BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘need’

Argument frame: X (need) Y
Stimulus sentence: (P.’s house was burglarised with all the valuables taken. As a consequence,) P. needs money .
Predicate label Ru: нуждаться
Argument frame Ru: X (нуждаться) в Y -е
Stimulus sentence Ru: (Дом П. ограбили и унесли все, что там было. Теперь) П. нуждается в деньгах / П. нужны деньги .

Abaza [zə-]bža

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN
X: ABS
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
rasúl aχč’á d-a-zə́-bža-b
pn money 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - ben -need- npst . dcl
‘Rasul needs money.’

Adyghe jə-šʼəč̣ʼaʁe

Valency pattern: POSS_ABS
X: POSS
Y: ABS
Locus: X
dirjekterə-m aχčʼe jə-šʼəč̣ʼaʁ
директор- obl деньги( abs ) 3 sg . pr + poss -нужда
‘Директору нужны деньги.’

Aghul gerek-tːi + ‘be’

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s pul gerek-tːi a
pn - dat money necessary- adv { in }be: prs
‘Aslan needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +lazəm

Valency pattern: ka_SBJ
X: ka
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
ka ayya baxta +lazəm=ən zuzə
to dem 2. f woman( f ) necessary=3 pl money( pl )
‘This woman needs money.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Non-verbal predicate.

Bambara màgo` bɛ́/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù màgo` bɛ́ wári` lá
pn need\ art be money\ a rt in
‘Seku needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate.

Brazilian Portuguese precisar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro precis-a de dinheiro
pn ( m ) need-3 sg . prs of money( m )
‘Pedro needs money.’

Catalan necessitar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere necessit-a diner-s
def . sg . m pn ( m ) need-3 sg . prs . ind money( m )- pl
‘Pere needs money.’

Czech potřebovat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr potřebuje peníz-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] need( ipfv ). prs .3 sg money( m )- acc . pl
‘Petr needs money.’

Danish have brug

Valency pattern: SBJ_for
X: SBJ
Y: for
Locus: Y
Peter ha-r brug for penge
pn have- prs need( c ) for money( c ). pl
‘Peter needs money.’

Dutch nodig hebben

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
Piet heeft geld nodig
pn ( c ) have.3 sg money( n ) necessary
‘Piet needs money.’

Eastern Maninka màko` yé

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sékù màko` yé wódi` lá.
pn need\ art be money\ art at
‘Seku needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

English need

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter needs money.

Estonian vajama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter vaja-b raha
pn . sg . nom need- prs .3 sg money. sg . part
‘Peeter needs money.’

Finnish tarvita

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka tarvits-ee raha-a
pn . nom need- prs .3 sg money- part
‘Pekka needs money.’
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb.

Forest Enets magu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ bɛse maguɔ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg iron be_in_need( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend needs money’.

French avoir besoin

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul a besoin d’ argent
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg need( m ) of money( m )
‘Paul needs money.’

Georgian s-č'ir-d-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s pul-i s-č'ir-d-eb-a
pn - dat money- nom io 3-need- intr - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre needs money.’

German brauchen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl brauch-t Geld
pn [ nom . sg ] need- prs . sg money[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl needs money.’

Irish bí

Valency pattern: o_SBJ
X: o
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Tá airgid ó Phól.
be. prs money from pn
‘Pól needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian servire

Valency pattern: a_SBJ
X: a
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
a Leo serv-ono sold-i
to pn ( m ) need-3 pl . prs money- pl . m
‘Leo needs money.’

Kalderash Romani trubul

Valency pattern: ACC_NOM
X: ACC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
les trubu-l les love
he. acc need- prs .3 sg he. cl money- nom . pl
‘He needs money.’
Note: The verb has usually the 3SG form.

Kazakh kerek

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa aqša kerek
pn - dat money be_necessary
‘Petya needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kazym Khanty mɔsti

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pet’a-j-en-a wǒχ mɔs-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat money be_necessary- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja needs money.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maduʁale-l os q'uča-na
сосед- dat деньги ( iii ) хотеть- pst . u
‘Сосед нуждается в деньгах.’
Note: ‘To need’ seems to be one of the meaning extension of ‘to want’.

Kina Rutul hɨgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-u-s zar hɨga-r=a
pn - obl - dat money( nom ) 4.want. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul needs money.’

