‘open’
| Argument frame: | X (open) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. opened a can . |
| Predicate label Ru: | открывать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (открывать) Y |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. открыл банку . |
Abaza qə-ṭə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| á-č’ḳʷən | a-bánka | ʕa-qə-j-ṭə́-d |
| def -boy | def -jar | cisl - loc -3 sg . m . erg -open- dcl |
| ‘The boy opened the jar.’ | ||
Aghul daq.u-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a | bankːa | daq.u-ne |
| pn ( erg ) | can | open. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan opened a can.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic patəx
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata | ptəx-la | banka |
| girl( f ) | open. pst - ls .3 f | can(?) |
| ‘The girl opened a can.’ | ||
Brazilian Portuguese abrir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | abr-iu | a | lata |
| pn ( m ) | open-3 sg . pst | def . f | can( f ) |
| ‘Pedro opened the can.’ | |||
Catalan obrir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | obr-ir | un-a | llauna |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | open- inf | indf - sg . f | can( f ) |
| ‘Pere opened a can.’ | |||||
Czech otevřít
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | otevře-l | lahvičk-u |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | bottle( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petr opened a bottle.’ | ||
Danish åbne
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | åbne-de | en | dåse |
| pn | open- pst | indf . sg | can( c ) |
| ‘Peter opened a can.’ | |||
Dutch openen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | de | pot | ge-open-d |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | art . def . c | can( c ) | ptcp -open- ptcp |
| ‘Piet opened the can.’ | ||||
Estonian avama
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter | ava-s | konservi |
| pn . sg . nom | open- pst .3 sg | can. sg . gen |
| ‘Peeter opened a can.’ | ||
Finnish avata
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | ava-si | tölki-n |
| pn . nom | open- pst .3 sg | can- gen |
| ‘Pekka opened a can.’ | ||
Forest Enets nɛte
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | banka | nɛti-za |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | jar | open( pfv )-3 sg . so sg |
| ‘My friend opened the jar’. | |||
German öffnen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | öffne-te | ein-e | Dose |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | open- pst .3 sg | indf - f . acc . sg | can[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl opened a can.’ | |||
Italian aprire
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | aperto | un | barattol-o |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | open. pst . ptcp | indf . sg . m | can- sg . m |
| ‘Leo opened a can.’ | ||||
Kazakh aš
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | banka-nï | aš-tï |
| pn | can- acc | open- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya opened a can.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty pǔnši
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | panka | pǔnš-ǝs |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | can | open- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja opened a can.’ | ||
Latin retego
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| in | hoc | thec-am | nummari-am | non | retex-eri-s |
| in | this. acc . sg . n | chest( f )- acc . sg | monetary- acc . sg . f | not | open- fut 2. ind - act .2 sg |
| ‘In this case, you will not open the money chest.’ | |||||
| Note: (Cic. Ep. ad Att. 4, 7, 2) | |||||
Modern Hebrew pataχ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | pataχ | paχit |
| pn | open[ pst .3 sg . m ] | can |
| ‘Pinchas opened a can.’ | ||
Nanai nixəli-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Pətjə | banka-wa | nixə.li-xə-ni |
| pn | can- obl | open. pfv - pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia opened a can.’ | ||
Nivkh r̥əlɣd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | qalŋ | + | r̥əlɣ-d |
| pn | can | + | open- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik opened a can.’ | |||
Norwegian Bokmål å åpne
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | åpne-t | boks-en |
| pn | open- pst | can- def . m . sg |
| ‘Per opened a can.’ | ||
Polish otworzyć
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Marek | otworzy-ł | puszk-ę |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | open: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | can- acc . sg |
| ‘Marek opened a can.’ | ||
Russian otkrytʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | otkry-l | bank-u |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | open( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | can( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja opened a can.’ | ||
Rutul ačɨχ wɨɁɨr
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | bank’a | ačɨχ | w-ɨɁɨ-r |
| pn - erg | pot( nom ) | open | 3-do. pfv - cvb |
| ‘Rasul opened a can.’ | |||
Serbian otvorio
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | otvori-o | tegl-u |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | открыть- part . perf . m . sg | банка-А cc |
| ‘Петар открыл банку.’ | |||
Shughni yet čīdow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim=i | banka | yet | čūd |
| pn =3 sg | jar | open | do. pst |
| ‘Azim opened a can.’ | |||
Skolt Saami ääʹveed
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | äävi-i | puurk |
| pn . sg . nom | open- pst .3 sg | can. sg . acc |
| ‘Pete opened a can.’ | ||
Slovenian odpreti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | je | odpr-l | bank-o |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | open: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | can- acc . sg |
| ‘Peter opened a can.’ | |||
Spanish abrir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ha | abier-to | una | lata |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | open- ptcp : prf | art . ndef . sg . f | can[ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro opened the can.’ | ||||
Swedish att öppna
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | öppna-de | en | burk |
| pn | open- pst | indf . c . sg | can |
| ‘Björn opened a can.’ | |||
Turkish açmak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | şişe-yi | aç-tı |
| pn | bottle- acc | open- pst |
| ‘Mehmet opened the bottle.’ | ||
Ulcha ńī-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| bukwar'-wə | ńī-rərə, | ti | nə̄-xə |
| abc _book- acc | open- cvb . nsim | so | put- pst |
| ‘[We] opened the ABC book and put it like this.’ | |||
| Note: This example is taken from natural texts. | |||
Zilo Andi arχ.onn-ij
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di | arχ.onn-ij | banka |
| pn - erg | open. pst - pf | tin[ inan 1][ nom ] |
| ‘Patimat opened the tin.’ | ||