BivalTyp

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‘have (illness)’

Argument frame:

X (have) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. has the flu .

Predicate label Ru:

болеть#болезнью#

Argument frame Ru:

X (болеть) Y -ом

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. болеет гриппом .

Abaza *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Adyghe jə-ʔe

Valency pattern: POSS_ABS

X: POSS

Y: ABS

Locus: X

č̣ʼale-m	grip	jə-ʔ
парень- obl	грипп( abs )	poss -быть
‘Парень болеет гриппом.’

Aghul x.u-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS

X: DAT

Y: ABS

Locus: X

aslan.a-s	stalǯam	x.u-naa
pn - dat	pneumonia	become. pf - prf
‘Aslan has pneumonia.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +marrə

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

brata	+mrit=əla	bi	gripp
girl( f )	ache. res . f =3 f	with	flu( m )
‘The girl has the flu.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Bambara mìnɛ

Valency pattern: DO_SBJ

X: DO

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

fàrigan`	ye	Sékù	mìnɛ
fever\ art	pfv . tr	pn	catch
‘Seku has a fever.’

Brazilian Portuguese estar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com

X: SBJ

Y: com

Locus: Y

Pedro	está	com	gripe
pn ( m )	cop _ prog .3 sg . prs	with	flu( f )
‘Pedro has a flu.’

Catalan tenir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	té	la	grip
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	have.3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . f	flu( f )
‘Pere has the flu.’

Czech mít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	má	chřipk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	flu( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr has the flu.’

Danish have

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	ha-r	kræft
pn	have- prs	cancer( c )
‘Peter has cancer.'

Dutch hebben

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	de	griep
pn (С)	have.3 sg	art . def . c	flu( c )
‘Piet has the flu.’

Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: la_SBJ

X: la

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Dénbalen`	yé	Sékù	lá.
malaria\ art	be	pn	at
‘Seku has malaria.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

English have

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	has	the	flu.

Estonian olema

Valency pattern: ADESS_NOM

X: ADESS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peetri-l	on	gripp
pn - adess	be. prs .3 sg	flu. sg . nom
‘Peeter has the flu.’

Finnish olla

Valency pattern: ADE_NOM

X: ADE

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peka-lla	on	flunssa
pn - ade	be. prs .3 sg	flu. nom
‘Pekka has the flu.’

Forest Enets kader

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

kasa-jʔ	gripo-xon	kadeŋa
man- nom . sg .1 sg	flu- loc . sg	be_ill( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend has the flu’.

French avoir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	une	grippe
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	def . sg . f	flu( f )
‘Paul has the flu.’

Georgian Ø-a-kv-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

p'etre-s	grip'-i	Ø-a-kv-s
pn - dat	flu- nom	io 3- ver : sup -have- s 3 sg
‘Petre has the flu.’
Note: This root is associated with inanimate possessees.

German haben

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	hat	die	Grippe
pn [ nom . sg ]	have. prs .3 sg	def . f . acc . sg	flu[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl has the flu.’

Irish bí slaghdán

Valency pattern: ar_SBJ

X: ar

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

Tá	slaghdán	air	Phól.
be. prs	flu	on	pn
‘Pól has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian avere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	l’	influenz-a
pn ( m )	have.3 sg . prs	def . sg . f	flu- sg . f
‘Leo has a flu.’

Kalderash Romani sy

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

les-te	sy	les	grib-o
he- loc	be. prs .3	he. cl	flu- nom . sg
‘He has the flu.’

Kazakh awïr

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petya	tumaw	awïrw-ï-men	awïr-adï
pn	flu	illness- poss 3- ins	ache- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya has a flu.’

Kazym Khanty mǫšǝtti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pet'a-j-en	grip	mǫš-ǝn	mǫšǝt-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	flu	illness- loc	be_ill- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja has the flu.’
Note: Some speakers disallow overt expression of Y.

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT

X: ABS

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

di-ja	q'ale	l-eƛ-ƛo	wetrjanka-qо
1 sg . o - gen 1	дети	hpl -болеть- prs	ветрянка- cont
‘Мои дети болеют ветрянкой.’

Kina Rutul jiˁχɨˁra

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

rasul-u-s	grip	jiˁχɨˁ-r=a
pn - obl - dat	influenza( nom )	4.hit. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul has the flu.’

Latin aegroto

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

natur-a	su-is-met	aegrota-t	morb-is
nature( f )- nom . sg	one’s_own- abl . pl - ints	be_ill[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg	disease( m )- abl . pl
‘The nature suffers from its own diseases.’
Note: (Man. 5, 215)

Mandarin Chinese dé

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	dé	le	liúgǎn
pn	have	pfv	flu
‘Zhangsan has the flu.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-γ-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

čelo-s	grip'-i	Ø-u-γ-u(n)-Ø.
pn - dat	flu- nom	io 3- ver : o -have- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo has the flu.’