Latin egeo

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
mancipi-is locuples ege-t aer-is Cappadoc-um rex
slave( n )- abl . pl rich[ nom . sg ] need[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg money- gen . sg c appadocian( m )- gen . pl king( m ). nom . sg
‘The king of the Cappadocians is rich in slaves, but lacks money.’
Note: (Hor. Epist. I, 6, 39)

Mandarin Chinese xūyào

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān xūyào qián
pn need money
‘Zhangsan needs money.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-sač'ir-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s para-Ø Ø-o-sač'ir-(un)-Ø.
pn - dat money- nom io 3- ver : sup -need- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo needs money.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew tsariχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas tsariχ kesef
pn need[ ptcp . sg . m ] money
‘Pinchas needs money.’

Nanai gələ-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
əsi Petia ǯexa-wa gələ-j-ni
now pn money- obl ask- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia needs money.’

Nivkh cʰiŋrd

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kaskazik cʰχa-ɣir̥ cʰiŋr-d
pn money- ins suffer- ind
‘Kaskazik is suffering about the money.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Northern Mansi ēri

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
anum-n oln ēri
i . obl - lat money necessary
‘I need money.’
Note: This predicate has lost some, but not all, of its verbal properties.

Northern Yukaghir Y-CAUS-NLZR-bуnˈ=

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Sǝmiǝn mǝ poɣodǝ-rǝ-l-bunˈ-i
pn aff money- caus - nlzr - des - intr .3 sg
‘Semien needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a root within a derived word.

Norwegian Bokmål å trenge

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
nå trenge-r Per peng-er
now need- prs pn money- pl
‘Now Per needs money.’

Polish potrzebować

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Ann-a potrzebuje pieniędz-y
pn - nom . sg need: ipfv . prs .3 sg money- gen . pl
‘Mummy needs money.’

Russian nužen + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet-e nužn-y denʹg-i
pn ( m )- dat . sg necessary- pred . pl money- nom . pl
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Serbian biti potreban

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petr-u je potreban novac
pn - dat . sg be. prs .3 sg necessary. nom . sg money. nom . sg
‘Petar needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Shughni darkor vidow

Valency pattern: LAT_NOM
X: LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Azim-ard pūl darkor
pn - lat money needed
‘Azim needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

Skolt Saami taarbšed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt taarbaš tieʹǧǧ-id
pn . sg . nom need. prs .3 sg money- pl . acc
‘Pete needs money.’

Slovak potrebovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter potrebuje peniaz-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] need( ipfv ). prs .3 sg money( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter needs money.’

Slovenian potrebovati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a potrebuje denar
pn - nom . sg need: ipfv . prs .3 sg money[ acc . sg ]
‘Ana needs money.’

Sorani Kurdish pêwîstî pêbûn

Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa êsta pare=î pêwîst-e
pn now money=3 sg . pc neccessary-be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa now needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Spanish necesitar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro necesit-a dinero
pn [ sg . m ] need- prs .3 sg money[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro needs money.’

Swedish att behöva

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn behöv-er pengar
pn need- prs money. pl
‘Björn needs money.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: LOC_UND
X: LOC
Y: UND
Locus: X
Na-nga~ngailang-an si Pedro ng pera
potpv - ipfv ~need- lv pers . subj pn gen money
‘Pedro needs money.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn money into the subject here? I chose this option because it has overt voice morphology. Alternative is a non-verbal construction with a very unusual pattern (two GEN in the coding frame; probably should be viewed as UND_UND), cf. “Kailangan ni Pedro ng pera” [need PERS.GEN PN GEN money] ‘Pedro needs money’.

Telugu avasaramu paḍu

Valency pattern: DAT_COM
X: DAT
Y: COM
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki ḍabbu-la-tō avasaramu paḍiṁdi
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat money- pl . obl - com need( n ). sg . nom fall. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Praveen needs money.’

Turkish ihtiyaç olmak

Valency pattern: GEN_DAT
X: GEN
Y: DAT
Locus: XY
Mehmed-in para-ya ihtiyac-ı var
pn - gen money- dat need- p .3 there_is
‘Mehmet needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Ulcha gələu-

Valency pattern: DAT_ACC
X: DAT
Y: ACC
Locus: XY
əsi nanduti ǯaxa gələ-u-ŋ=guni
now they. dat money search- imps -?= ptcl
‘Now they need money.’
Note: This is an impersonal construction.

Uzbek kerak emoq

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ga pul kerak
pn - dat money need
‘Petja needs money.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, emoq is 'to be'.

West Central Oromo barbaada

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n k'arʃii barbaad-a
pn - nom money. abs need-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa needs money.’

Zilo Andi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ali-ɬu orsi qχ’oroqχ’.o-j
pn - dat money want. pst - pf
‘Ali wants/needs money.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.