_ill( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	flu( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja has the flu.’

Serbian imati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ima	grip
pn . nom . sg	have. prs .3 sg	flu. acc . sg
‘Petar has the flu.’

Shinaz Rutul načaʁ h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

basir	načaʁ	ɨj	gripp-a-xvan
pn	unwell	cop	flu- obl - com
‘Basir has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Shughni vidow

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Lola-yand	rāk	kasali
pn - loc	cancer	illness
‘Lola has cancer.’
Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

Skolt Saami leeʹd

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peâtt-ast	lij	nuõpp-kõpp
pn - sg . loc	be. prs .3 sg	cold(disease)-disease. sg . nom
‘Pete has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Slovak mať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	má	chrípk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	flu( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter has the flu.’

Slovenian imeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

An-a	ima	grip-o
pn - nom . sg	have: ipfv . prs .3 sg	flu- acc . sg
‘Ana has the flu.’

Sorani Kurdish girtin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ême	anfuɫanza=man	girt-û-e
we	flu=1 pl . pc	catch. pst - ptcp -be. prs .3 sg
‘We have the flu.’
Note: The 1PL.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Southern Rutul zeʔixhva yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

murad	grip-a-xhvan	zeʔixhv-a	yişi-r	i
pn	flu- obl - com	sick- predic	m .be. pf - seq	( m ) cop
‘Murad has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Spanish tener

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	tien-e	la	gripe
pn [ sg . m ]	have- prs .3 sg	art . def . sg . f	flu[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro has a flu.’

Standard Arabic muṣābun

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN

X: NOM

Y: biGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	muṣāb-u-n	bi=l-Ɂanfalawanza
pn - nom	affected. m - nom - indef	by= def -flu
‘Badr has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Svan x-aː-r (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

maizer-s	grip'-Ø	x-aː-r
pn - dat	flu- nom	io 3- ver : sup -have
‘Maizer has the flu.’
Note: This root is used to mark alienable possession.

Swedish att ha

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	ha-r	influensa
pn	have- prs	flu
‘Björn has the flu.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: SBJNV_BARE

X: SBJNV

Y: BARE

Locus: XY

may	trangkaso	si	Pedro
exist	flu	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Telugu vaccu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	flū	vacciṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	flu( n ). sg . nom	come. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen has the flu.’

Tsakhur ıхhay

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM

X: LAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

murad-ı-qha	grip	vo-b-na
pn - obl - lat	flu( a )	cop - a - a
‘Murad has the flu.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa d-ač'-iz

Valency pattern: SUPER(LAT)_NOM

X: SUPER(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: X

uršːi-ja	gripː	d-ač'-ible=sad
boy- super ( lat )	flu	npl -come. pfv - pret . cnv = cop : npl (3)
‘The boy came down with the flu.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-iχʷ-i / b-irχʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN

X: NOM

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

durħaˤ	šatːiq'a-la	w-iχ-uble=caj
boy	cold. pl . obl - gen	m -be. pfv - cnv . pret = cop : m (3)
‘The boy has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. NP in the genitive is arguably a clause-level dependent.

Turkish grip olmak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Mehmed-ın	grib-i	var
pn - gen	flu- p .3	there_is
‘Mehmet has the flu.’

Turoyo nofəl

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_b

X: SBJ.SS

Y: b

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	nafəl	b-i	šawbe
pn	fall. pfv .3 m	in- art . f	gripp( f )
‘Gabriyel has the flu.’

Twi wᴐ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kofi	wᴐ	papu	no
pn	have(3 sg . prs )	flu	def
‘Kofi has the flu.’

Ulcha ənusi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

xusə	piktə	ərgə	ənu-ǯi-n	ənu-s-i-n
male	child	breath	illness- ins -3 sg	be_ill- ipfv - prs -3 sg
‘The boy has tuberculosis.’

Uzbek oɣrimoq

Valency pattern: NOM_bilan

X: NOM

Y: bilan

Locus: Y

Petya	gripp	bilan	oɣri-b	tur-ib-ti
pn	flu	with	ache- cvb	stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja has the flu.’

West Central Oromo k'aba

Valency pattern: ABS_NOM

X: ABS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

k'ufaa-n	obsaa	k'ab-e
flu- nom	pn . abs	catch-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa has the flu.’

Wolof dal

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

b-an	jàngoro	moo	ko	dal
cl b - interr	sickness( b )	f oc s .s i :3 sg	o i :3 sg	invade
‘Which sickness does he suffer from?’, lit. ‘Which sickness invaded him?’

Yargun Lezgian

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NSBJ)

X: NOM

Y: NOM(NSBJ)

Locus: Y

Sahib	grip	xha-nva
pn	flu	become. pfv - prf
‎‎‎‘Sahib has the flu.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	hariɡə	ɡirɛwt-a
pn - m . obl	flu	get. pst -3 sg . f
‘Oxir has a flu.’

Zilo Andi ruqχ’udo

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

ali	ruqχ’udo	honqχisːol=loj
pn [ m ][ nom ]	being_ill	influenza= com
‘Ali has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.