BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘open’

Argument frame:

X (open) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. opened a can .

Predicate label Ru:

открывать

Argument frame Ru:

X (открывать) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. открыл банку .

Abaza qə-ṭə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

á-č’ḳʷən	a-bánka	ʕa-qə-j-ṭə́-d
def -boy	def -jar	cisl - loc -3 sg . m . erg -open- dcl
‘The boy opened the jar.’

Adyghe qə-ze.tje-xə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

č̣ʼale-m	banke-r	qə-ze-tr-jə-xə-ʁ
парень- obl	банка- abs	csl - rec . io - loc : top -3 sg . erg -снять- pst
‘Парень открыл банку.’

Aghul daq.u-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

aslan.a	bankːa	daq.u-ne
pn ( erg )	can	open. pf - aor
‘Aslan opened a can.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic patəx

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

brata	ptəx-la	banka
girl( f )	open. pst - ls .3 f	can(?)
‘The girl opened a can.’

Bambara dáyɛ̀lɛ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	kɛ́su`	dáyɛ̀lɛ
pn	pfv . tr	box\ art	open
‘Seku opened the box.’

Brazilian Portuguese abrir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	abr-iu	a	lata
pn ( m )	open-3 sg . pst	def . f	can( f )
‘Pedro opened the can.’

Catalan obrir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	obr-ir	un-a	llauna
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	open- inf	indf - sg . f	can( f )
‘Pere opened a can.’

Czech otevřít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	otevře-l	lahvičk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	bottle( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr opened a bottle.’

Danish åbne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	åbne-de	en	dåse
pn	open- pst	indf . sg	can( c )
‘Peter opened a can.’

Dutch openen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	de	pot	ge-open-d
pn ( c )	have.3 sg	art . def . c	can( c )	ptcp -open- ptcp
‘Piet opened the can.’

Eastern Maninka lákà

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	pɔ́ti`	lákà.
pn	prf	can\ art	open
‘Seku has opened a can.’

English open

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	opened	a	can.

Estonian avama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	ava-s	konservi
pn . sg . nom	open- pst .3 sg	can. sg . gen
‘Peeter opened a can.’

Finnish avata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	ava-si	tölki-n
pn . nom	open- pst .3 sg	can- gen
‘Pekka opened a can.’

Forest Enets nɛte

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	banka	nɛti-za
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	jar	open( pfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend opened the jar’.

French ouvrir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	ouvert	le	bocal
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	open. pst . ptcp . m	def . sg . m	jar( m )
‘Paul opened a can.’

Georgian ga-Ø-xsn-i-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	kila-Ø	ga-Ø-xsn-a
pn - erg	jar- nom	prv :outward- do 3-open- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre opened a jar.’

German öffnen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	öffne-te	ein-e	Dose
pn [ nom . sg ]	open- pst .3 sg	indf - f . acc . sg	can[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl opened a can.’

Irish oscail

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

D’=oscail	Pól	cana.
pst =open	pn	can
‘Pól opened a can.’

Italian aprire

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	aperto	un	barattol-o
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	open. pst . ptcp	indf . sg . m	can- sg . m
‘Leo opened a can.’

Kalderash Romani pytrəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	pytər-ď-a	ə	bank-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	open- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	can- acc . sg
‘Murša opened a can.’

Kazakh aš

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	banka-nï	aš-tï
pn	can- acc	open- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya opened a can.’

Kazym Khanty pǔnši

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	panka	pǔnš-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	can	open- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja opened a can.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

šamil-i	j-ãʁ-ʁa	banka
pn - erg	v -открывать\ pst . w	банка( v )
‘Шамиль открывает банку.’

Kina Rutul ačɨχ wɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	bank’a	ačɨχ	w-ɨɁɨ-r
pn - erg	pot( nom )	open	3-do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul opened a can.’

Latin retego

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

in	hoc	thec-am	nummari-am	non	retex-eri-s
in	this. acc . sg . n	chest( f )- acc . sg	monetary- acc . sg . f	not	open- fut 2. ind - act .2 sg
‘In this case, you will not open the money chest.’
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. 4, 7, 2)

Mandarin Chinese dǎkāi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	dǎkāi	le	yí-gè	guàntou
pn	open	pfv	one- clf	can
‘Zhangsan opened a can.’

Mingrelian go-Ø-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	bank'a-Ø	go-Ø-nc'q'-u.
pn - erg	jar- nom	prv - do 3-open- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo opened a can.’

Modern Hebrew pataχ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	pataχ	paχit
pn	open[ pst .3 sg . m ]	can
‘Pinchas opened a can.’

Nanai nixəli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Pətjə	banka-wa	nixə.li-xə-ni
pn	can- obl	open. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia opened a can.’

Nivkh r̥əlɣd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	qalŋ	+	r̥əlɣ-d
pn	can	+	open- ind
‘Kaskazik opened a can.’

Northern Mansi pūnsas

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pēt’a	āwi	pūns-as
p eter	door	open- pst [3 sg ]
‘Peter opened the door.’

Northern Yukaghir joŋotǝj=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	bа̄nkǝ-lǝ	joŋotǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn	can- acc	open- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien opened a can.’

Norwegian Bokmål å åpne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	åpne-t	boks-en
pn	open- pst	can- def . m . sg
‘Per opened a can.’

Polish otworzyć

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Marek	otworzy-ł	puszk-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	open: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	can- acc . sg
‘Marek opened a can.’

Russian otkrytʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	otkry-l	bank-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	can( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja opened a can.’

Serbian otvoriti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	otvori-o	tegl-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	open- part . perf . m . sg	jar- acc
‘Petar opened a can.’

Shughni yet čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	banka	yet	čūd
pn =3 sg	jar	open	do. pst
‘Azim opened a can.’

Skolt Saami ääʹveed

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	äävi-i	puurk
pn . sg . nom	open- pst .3 sg	can. sg . acc
‘Pete opened a can.’

Slovak otvoriť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	otvori-l	konzerv-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	can( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter opened a can.’

Slovenian odpreti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	odpr-l	bank-o
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	open: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	can- acc . sg
‘Peter opened a can.’

Sorani Kurdish kirdinewe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	qutu-ek=î	kird-Ø-ewe
pn	can- indf =3 sg . pc	do. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa opened a can.’

Spanish abrir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	abier-to	una	lata
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	open- ptcp : prf	art . ndef . sg . f	can[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro opened the can.’

Swedish att öppna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	öppna-de	en	burk
pn	open- pst	indf . c . sg	can
‘Björn opened a can.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

Nag-bukas	si	Pedro	ng	lata
av . pfv -open	pers . subj	pn	gen	can
‘Pedro opened a can.’

Telugu terucu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	kyān-ni	tericāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	can( n ). sg . obl - acc	open. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen opened a can.’

Turkish açmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	şişe-yi	aç-tı
pn	bottle- acc	open- pst
‘Mehmet opened the bottle.’

Ulcha ńī-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

bukwar'-wə	ńī-rərə,	ti	nə̄-xə
abc _book- acc	open- cvb . nsim	so	put- pst
‘[We] opened the ABC book and put it like this.’
Note: This example is taken from natural texts.

Uzbek očmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	banka-ni	oč-ti
pn	jar- acc	open- pst .3 sg
‘Petja opened a can.’

West Central Oromo bana

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	k'aruura	ban-e
pn - nom	can. abs	open-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa opened a can.’

Zilo Andi arχ.onn-ij

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pat’imati-di	arχ.onn-ij	banka
pn - erg	open. pst - pf	tin[ inan 1][ nom ]
‘Patimat opened the tin.’