BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘open’

Argument frame:

X (open) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. opened a can .

Predicate label Ru:

открывать

Argument frame Ru:

X (открывать) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. открыл банку .

Abaza qə-ṭə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

á-č’ḳʷən	a-bánka	ʕa-qə-j-ṭə́-d
def -boy	def -jar	cisl - loc -3 sg . m . erg -open- dcl
‘The boy opened the jar.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) qə-ze.tje-xə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

č̣ʼale-m	banke-r	qə-ze-tr-jə-xə-ʁ
guy- obl	can- abs	csl - rec . io - loc : top -3 sg . erg -remove- pst
‘The guy opened the can.’

Aghul daq.u-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

aslan.a	bankːa	daq.u-ne
pn ( erg )	can	open. pf - aor
‘Aslan opened a can.’

Akhvakh (Northern) aχuruƛa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pataħi-de	maka	aχ-ari
pn - erg	jar	open- aor
‘Patahi opened a jar.’

Andi (Zilo) arχ.onn-ij

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

pat’imati-di	arχ.onn-ij	banka
pn - erg	open. pst - pf	tin[ inan 1][ nom ]
‘Patimat opened the tin.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) fataḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəftaḥ	ʕəlbe
pn	open. ipf .3 m	can( f )
‘Ahmad opens a can.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) f.t.ḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	fataḥ	il-ʿilbe
pn	open. pst .3 m . sg	def -box
‘Shadi opened the box.’

Arabic (standard) fataḥa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	fataḥa	l-ʕilbat-a
pn - nom	open. pf .3 m	def -can( f )- acc
‘Badr opened a can.’

Archi dabɬas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	bankːa	dabɬu
pn - obl . m ( erg )	jar	open. pfv
‘Pasha opened a jar.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic patəx

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

brata	ptəx-la	banka
girl( f )	open. pst - ls .3 f	can(?)
‘The girl opened a can.’

Avar rahize

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-ca	banka	rah-ana
pn - erg	jar	open- aor
‘Ali opened a can.’

Azerbaijani açmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Aslan	bir	bǝrni	aç-dı
pn	one	jar	open- pst (3)
‘Aslan opened a jar.’

Bafut ŋáʔà

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	ŋáʔà-mə̂	tɔ́ʔɔ̂
pn	sm	open- p 0	can
‘Ambe opened a can.’

Bambara dáyɛ̀lɛ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	kɛ́su`	dáyɛ̀lɛ
pn	pfv . tr	box\ art	open
‘Seku opened the box.’

Belarusian adkryć

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Alieś	adkry-ŭ	sloik
pn [ nom . sg ]	open( pfv )- pst . sg . m	can[ acc . sg ]
‘Ales opened a can.’

Budugh eçmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ır	sa-bbanka	eçmi	süʔür-cü
pn - erg	one- a	jar( a )	open a .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan opened a can.’

Bulgarian otvorya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petar	otvori	ken
pn	open( pfv ). aor .3 sg	can
‘Petar opened a can.’

Catalan obrir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	obr-ir	un-a	llauna
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	open- inf	indf - sg . f	can( f )
‘Pere opened a can.’

Chechen hwa-AGR-ili-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	banka	hwa-j-ili-na
pn - erg	jar. abs	here- j -open- prf
‘Islam opened a jar.’

Chinese (Mandarin) dǎkāi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	dǎkāi	le	yí-gè	guàntou
pn	open	pfv	one- clf	can
‘Zhangsan opened a can.’

Chirag ač b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

ʡa̰li-le	šuša	ač	b-arq’-ib
pn - erg	bottle( abs )	open	n . sg -do: pf - aor .3
‘Ali opened the bottle.’

Croatian otvoriti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	otvori-o	konzerv-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	open- part . perf . m . sg	can- acc . sg
‘Pero opened a can.’

Czech otevřít

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	otevře-l	lahvičk-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	bottle( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr opened a bottle.’

Danish åbne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	åbne-de	en	dåse
pn	open- pst	indf . sg	can( c )
‘Peter opened a can.’

