‘need’
Argument frame: |
X
(need)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P.’s house was burglarised with all the valuables taken. As a consequence,)
P.
needs
money
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
нуждаться
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(нуждаться) в
Y
-е
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Дом П. ограбили и унесли все, что там было. Теперь)
П.
нуждается в
деньгах
/
П.
нужны
деньги
.
|
Abaza
[zə-]bža
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
X: ABS |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
rasúl |
aχč’á |
d-a-zə́-bža-b |
pn
|
money
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-
ben
-need-
npst
.
dcl
|
‘Rasul needs money.’ |
Adyghe
jə-šʼəč̣ʼaʁe
Valency pattern:
POSS_ABS
|
X: POSS |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
dirjekterə-m |
aχčʼe |
jə-šʼəč̣ʼaʁ |
директор-
obl
|
деньги(
abs
)
|
3
sg
.
pr
+
poss
-нужда
|
‘Директору нужны деньги.’ |
Aghul
gerek-tːi + ‘be’
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-s |
pul |
gerek-tːi |
a |
pn
-
dat
|
money
|
necessary-
adv
|
{
in
}be:
prs
|
‘Aslan needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+lazəm
Valency pattern:
ka_SBJ
|
X: ka |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
ka |
ayya |
baxta |
+lazəm=ən |
zuzə |
to
|
dem
2.
f
|
woman(
f
)
|
necessary=3
pl
|
money(
pl
)
|
‘This woman needs money.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. Non-verbal predicate. |
Bambara
màgo` bɛ́/tɛ́
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
màgo` |
bɛ́ |
wári` |
lá |
pn
|
need\
art
|
be
|
money\
a
rt
|
in
|
‘Seku needs money.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Brazilian Portuguese
precisar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
X: SBJ |
Y: de |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
precis-a |
de |
dinheiro |
pn
(
m
)
|
need-3
sg
.
prs
|
of
|
money(
m
)
|
‘Pedro needs money.’ |
Catalan
necessitar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
necessit-a |
diner-s |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
need-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
money(
m
)-
pl
|
‘Pere needs money.’ |
Czech
potřebovat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
potřebuje |
peníz-e |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
need(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
money(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Petr needs money.’ |
Danish
have brug
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
X: SBJ |
Y: for |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
ha-r |
brug |
for |
penge |
pn
|
have-
prs
|
need(
c
)
|
for
|
money(
c
).
pl
|
‘Peter needs money.’ |
Dutch
nodig hebben
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
geld |
nodig |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
money(
n
)
|
necessary
|
‘Piet needs money.’ |
Eastern Maninka
màko` yé
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sékù |
màko` |
yé |
wódi` |
lá. |
pn
|
need\
art
|
be
|
money\
art
|
at
|
‘Seku needs money.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication. |
English
need
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
vajama
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
vaja-b |
raha |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
need-
prs
.3
sg
|
money.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter needs money.’ |
Finnish
tarvita
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
tarvits-ee |
raha-a |
pn
.
nom
|
need-
prs
.3
sg
|
money-
part
|
‘Pekka needs money.’ |
Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb. |
Forest Enets
magu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
bɛse |
maguɔ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
iron
|
be_in_need(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend needs money’. |
French
avoir besoin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
X: SBJ |
Y: de |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
a |
besoin |
d’ |
argent |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
need(
m
)
|
of
|
money(
m
)
|
‘Paul needs money.’ |
Georgian
s-č'ir-d-eb-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
p'et're-s |
pul-i |
s-č'ir-d-eb-a |
pn
-
dat
|
money-
nom
|
io
3-need-
intr
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre needs money.’ |
German
brauchen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
brauch-t |
Geld |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
need-
prs
.
sg
|
money[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl needs money.’ |
Irish
bí
Valency pattern:
o_SBJ
|
X: o |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Tá |
airgid |
ó |
Phól. |
be.
prs
|
money
|
from
|
pn
|
‘Pól needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
servire
Valency pattern:
a_SBJ
|
X: a |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Leo |
serv-ono |
sold-i |
to
|
pn
(
m
)
|
need-3
pl
.
prs
|
money-
pl
.
m
|
‘Leo needs money.’ |
Kalderash Romani
trubul
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
les |
trubu-l |
les |
love |
he.
acc
|
need-
prs
.3
sg
|
he.
cl
|
money-
nom
.
pl
|
‘He needs money.’ |
Note: The verb has usually the 3SG form. |
Kazakh
kerek
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-ɣa |
aqša |
kerek |
pn
-
dat
|
money
|
be_necessary
|
‘Petya needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kazym Khanty
mɔsti
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pet’a-j-en-a |
wǒχ |
mɔs-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
-
dat
|
money
|
be_necessary-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja needs money.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
maduʁale-l |
os |
q'uča-na |
сосед-
dat
|
деньги
|
(
iii
) хотеть-
pst
.
u
|
‘Сосед нуждается в деньгах.’ |
Note: ‘To need’ seems to be one of the meaning extension of ‘to want’. |
Kina Rutul
hɨgara
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-u-s |
zar |
hɨga-r=a |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
money(
nom
)
|
4.want.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul needs money.’ |
Latin
egeo
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
mancipi-is |
locuples |
ege-t |
aer-is |
Cappadoc-um |
rex |
slave(
n
)-
abl
.
pl
|
rich[
nom
.
sg
]
|
need[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
money-
gen
.
sg
|
c
appadocian(
m
)-
gen
.
