BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘need’

Argument frame: X (need) Y
Stimulus sentence: (P.’s house was burglarised with all the valuables taken. As a consequence,) P. needs money .
Predicate label Ru: нуждаться
Argument frame Ru: X (нуждаться) в Y -е
Stimulus sentence Ru: (Дом П. ограбили и унесли все, что там было. Теперь) П. нуждается в деньгах / П. нужны деньги .

Abaza [zə-]bža

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN
X: ABS
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
rasúl aχč’á d-a-zə́-bža-b
pn money 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - ben -need- npst . dcl
‘Rasul needs money.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) jə-šʼəč̣ʼaʁe

Valency pattern: POSS_ABS
X: POSS
Y: ABS
Locus: X
dirjekterə-m aχčʼe jə-šʼəč̣ʼaʁ
director- obl money( abs ) 3 sg . pr + poss -need
‘The director needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Aghul gerek-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s pul gerek-tːi a
pn - dat money necessary- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Alik Kryz ikayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz pul ika-ca
pn - dat money want. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan needs money.’

Archi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
paša-s arsi kʷatʼ-ši i
pn - dat money need- cvb . ipfv 4.be
‘Pasha needs money.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +lazəm

Valency pattern: ka_SBJ
X: ka
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
ka ayya baxta +lazəm=ən zuzə
to dem 2. f woman( f ) necessary=3 pl money( pl )
‘This woman needs money.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Non-verbal predicate.

Avar q’wariʕize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-e ʕarac q’wariʕ-un b-ugo
pn - dat silver need- seq n - cop
‘Ali needs money.’

Azerbaijani lazım-COP

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM
X: DATLAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Aslan-a pul lazım-dır
pn - dat / lat money necessary- cop 3
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bambara màgo` bɛ́/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù màgo` bɛ́ wári` lá
pn need\ art be money\ a rt in
‘Seku needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Brazilian Portuguese precisar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro precis-a de dinheiro
pn ( m ) need-3 sg . prs of money( m )
‘Pedro needs money.’

Catalan necessitar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere necessit-a diner-s
def . sg . m pn ( m ) need-3 sg . prs . ind money( m )- pl
‘Pere needs money.’

Chirag ħa̰žat

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i arc ha̰žat-le
pn - obl - super money( abs ) necessary- adv . prs .3
‘Ali needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Czech potřebovat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr potřebuje peníz-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] need( ipfv ). prs .3 sg money( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr needs money.’

Danish have brug

Valency pattern: SBJ_for
X: SBJ
Y: for
Locus: Y
Peter ha-r brug for penge
pn have- prs need( c ) for money( c ). pl
‘Peter needs money.’

Dutch nodig hebben

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
Piet heeft geld nodig
pn ( c ) have.3 sg money( n ) necessary
‘Piet needs money.’

Eastern Maninka màko` yé

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù màko` yé wódi` lá.
pn need\ art be money\ art at
‘Seku needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

English need

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter needs money.

Estonian vajama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter vaja-b raha
pn . sg . nom need- prs .3 sg money. sg . part
‘Peeter needs money.’

Finnish tarvita

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka tarvits-ee raha-a
pn . nom need- prs .3 sg money- part
‘Pekka needs money.’
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb.

Forest Enets magu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ bɛse maguɔ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg iron be_in_need( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend needs money’.

French avoir besoin

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul a besoin d’ argent
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg need( m ) of money( m )
‘Paul needs money.’

Georgian s-č'ir-d-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s pul-i s-č'ir-d-eb-a
pn - dat money- nom io 3-need- intr - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre needs money.’

German brauchen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl brauch-t Geld
pn [ nom . sg ] need- prs . sg money[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl needs money.’

Guinean Kpelle mǎa kpáaŋ̀ káa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
wálî màa kpááŋ̀ gáa míì
money surface need\ l be 1 sg .on1
‘I need money.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Icari Dargwa ħaˤžat=d=ik-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij arc ħaˤžat=d=ič-ib-ca=d
pn - suplat money. abs need= npl = lv : pf - cop = nlp
‘Islam needs money.’