Dargwa (Itsari) ač-B-arq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-il	pːank'a	ač-b-aˤrq'-ib
pn - erg	can( abs )	open- n -do. pfv - aor
‘Islam opened a can.’

Dargwa (Kadar) abx-es / ibx-es

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

meħamad-li	pank'a	abx-ib
pn - erg	jar	open. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad opened a jar.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) ʕaˁč:barara

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Petja-l	bank’a	ʕaˁč:bar-iv
pn - erg	jar	n .open. pf - aor (3)
‘Petja opened a can.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

gal-di-l	bank'a	takʷ	b-aq'-aj
boy- obl - erg	pot	open	n -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy opened a can.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) abšː-iz/ibšː-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	bank'a	abšː-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	pot	open. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy opened a pot.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) abšː-i / ibšː-i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

durħaˤ-li	taq'a	abšː-ib
boy- erg	pot	open. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy opened a can.’

Dutch openen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	de	pot	ge-open-d
pn ( c )	have.3 sg	art . def . c	can( c )	ptcp -open- ptcp
‘Piet opened the can.’

Enets (Forest) nɛte

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	banka	nɛti-za
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	jar	open( pfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend opened the jar’.

English open

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	opened	a	can.

Estonian avama

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	ava-s	konservi
pn . sg . nom	open- pst .3 sg	can. sg . gen
‘Peeter opened a can.’

Finnish avata

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	ava-si	tölki-n
pn . nom	open- pst .3 sg	can- gen
‘Pekka opened a can.’

French ouvrir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	ouvert	le	bocal
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	open. pst . ptcp . m	def . sg . m	jar( m )
‘Paul opened a can.’

Gban gò

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	ɛ́	vle̋	gò
pn	3 sg \ pst	door	open[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan opened the door.’

Georgian ga-Ø-xsn-i-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	kila-Ø	ga-Ø-xsn-a
pn - erg	jar- nom	prv :outward- do 3-open- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre opened a jar.’

German öffnen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	öffne-te	ein-e	Dose
pn [ nom . sg ]	open- pst .3 sg	indf - f . acc . sg	can[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl opened a can.’

Hebrew (modern) pataχ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	pataχ	paχit
pn	open[ pst .3 sg . m ]	can
‘Pinchas opened a can.’

Hindi kholnā

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pratīk	ne	ek	boṭal	khol-ī
pn ( m ). sg . obl	erg	one	bottle( f ). sg . dir	open. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek opened a bottle.’

Indonesian (standard) mem-buka

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Asep	mem-buka	toples
pn	act -open	jar
‘Asep opened a can.’

Irish oscail

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

D’=oscail	Pól	cana.
pst =open	pn	can
‘Pól opened a can.’

Italian aprire

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	aperto	un	barattol-o
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	open. pst . ptcp	indf . sg . m	can- sg . m
‘Leo opened a can.’

Karata ruhaanɬa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ʕali-l	banka	ruha-an
pn - erg	jar	open- pf
‘Ali opened a jar.’

Kazakh aš

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	banka-nï	aš-tï
pn	can- acc	open- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya opened a can.’

Khanty (Kazym) pǔnši

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	panka	pǔnš-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	can	open- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja opened a can.’

Khoekhoe ǁkhowaam

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	dō-b-a	go	ǁkhowaam
pn -3 m . sg	decl	can-3 m . sg - obl	rpst	open
‘Peter opened a can.’

Khwarshi j/ãʁa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

šamil-i	j-ãʁ-ʁa	banka
pn - erg	v -open- pst . w	can( v )
‘Shamil is opening a can.’

Komi-Zyrian восьтыны

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Петя	восьт-і-с	банка
pn	open- pret -3	can
‘Petja opened a can.’

Kpelle (Guinean) láa ɓó

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pépèe	àá	gbòɣo	láa	ɓó
pn	3 sg . prf	def \box	mouth	open
‘Pepee opened the box.’

Kryz (Alik) açuğ varic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

terlan-ir	banka	açuğ	ar-ic
pn - erg	jar	open	do. pfv - aor . n
‘Terlan opened a can.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) açux varic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	banka	açux	vor-du
pn - erg	jar( f )	open	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan opened a jar.’

