‘open’
Argument frame: |
X
(open)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
opened
a can
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
открывать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(открывать)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
открыл
банку
.
|
Abaza
qə-ṭə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
á-č’ḳʷən |
a-bánka |
ʕa-qə-j-ṭə́-d |
def
-boy
|
def
-jar
|
cisl
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-open-
dcl
|
‘The boy opened the jar.’ |
Adyghe
qə-ze.tje-xə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
č̣ʼale-m |
banke-r |
qə-ze-tr-jə-xə-ʁ |
парень-
obl
|
банка-
abs
|
csl
-
rec
.
io
-
loc
:
top
-3
sg
.
erg
-снять-
pst
|
‘Парень открыл банку.’ |
Aghul
daq.u-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
bankːa |
daq.u-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
can
|
open.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan opened a can.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
patəx
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
brata |
ptəx-la |
banka |
girl(
f
)
|
open.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
can(?)
|
‘The girl opened a can.’ |
Bambara
dáyɛ̀lɛ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
kɛ́su` |
dáyɛ̀lɛ |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
box\
art
|
open
|
‘Seku opened the box.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
abrir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
abr-iu |
a |
lata |
pn
(
m
)
|
open-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
f
|
can(
f
)
|
‘Pedro opened the can.’ |
Catalan
obrir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
obr-ir |
un-a |
llauna |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
open-
inf
|
indf
-
sg
.
f
|
can(
f
)
|
‘Pere opened a can.’ |
Czech
otevřít
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
otevře-l |
lahvičk-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
open(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
bottle(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr opened a bottle.’ |
Danish
åbne
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
åbne-de |
en |
dåse |
pn
|
open-
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
can(
c
)
|
‘Peter opened a can.’ |
Dutch
openen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
de |
pot |
ge-open-d |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
can(
c
)
|
ptcp
-open-
ptcp
|
‘Piet opened the can.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lákà
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bára |
pɔ́ti` |
lákà. |
pn
|
prf
|
can\
art
|
open
|
‘Seku has opened a can.’ |
English
open
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
avama
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
ava-s |
konservi |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
open-
pst
.3
sg
|
can.
sg
.
gen
|
‘Peeter opened a can.’ |
Finnish
avata
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
ava-si |
tölki-n |
pn
.
nom
|
open-
pst
.3
sg
|
can-
gen
|
‘Pekka opened a can.’ |
Forest Enets
nɛte
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
banka |
nɛti-za |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
jar
|
open(
pfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
‘My friend opened the jar’. |
French
ouvrir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
ouvert |
le |
bocal |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
open.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
jar(
m
)
|
‘Paul opened a can.’ |
Georgian
ga-Ø-xsn-i-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-m |
kila-Ø |
ga-Ø-xsn-a |
pn
-
erg
|
jar-
nom
|
prv
:outward-
do
3-open-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre opened a jar.’ |
German
öffnen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
öffne-te |
ein-e |
Dose |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
open-
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
-
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
can[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl opened a can.’ |
Irish
oscail
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
D’=oscail |
Pól |
cana. |
pst
=open
|
pn
|
can
|
‘Pól opened a can.’ |
Italian
aprire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
aperto |
un |
barattol-o |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
open.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
can-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo opened a can.’ |
Kalderash Romani
pytrəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
pytər-ď-a |
ə |
bank-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
open-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
can-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Murša opened a can.’ |
Kazakh
aš
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
banka-nï |
aš-tï |
pn
|
can-
acc
|
open-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya opened a can.’ |
Kazym Khanty
pǔnši
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
panka |
pǔnš-ǝs |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
can
|
open-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja opened a can.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
šamil-i |
j-ãʁ-ʁa |
banka |
pn
-
erg
|
v
-открывать\
pst
.
w
|
банка(
v
)
|
‘Шамиль открывает банку.’ |
Kina Rutul
ačɨχ wɨɁɨr
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a |
bank’a |
ačɨχ |
w-ɨɁɨ-r |
pn
-
erg
|
pot(
nom
)
|
open
|
3-do.