Irish bí

Valency pattern: o_SBJ
X: o
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tá airgid ó Phól.
be. prs money from pn
‘Pól needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian servire

Valency pattern: a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a Leo serv-ono sold-i
to pn ( m ) need-3 pl . prs money- pl . m
‘Leo needs money.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s arc ʡaˤʡni-l ca<r>i
pn - obl - dat money necessary- atr cop < npl >
‘Muhammad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kalderash Romani trubul

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
les trubu-l les love
he. acc need- prs .3 sg he. cl money- nom . pl
‘He needs money.’
Note: The verb has usually the 3SG form.

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z pul gerek=ǯa
pn - dat money( abs ) need= cop ( prs )
‘Fatima needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Karata q’oraaɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕalja ʕarse q’or-a idja
pn . dat money want- pf cop
‘Ali needs money.’

Kaytag Dargwa dagara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM
X: DATLAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
na petja-j arc daž-ivca
now pn - datlat money npl .be_needed. pf - perf
‘Now Petja needs money.’

Kazakh kerek

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa aqša kerek
pn - dat money be_necessary
‘Petya needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kazym Khanty mɔsti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pet’a-j-en-a wǒχ mɔs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat money be_necessary- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja needs money.’

Khoekhoe ǂhâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge mari-i-a ǂhâ hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl money-3 c . sg - obl be_in_need pfv
‘Peter needs money.’

Khwarshi q'uča

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maduʁale-l os q'uča-na
neighbor- dat money ( iii ) want- pst . u
‘The neighbor needs money.’

Kina Rutul hɨgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-u-s zar hɨga-r=a
pn - obl - dat money( nom ) 4.want. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul needs money.’

Kumyk tarɨq

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-ʁa aqča tarɨq
pn - dat money necessary
‘Rasul needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Latin egeo

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
mancipi-is locuples ege-t aer-is Cappadoc-um rex
slave( n )- abl . pl rich[ nom . sg ] need[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg money- gen . sg c appadocian( m )- gen . pl king( m ). nom . sg
‘The king of the Cappadocians is rich in slaves, but lacks money.’
Note: (Hor. Epist. I, 6, 39)

Laz o-k'or-om-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s para-Ø Ø-u-k'o(r)-om-s
pn - b - dat money- nom prv - io 3- ver : o -wish- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim needs money.’

Mandarin Chinese xūyào

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān xūyào qián
pn need money
‘Zhangsan needs money.’

Mano màkó be

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ŋ̄ màkó ē kɛ̄ ī mɔ̀
1 sg need 3 sg . pst be 2 sg on
‘I needed you.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mehweb

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
hanna Islam-is ʡaˤrkʷi-je le-r arc
now pn - dat necessary- advz be- npl silver
‘Now Islam needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Mingrelian Ø-o-sač'ir-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s para-Ø Ø-o-sač'ir-(un)-Ø
pn - dat money- nom io 3- ver : sup -need- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo needs money.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew tsariχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas tsariχ kesef
pn need[ ptcp . sg . m ] money
‘Pinchas needs money.’

Mukhad Rutul maˤhtadž jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_APUD
X: NOM
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
murad šiji-mı-χda maˤhtadž jiʔi
pn ruble( a )- pl . obl - apud needing m . cop
‘Murad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Nanai gələ-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
əsi Petia ǯexa-wa gələ-j-ni
now pn money- obl ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia needs money.’

Nivkh cʰiŋrd

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik cʰχa-ɣir̥ cʰiŋr-d
pn money- ins suffer- ind
‘Kaskazik is suffering about the money.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Northern Akhvakh q’q’waraʕunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa ači q’q’waranʕ-e godi
pn - dat silver need- seq n . cop
‘Patahi needs money.’

Northern Mansi ēri

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
anum-n oln ēri
i . obl - lat money necessary
‘I need money.’
Note: This predicate has lost some, but not all, of its verbal properties.

Northern Yukaghir Y-CAUS-NLZR-bunˈ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn mǝ poɣodǝ-rǝ-l-bunˈ-i
pn aff money- caus - nlzr - des - intr .3 sg
‘Semien needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a root within a derived word.

Norwegian Bokmål å trenge

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
nå trenge-r Per peng-er
now need- prs pn money- pl
‘Now Per needs money.’