Kryz (proper) açux varic

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

aslan-ir	sab	sila	suk'ra	açux	va-du
pn - erg	one. f	small	pitcher( f )	open	f .do. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan opened a jar.’

Kumyk ačmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

patimat	banka-nɨ	ač-d-ɨ
pn	jar( r )- acc	open- pst -3 sg
‘Patimat opened the can.’

Kurdish (Sorani) kirdinewe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	qutu-ek=î	kird-Ø-ewe
pn	can- indf =3 sg . pc	do. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa opened a can.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) vekirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

zlam	teneke	vekir
man	can( f )	open. pfv . sg
‘The man opened the can.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR

X: GEN

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Maħammad-u-l	t'i<r>t'-und-i	banka
pn - obl - gen	<4>open- aor -3 p	jar[ ru ]
‘Mohammad opened a can.’

Latin retego

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

in	hoc	thec-am	nummari-am	non	retex-eri-s
in	this. acc . sg . n	chest( f )- acc . sg	monetary- acc . sg . f	not	open- fut 2. ind - act .2 sg
‘In this case, you will not open the money chest.’
Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. 4, 7, 2)

Laz o-c'k'-(im)-u

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Käzim-i-k	küp-i	mo-Ø-o-c'k'-u
pn - b - erg	bottle- nom	prv - do 3- fact -open- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim opened a bottle.’

Lezgian (Yargun) aqhayin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	bankka	aqhay-na
pn - erg	jar	open- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib opened a can.’

Macedonian otvori

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	otvori	tegla-ta
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	open( pfv ). aor .3 sg	can- art . f . sg
‘Petar opened a can.’

Maltese

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Ġwanni	fetaħ	bott
pn	open. pf . m .3 sg	can
‘Ġwanni opened a can.’

Maninka (Eastern) lákà

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bára	pɔ́ti`	lákà.
pn	prf	can\ art	open
‘Seku has opened a can.’

Mano lé ɓō

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

āà	ká	lé	ɓō
3 sg . prf	house	mouth	remove
‘S/he has opened the house.’

Mansi (Northern) pūnsas

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pēt’a	āwi	pūns-as
p eter	door	open- pst [3 sg ]
‘Peter opened the door.’

Mehweb abxes

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Islam-ini	abx-ib	pankʼa
pn - erg	open: pfv - pst	jar[ ru ]
‘Islam opened a can.’

Mingrelian go-Ø-nc'q'-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	bank'a-Ø	go-Ø-nc'q'-u
pn - erg	jar- nom	prv - do 3-open- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo opened a jar.’

Nanai nixəli-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Pətjə	banka-wa	nixə.li-xə-ni
pn	can- obl	open. pfv - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia opened a can.’

Nivkh r̥əlɣd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	qalŋ	+	r̥əlɣ-d
pn	can	+	open- ind
‘Kaskazik opened a can.’

Norwegian Bokmål å åpne

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	åpne-t	boks-en
pn	open- pst	can- def . m . sg
‘Per opened a can.’

Oromo (West Central) bana

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	k'aruura	ban-e
pn - nom	can. abs	open-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa opened a can.’

Persian bāz kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	yek	qūṭī-rā	bāz	kard
pn	one	box- acc	open	do. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad opened a can.’

Polish otworzyć

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Marek	otworzy-ł	puszk-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	open: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	can- acc . sg
‘Marek opened a can.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) abrir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	abr-iu	a	lata
pn ( m )	open-3 sg . pst	def . f	can( f )
‘Pedro opened the can.’

Romani (Kalderash) pytrəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	pytər-ď-a	ə	bank-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	open- pst -3 sg	art . f . dir . sg	can- acc . sg
‘Murša opened a can.’

Russian otkrytʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	otkry-l	bank-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	can( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja opened a can.’

Rutul (Kina) ačɨχ wɨɁɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	bank’a	ačɨχ	w-ɨɁɨ-r
pn - erg	pot( nom )	open	3-do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul opened a can.’

Rutul (Mukhad) ačıχ hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	bank'a	ačıχ	hıʔı-ri
pn - erg	jar	open	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad opened a jar.’