pfv
-
cvb
|
‘Rasul opened a can.’ |
Latin
retego
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
in |
hoc |
thec-am |
nummari-am |
non |
retex-eri-s |
in
|
this.
acc
.
sg
.
n
|
chest(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
monetary-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
not
|
open-
fut
2.
ind
-
act
.2
sg
|
‘In this case, you will not open the money chest.’ |
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. 4, 7, 2) |
Mandarin Chinese
dǎkāi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
dǎkāi |
le |
yí-gè |
guàntou |
pn
|
open
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
can
|
‘Zhangsan opened a can.’ |
Mingrelian
go-Ø-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-k |
bank'a-Ø |
go-Ø-nc'q'-u. |
pn
-
erg
|
jar-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-open-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo opened a can.’ |
Modern Hebrew
pataχ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
pataχ |
paχit |
pn
|
open[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
can
|
‘Pinchas opened a can.’ |
Nanai
nixəli-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Pətjə |
banka-wa |
nixə.li-xə-ni |
pn
|
can-
obl
|
open.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia opened a can.’ |
Nivkh
r̥əlɣd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
qalŋ |
+ |
r̥əlɣ-d |
pn
|
can
|
+
|
open-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik opened a can.’ |
Northern Mansi
pūnsas
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pēt’a |
āwi |
pūns-as |
p
eter
|
door
|
open-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Peter opened the door.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
joŋotǝj=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
bа̄nkǝ-lǝ |
joŋotǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ |
pn
|
can-
acc
|
open-
pf
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘Semien opened a can.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å åpne
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
åpne-t |
boks-en |
pn
|
open-
pst
|
can-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
‘Per opened a can.’ |
Polish
otworzyć
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Marek |
otworzy-ł |
puszk-ę |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
open:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
can-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Marek opened a can.’ |
Russian
otkrytʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
otkry-l |
bank-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
open(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
can(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja opened a can.’ |
Serbian
otvoriti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
otvori-o |
tegl-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
open-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
jar-
acc
|
‘Petar opened a can.’ |
Shughni
yet čīdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Azim=i |
banka |
yet |
čūd |
pn
=3
sg
|
jar
|
open
|
do.
pst
|
‘Azim opened a can.’ |
Skolt Saami
ääʹveed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
äävi-i |
puurk |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
open-
pst
.3
sg
|
can.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete opened a can.’ |
Slovak
otvoriť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
otvori-l |
konzerv-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
open(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
can(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter opened a can.’ |
Slovenian
odpreti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
odpr-l |
bank-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
open:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
can-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter opened a can.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
kirdinewe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
qutu-ek=î |
kird-Ø-ewe |
pn
|
can-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
do.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
|
‘Hiwa opened a can.’ |
Spanish
abrir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ha |
abier-to |
una |
lata |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
open-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
can[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro opened the can.’ |
Swedish
att öppna
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
öppna-de |
en |
burk |
pn
|
open-
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
can
|
‘Björn opened a can.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
Nag-bukas |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
lata |
av
.
pfv
-open
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
can
|
‘Pedro opened a can.’ |
Telugu
terucu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
kyān-ni |
tericāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
can(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
open.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen opened a can.’ |
Turkish
açmak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
şişe-yi |
aç-tı |
pn
|
bottle-
acc
|
open-
pst
|
‘Mehmet opened the bottle.’ |
Ulcha
ńī-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
bukwar'-wə |
ńī-rərə, |
ti |
nə̄-xə |
abc
_book-
acc
|
open-
cvb
.
nsim
|
so
|
put-
pst
|
‘[We] opened the ABC book and put it like this.’ |
Note: This example is taken from natural texts. |
Uzbek
očmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
banka-ni |
oč-ti |
pn
|
jar-
acc
|
open-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja opened a can.’ |
West Central Oromo
bana
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
k'aruura |
ban-e |
pn
-
nom
|
can.
abs
|
open-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa opened a can.’ |
Zilo Andi
arχ.onn-ij
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
pat’imati-di |
arχ.onn-ij |
banka |
pn
-
erg
|
open.
pst
-
pf
|
tin[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
‘Patimat opened the tin.’ |