pl
|
king(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
‘The king of the Cappadocians is rich in slaves, but lacks money.’ |
Note: (Hor. Epist. I, 6, 39) |
Mandarin Chinese
xūyào
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
xūyào |
qián |
pn
|
need
|
money
|
‘Zhangsan needs money.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-sač'ir-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
čelo-s |
para-Ø |
Ø-o-sač'ir-(un)-Ø. |
pn
-
dat
|
money-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-need-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo needs money.’ |
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
tsariχ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
tsariχ |
kesef |
pn
|
need[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
money
|
‘Pinchas needs money.’ |
Nanai
gələ-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
əsi |
Petia |
ǯexa-wa |
gələ-j-ni |
now
|
pn
|
money-
obl
|
ask-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia needs money.’ |
Nivkh
cʰiŋrd
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Kaskazik |
cʰχa-ɣir̥ |
cʰiŋr-d |
pn
|
money-
ins
|
suffer-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik is suffering about the money.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |
Northern Mansi
ēri
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
|
X: LAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
anum-n |
oln |
ēri |
i
.
obl
-
lat
|
money
|
necessary
|
‘I need money.’ |
Note: This predicate has lost some, but not all, of its verbal properties. |
Northern Yukaghir
Y-CAUS-NLZR-bуnˈ=
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sǝmiǝn |
mǝ |
poɣodǝ-rǝ-l-bunˈ-i |
pn
|
aff
|
money-
caus
-
nlzr
-
des
-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien needs money.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as a root within a derived word. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å trenge
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
nå |
trenge-r |
Per |
peng-er |
now
|
need-
prs
|
pn
|
money-
pl
|
‘Now Per needs money.’ |
Polish
potrzebować
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
Ann-a |
potrzebuje |
pieniędz-y |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
need:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
money-
gen
.
pl
|
‘Mummy needs money.’ |
Russian
nužen + COP
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Pet-e |
nužn-y |
denʹg-i |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
necessary-
pred
.
pl
|
money-
nom
.
pl
|
‘Petja needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Serbian
biti potreban
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-u |
je |
potreban |
novac |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
necessary.
nom
.
sg
|
money.
nom
.
sg
|
‘Petar needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Shughni
darkor vidow
Valency pattern:
LAT_NOM
|
X: LAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Azim-ard |
pūl |
darkor |
pn
-
lat
|
money
|
needed
|
‘Azim needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt. |
Skolt Saami
taarbšed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
taarbaš |
tieʹǧǧ-id |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
need.
prs
.3
sg
|
money-
pl
.
acc
|
‘Pete needs money.’ |
Slovak
potrebovať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
potrebuje |
peniaz-e |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
need(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
money(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘Peter needs money.’ |
Slovenian
potrebovati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
An-a |
potrebuje |
denar |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
need:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
money[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Ana needs money.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
pêwîstî pêbûn
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
|
X: EXT |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Hîwa |
êsta |
pare=î |
pêwîst-e |
pn
|
now
|
money=3
sg
.
pc
|
neccessary-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘Hiwa now needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
necesitar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
necesit-a |
dinero |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
need-
prs
.3
sg
|
money[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro needs money.’ |
Swedish
att behöva
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
behöv-er |
pengar |
pn
|
need-
prs
|
money.
pl
|
‘Björn needs money.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
LOC_UND
|
X: LOC |
Y: UND |
Locus: X |
Na-nga~ngailang-an |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
pera |
potpv
-
ipfv
~need-
lv
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
money
|
‘Pedro needs money.’ |
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn money into the subject here? I chose this option because it has overt voice morphology. Alternative is a non-verbal construction with a very unusual pattern (two GEN in the coding frame; probably should be viewed as UND_UND), cf. “Kailangan ni Pedro ng pera” [need PERS.GEN PN GEN money] ‘Pedro needs money’. |
Telugu
avasaramu paḍu
Valency pattern:
DAT_COM
|
X: DAT |
Y: COM |
Locus: XY |
pravīṇ-ki |
ḍabbu-la-tō |
avasaramu |
paḍiṁdi |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
money-
pl
.
obl
-
com
|
need(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
fall.
pst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘Praveen needs money.’ |
Turkish
ihtiyaç olmak
Valency pattern:
GEN_DAT
|
X: GEN |
Y: DAT |
Locus: XY |
Mehmed-in |
para-ya |
ihtiyac-ı |
var |
pn
-
gen
|
money-
dat
|
need-
p
.3
|
there_is
|
‘Mehmet needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Ulcha
gələu-
Valency pattern:
DAT_ACC
|
X: DAT |
Y: ACC |
Locus: XY |
əsi |
nanduti |
ǯaxa |
gələ-u-ŋ=guni |
now
|
they.
dat
|
money
|
search-
imps
-?=
ptcl
|
‘Now they need money.’ |
Note: This is an impersonal construction. |
Uzbek
kerak emoq
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-ga |
pul |
kerak |
pn
-
dat
|
money
|
need
|
‘Petja needs money.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate, emoq is 'to be'. |
West Central Oromo
barbaada
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
k'arʃii |
barbaad-a |
pn
-
nom
|
money.
abs
|
need-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa needs money.’ |
Zilo Andi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ali-ɬu |
orsi |
qχ’oroqχ’.o-j |
pn
-
dat
|
money
|
want.
pst
-
pf
|
‘Ali wants/needs money.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate. |