Rutul (Shinaz) ačɨχ hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

basir	ačɨχ	hɨʔɨ-r	bank'
pn ( erg )	open	n .do. pf - aor	jar
‘Basir opened a can.’

Rutul (Southern) ğara hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	rak	ğara	hıʔı-r
pn - erg	door	open	n .do. pf - aor
‘Murad opened the door.’

Saami (Skolt) ääʹveed

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	äävi-i	puurk
pn . sg . nom	open- pst .3 sg	can. sg . acc
‘Pete opened a can.’

Serbian otvoriti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	otvori-o	tegl-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	open- part . perf . m . sg	jar- acc
‘Petar opened a can.’

Shughni yet čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM.CL

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	banka	yet	čūd
pn =3 sg	jar	open	do. pst
‘Azim opened a can.’

Slovak otvoriť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	otvori-l	konzerv-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	can( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter opened a can.’

Slovenian odpreti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	odpr-l	bank-o
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	open: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	can- acc . sg
‘Peter opened a can.’

Spanish abrir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	abier-to	una	lata
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	open- ptcp : prf	art . ndef . sg . f	can[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro opened the can.’

Svan Ø-pišg-e (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

maizer-d	bank'a-Ø	a-Ø-pišg
pn - erg	jar- nom	prv : dist - do 3-open
‘Maizer opened a jar.’

Swedish att öppna

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	öppna-de	en	burk
pn	open- pst	indf . c . sg	can
‘Björn opened a can.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	bank	t’ap’-nu
pn - erg	can	( n . sg )open- pst
‘Fatima opened a/the can.’

Tagalog magbukas

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

nag-bukas	si	Pedro	ng	lata
av . pfv -open	pers . subj	pn	gen	can
‘Pedro opened a can.’

Telugu terucu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	kyān-ni	tericāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	can( n ). sg . obl - acc	open. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen opened a can.’

Tsakhur aaqhiy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-ee	akka	aaqhı
pn - erg	gate( a )	a .open. pf
‘Murad opened the gate.’

Tswana bula

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ke-buts-e	le-botlolo
s i :1 sg -open. prf - fv	sg -bottle(5)
‘I opened the bottle.’

Turkish açmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	şişe-yi	aç-tı
pn	bottle- acc	open- pst
‘Mehmet opened the bottle.’

Turoyo fotəḥ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Gabriyel	ftəḥ-le	qotiye
pn	open. pfv - ls .3 m	can( f )
‘Gabriyel opened a can.’

Twi bue

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kofi	bue-e	toa	no
pn	open- pst	can	def
‘Kofi opened the can.’

Udi qay+LV

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS/DAT

Locus: TR

Nik'it'a-n	bang-in-a	qay=e=p-i
pn - erg	can- obl - dat	open=3 sg = lv - aor
‘Nikita opened a can.’

Udmurt uśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	banka-jez	uśt-iz
pn . nom	can- acc	open- pst .3 sg
‘Petja opened the can.’

Ukrainian vidkryty

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr-o	vidkry-v	bank-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	can( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro opened a can.’

Ulcha ńī-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

bukwar'-wə	ńī-rərə,	ti	nə̄-xə
abc _book- acc	open- cvb . nsim	so	put- pst
‘[We] opened the ABC book and put it like this.’
Note: This example is taken from natural texts.

Uzbek očmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	banka-ni	oč-ti
pn	jar- acc	open- pst .3 sg
‘Petja opened a can.’

Wolof tijji

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

tijji	naa	bunt	b-i	ak	caabi	j-i
open	prf .s i :1 sg	door( b )	cl b - def	with	key( j )	cl j - def
‘I opened the door with the key.’

Yukaghir (Northern) joŋotǝj=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	bа̄nkǝ-lǝ	joŋotǝ-j-mǝ-lǝ
pn	can- acc	open- pf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien opened a can.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ.TR

Y: DO

Locus: TR

oxɨr-i	qutij-e	kɛrd-ə=ra
pn - m . obl	can- indf	make. pst -3 sg . f =from
‘Oxir opened a can.’