Polish potrzebować

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Ann-a potrzebuje pieniędz-y
pn - nom . sg need: ipfv . prs .3 sg money- gen . pl
‘Mummy needs money.’

Russian nužen + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet-e nužn-y denʹg-i
pn ( m )- dat . sg necessary- pred . pl money- nom . pl
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Serbian biti potreban

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u je potreban novac
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg necessary. nom . sg money. nom . sg
‘Petar needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Shinaz Rutul ljazim h-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs šehi-bɨr ljazim ɨj
np - dat coin- pl . nom needed cop
‘Basir needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Shughni darkor vidow

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Azim-ard pūl darkor
pn - lat money needed
‘Azim needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

Skolt Saami taarbšed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt taarbaš tieʹǧǧ-id
pn . sg . nom need. prs .3 sg money- pl . acc
‘Pete needs money.’

Slovak potrebovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter potrebuje peniaz-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] need( ipfv ). prs .3 sg money( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter needs money.’

Slovenian potrebovati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a potrebuje denar
pn - nom . sg need: ipfv . prs .3 sg money[ acc . sg ]
‘Ana needs money.’

Sorani Kurdish pêwîstî bûn

Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa êsta pare=î pêwîst-e
pn now money=3 sg . pc neccessary-be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa now needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Southern Rutul bakara yişin

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ye-s tanga-bı bakara yişi-r
1. obl - dat money- pl . nom needed n .be. pf - aor
‘I need money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Spanish necesitar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro necesit-a dinero
pn [ sg . m ] need- prs .3 sg money[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro needs money.’

Standard Arabic Ɂiḥtāǧa

Valency pattern: NOM_ilaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: ilaaGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-u-n yaḥtāǧu Ɂilā māl-i-n
pn - nom - indef need. ipf .3 m towards money- gen - indef
‘Badr needs money.’

Svan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s warčxil-Ø x-a-c'ǝx
pn - dat money- nom io 3- ver : sup -need
‘Maizer needs money.’

Swedish att behöva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn behöv-er pengar
pn need- prs money. pl
‘Björn needs money.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
Na-nga~ngailang-an si Pedro ng pera
ipfv . av - ipf ~need- av pers . subj pn gen money
‘Pedro needs money.’

Telugu avasaramu paḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_COM
X: DAT
Y: COM
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki ḍabbu-la-tō avasaramu paḍiṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat money- pl . obl - com need( n ). sg . nom fall. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen needs money.’

Tsakhur lezimхhay

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s pıl lezim-da
pn - obl - dat money( a ) necessary- a . nom
‘Murad needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsudakhar Dargwa ʡaˤʡni-le sab/b-iχ-iz/b-irχ-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
uršːiz mašina ʡaˤʡni-le=sab
boy- dat car need- adv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy needs a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsugni Dargwa ʡaˤni-le ca-b-i; ʡaˤni-le b-iχʷ-i / b-irχʷ-i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
durħaˤ-j mašin ʡaˤni-le=cabi
boy- dat car need- adv = cop : n (3)
‘The boy needs a car.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turkish ihtiyaç olmak

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT
X: GEN
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Mehmed-in para-ya ihtiyac-ı var
pn - gen money- dat need- p .3 there_is
‘Mehmet needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turoyo məsnəq

Valency pattern: SBJ_IO
X: SBJ
Y: IO
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-məsnəq l-az zuze
pn prs -need. ipfv .3 m to- art . pl money( pl )
‘Gabriyel needs money.’

Ulcha gələu-

Valency pattern: DAT_ACC
X: DAT
Y: ACC
Locus: XY
əsi nanduti ǯaxa gələ-u-ŋ=guni
now they. dat money search- imps -?= ptcl
‘Now they need money.’
Note: This is an impersonal construction.

Uzbek kerak emoq

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ga pul kerak
pn - dat money need
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, emoq is 'to be'.

West Central Oromo barbaada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n k'arʃii barbaad-a
pn - nom money. abs need-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa needs money.’

Zilo Andi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ali-ɬu orsi qχ’oroqχ’.o-j
pn - dat money want. pst - pf
‘Ali wants/needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.