‘plough’
| Argument frame: | X (plough) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. is ploughing the field . |
| Predicate label Ru: | пахать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (пахать) Y |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. пашет поле . |
Abaza ĉaʁʷa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| a-qác̣a | j-ádg’əl | j-ĉaʁʷ-ə́j-d |
| def -man | 3 sg . m . io -ground | 3 sg . m . erg -plough- prs - dcl |
| ‘The man is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Aghul izan aq’.a-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a | χupː-ur | izan | aq’.a-a |
| pn ( erg ) | field- pl | <plowing> | do. ipf - prs |
| ‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṭarə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| sava | +bəṭray-o=l | +mazra |
| old. m | plough. prog - p .3 f =3 m | field( f ) |
| ‘The oldman is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Brazilian Portuguese arar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ar-a | o | campo |
| pn ( m ) | plough-3 sg . prs | def . m | field( m ) |
| ‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Catalan llaurar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_en |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: en |
| Locus: Y |
| en | Pere | està | llaurant-ant | en | el | seu | camp |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | be.3 sg . prs . ind | plough- ger | in | def . sg . m | poss .3. m . sg | field( m ) |
| ‘Pere is ploughing the field.’ | |||||||
Czech orat
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | oře | pol-e |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | field( n )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petr is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Danish pløje
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | pløje-r | mark-en |
| pn | plough- prs | field( c )- def . sg |
| ‘Peter is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Dutch ploegen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | ploeg-t | het | veld |
| pn ( c ) | plough-3 sg | art . def . n | field( n ) |
| ‘Piet is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Estonian kündma
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter | künna-b | põldu |
| pn . sg . nom | plough- prs .3 sg | field. sg . part |
| ‘Peeter is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Finnish kyntää
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | kynt-ää | pelto-a |
| pn . nom | plough- prs .3 sg | field- part |
| ‘Pekka is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Forest Enets kɔbuda
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| rosa-ʔ | dʲa | kɔbuda-ʔ |
| r ussian- pl | place | skin( ipfv )-3 pl . s |
| ‘The Russians scrape the ground’. | ||
German pflügen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | pflüg-t | das | Feld |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | plough- prs .3 sg | def . n . acc . sg | field[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Italian arare
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ar-a | il | camp-o |
| pn ( m ) | plough-3 sg . prs | def . sg . m | field- sg . m |
| ‘Leo is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Kazakh žïrt
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | alqap-tï | žïrt-ïp | žatïr |
| pn | field- acc | plough- cvb | lie.3 sg |
| ‘Petya is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty χirti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | akarat-ǝλ | χir-ǝλ |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | garden- poss .3 sg | dig- npst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja is digging his garden.’ | ||
| Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus. | ||
Latin aro
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| qui | public-os | agr-os | ara-nt |
| who. nom . pl . m | public- acc . pl . m | field( m )- acc . pl | plough[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl |
| ‘... those who till public fields.’ | |||
| Note: (Cic. In Verrem. 5, 53) | |||
Modern Hebrew χoreʃ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | χoreʃ | et | ha | sade |
| pn | plow[ ptcp . sg . m ] | do | def | field |
| ‘Pinchas is ploughing the field.’ | ||||
Nanai anǯala-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | daai | usi-mba | anǯa-la-j-ni |
| pn | big | vegetable_garden- obl | plough- pfv - npst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Nivkh *
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
| * |
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Norwegian Bokmål å pløye
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | pløye-r | jord-et |
| pn | plough- prs | field- def . n . sg |
| ‘Per is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Polish orać
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Michał | orze | pol-e |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | plough: ipfv . prs .3 sg | field- acc . sg |
| ‘Michał is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Russian paxatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | paš-et | pol-e |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | plough( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | field( n )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Rutul lʲaˁjχaˁra
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | χuj | lʲ-aˁjχaˁ-r=a |
| pn - erg | field( nom ) | pv -4.plough. ipfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Serbian ore
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | ore | njiv-u |
| pn . nom . sg | пахать. prs .3 sg | поле-А cc . sg |
| ‘Петар пашет поле.’ | ||
Shughni čīntow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim | agorod | čůn-t |
| pn | garden | dig-3 sg |
| ‘Azim is digging the garden.’ | ||
Skolt Saami auʹrrjed
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | lij | auʹrrje-men | peäld |
| pn . sg . nom | be. prs .3 sg | plough- prog . ptcp | field. sg . acc |
| ‘Pete is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Slovenian orati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a | orje | polj-e |
| pn - nom . sg | plough: ipfv . prs .3 sg | field- acc . sg |
| ‘Ana is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Spanish arar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ar-a | el | campo |
| pn [ sg . m ] | plough- prs .3 sg | art . def . sg . m | field[ sg . m ] |
| ‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’ | |||
Swedish att plöja
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | plöj-er | åker-n |
| pn | plough- prs | field- def . c . sg |
| ‘Björn is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Turkish sürmek
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | tarla-yı | sür-üyor |
| pn | field- acc | plough- prs |
| ‘Mehmet is ploughing the field.’ | ||
Ulcha bojali-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama | nā-wa | bojal-i-ni |
| father | ground- acc | break. tr - prs -3 sg |
| ‘Father is ploughing the field (lit. breaking the ground).’ | ||
Zilo Andi <b>-eqχ’.i-r
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di | b-eqχ’.i-r | χur |
| pn - erg | inan 1-plough. pst - prog | field[ inan 1][ nom ] |
| ‘Ali is ploughing the field.’ | ||