Modern Hebrew jeʃ

Valency pattern: le_SBJ

X: le

Y: SBJ

Locus: X

le	Pinχas	jeʃ	ʃapaat
to	pn	there.is[ prs ]	flu
‘Pinchas has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Nanai ənusi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Petia	grippa-ǯi	ənu.si-ni
pn	flu- ins	be_sick. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia has the flu.’

Nivkh qоd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS

X: SBJ

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Largun	gripp-ɣir̥	qо-d
pn	flu- ins	be.sick- ind
‘Largun has the flu.’

Northern Mansi ajməntaxti

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

pajel	ājməntaxt-i	xōpsi	ājm-əl
pn	suffer_from- npst .3 sg	lungs	illness- ins
‘Pasha has tuberculose.’

Northern Yukaghir handˈǝr=

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sǝmiǝn	mǝ	hаndˈǝ-r-lˈǝ-nˈ
pn	aff	cold- prop - evid - intr .3 sg
‘Semien has the flu.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

Norwegian Bokmål å ha

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	ha-r	influensa
pn	have- prs	flu
‘Per has the flu.’

Polish chorować

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

Michał	choruje	na	gryp-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	be_ill: ipfv . prs .3 sg	on	flu- acc . sg
‘Michał has the flu.’

Russian boletʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	bole-et	gripp-om
pn ( m )- nom . sg	be_ill( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	flu( m )- ins . sg
‘Petja has the flu.’

Serbian imati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ima	grip
pn . nom . sg	have. prs .3 sg	flu. acc . sg
‘Petar has the flu.’

Shughni vidow

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Lola-yand	rāk	kasali
pn - loc	cancer	illness
‘Lola has cancer.’
Note: In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

Skolt Saami leeʹd

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM

X: LOC

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Peâtt-ast	lij	nuõpp-kõpp
pn - sg . loc	be. prs .3 sg	cold(disease)-disease. sg . nom
‘Pete has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Slovak mať

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	má	chrípk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	flu( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter has the flu.’

Slovenian imeti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

An-a	ima	grip-o
pn - nom . sg	have: ipfv . prs .3 sg	flu- acc . sg
‘Ana has the flu.’

Sorani Kurdish girtin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ême	anfuɫanza=man	girt-û-e
we	flu=1 pl . pc	catch. pst - ptcp -be. prs .3 sg
‘We have the flu.’
Note: The OBL.1PL morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Spanish tener

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	tien-e	la	gripe
pn [ sg . m ]	have- prs .3 sg	art . def . sg . f	flu[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro has a flu.’

Swedish att ha

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	ha-r	influensa
pn	have- prs	flu
‘Björn has the flu.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE

X: ACT

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

May	trangkaso	si	Pedro
exist	flu	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. I classified this non-verbal construction based on the following considerations. The X-argument, ‘Pedro’, is encoded as a subject marker. Although this construction does not participate in the voice alternations, I still thought it can be compared to the AV construction, one reason for this being the fact that a similar dynamic construction has ‘Pedro’ as the subject in the AV-COM construction: “Nag-ka-trangkaso si Pedro” [AV-COM-PFV-have.flu PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro got the flu.’. Subjects in AV constructions are considered ACT. By contrast the Y-argument receives no flagging at all and is given a specialized status of ‘BARE’.

Telugu vaccu

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM

X: DAT

Y: NOM

Locus: X

pravīṇ-ki	flū	vacciṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	flu( n ). sg . nom	come. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen has the flu.’

Turkish grip olmak

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: X

Mehmed-ın	grib-i	var
pn - gen	flu- p .3	there_is
‘Mehmet has the flu.’

Ulcha ənusi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

xusə	piktə	ərgə	ənu-ǯi-n	ənu-s-i-n
male	child	breath	illness- ins -3 sg	be_ill- ipfv - prs -3 sg
‘The boy has tuberculosis.’

Uzbek oɣrimoq

Valency pattern: NOM_bilan

X: NOM

Y: bilan

Locus: Y

Petya	gripp	bilan	oɣri-b	tur-ib-ti
pn	flu	with	ache- cvb	stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja has the flu.’

West Central Oromo k'aba

Valency pattern: ABS_NOM

X: ABS

Y: NOM

Locus: X

k'ufaa-n	obsaa	k'ab-e
flu- nom	pn . abs	catch-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa has the flu.’

Zilo Andi ruqχ’udo

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

ali	ruqχ’udo	honqχisːol=loj
pn [ m ][ nom ]	being_ill	influenza= com
‘Ali has the flu.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.