BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘plough’

Argument frame: X (plough) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. is ploughing the field .
Predicate label Ru: пахать
Argument frame Ru: X (пахать) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. пашет поле .

Abaza ĉaʁʷa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
a-qác̣a j-ádg’əl j-ĉaʁʷ-ə́j-d
def -man 3 sg . m . io -ground 3 sg . m . erg -plough- prs - dcl
‘The man is ploughing the field.’

Adyghe ẑʷe

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
λ̣ə-m ŝʷefə-r j-e-ẑʷe
мужчина- obl поле- abs 3 sg . erg - dyn -пахать
‘Мужчина пашет поле.’

Aghul izan aq’.a-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a χupː-ur izan aq’.a-a
pn ( erg ) field- pl <plowing> do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +ṭarə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava +bəṭray-o=l +mazra
old. m plough. prog - p .3 f =3 m field( f )
‘The oldman is ploughing the field.’

Bambara sɛ̀nɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bɛ́_kà fòro` sɛ̀nɛ
pn prog field\ art cultivate
‘Seku is cultivating a field.’

Brazilian Portuguese arar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ar-a o campo
pn ( m ) plough-3 sg . prs def . m field( m )
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’

Catalan llaurar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
en Pere està llaurant-ant en el seu camp
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind plough- ger in def . sg . m poss .3. m . sg field( m )
‘Pere is ploughing the field.’

Czech orat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr oře pol-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg field( n )- acc . sg
‘Petr is ploughing the field.’

Danish pløje

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter pløje-r mark-en
pn plough- prs field( c )- def . sg
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’

Dutch ploegen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet ploeg-t het veld
pn ( c ) plough-3 sg art . def . n field( n )
‘Piet is ploughing the field.’

Eastern Maninka sɛ̀nɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé fòdo` dó sɛ̀nɛ` lá.
pn be field\ art indf till\ art at
‘Seku is tilling a field.’

English plough

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is ploughing the field.

Estonian kündma

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter künna-b põldu
pn . sg . nom plough- prs .3 sg field. sg . part
‘Peeter is ploughing the field.’

Finnish kyntää

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka kynt-ää pelto-a
pn . nom plough- prs .3 sg field- part
‘Pekka is ploughing the field.’

Forest Enets kɔbuda

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
rosa-ʔ dʲa kɔbuda-ʔ
r ussian- pl place skin( ipfv )-3 pl . s
‘The Russians scrape the ground’.

French labourer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul laboure son champ
pn ( m ) plough. prs .3 sg one’s. sg . m field( m )
‘Paul is ploughing the field.’

Georgian Ø-xn-av-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-Ø q'ana-s Ø-xn-av-s
pn - nom field- dat do 3-plough- sm - s 3 sg
‘Petre is ploughing the field.’

German pflügen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl pflüg-t das Feld
pn [ nom . sg ] plough- prs .3 sg def . n . acc . sg field[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl is ploughing the field.’

Irish treabh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá Pól ag treabh an ghoirt.
be. prs pn at plough. nmlz def . gs field/ gs
‘Pól is ploughing the field.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Italian arare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ar-a il camp-o
pn ( m ) plough-3 sg . prs def . sg . m field- sg . m
‘Leo is ploughing the field.’

Kalderash Romani vunavel

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a vunav-el ə phuv
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg plough- prs -3 sg art . f . dir . sg ground[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša is ploughing the field.’

Kazakh žïrt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya alqap-tï žïrt-ïp žatïr
pn field- acc plough- cvb lie.3 sg
‘Petya is ploughing the field.’

Kazym Khanty χirti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en akarat-ǝλ χir-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg garden- poss .3 sg dig- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is digging his garden.’
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus.

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obut'-i laƛe-he ʁudu
отец. o - erg пахать- prs поле( iv )
‘Отец пашет поле.’

Kina Rutul lʲaˁjχaˁra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a χuj lʲ-aˁjχaˁ-r=a
pn - erg field( nom ) pv -4.plough. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is ploughing the field.’

Latin aro

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
qui public-os agr-os ara-nt
who. nom . pl . m public- acc . pl . m field( m )- acc . pl plough[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl
‘... those who till public fields.’
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. 5, 53)

Mandarin Chinese lí

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān zhèngzài lí dì
pn prog plough field
‘Zhangsan is ploughing the field.’

Mingrelian Ø-bar-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-Ø ʔvana-s Ø-bar-un-s=u.
pn - nom field- dat do 3-plough- sm - s 3 sg = ev
‘Chelo is ploughing the field.’

Modern Hebrew χoreʃ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas χoreʃ et ha sade
pn plow[ ptcp . sg . m ] do def field
‘Pinchas is ploughing the field.’

Nanai anǯala-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia daai usi-mba anǯa-la-j-ni
pn big vegetable_garden- obl plough- pfv - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is ploughing the field.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi xili

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xum xil-i mā
man dig- npst [3 sg ] earth
‘A man is digging/ploughing the earth.’

Northern Yukaghir tǝldič=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn lukul purа-ɣa-k tǝl-di-č-nu-m-lǝ
pn ground surface- loc - foc turn_inside_out- caus - mult - ipf - tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien is ploughing the ground.’
Note: Despite the presence of LOC, the second argument is syntactically a direct object (‘The surface of the ground’), here used in the object focus construction.

Norwegian Bokmål å pløye

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per pløye-r jord-et
pn plough- prs field- def . n . sg
‘Per is ploughing the field.’

Polish orać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Michał orze pol-e
pn [ nom . sg ] plough: ipfv . prs .3 sg field- acc . sg
‘Michał is ploughing the field.’

Russian paxatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja paš-et pol-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg plough( ipfv )- prs .3 sg field( n )- acc . sg
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

Serbian orati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ore njiv-u
pn . nom . sg plough. prs .3 sg field- acc . sg
‘Petar is ploughing the field.’

Shughni čīntow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim agorod čůn-t
pn garden dig-3 sg
‘Azim is digging the garden.’

Skolt Saami auʹrrjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt lij auʹrrje-men peäld
pn . sg . nom be. prs .3 sg plough- prog . ptcp field. sg . acc
‘Pete is ploughing the field.’

Slovak orať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter orie pol-e
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] plough( ipfv ). prs .3 sg field( n )- acc . sg
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’

Slovenian orati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a orje polj-e
pn - nom . sg plough: ipfv . prs .3 sg field- acc . sg
‘Ana is ploughing the field.’

Sorani Kurdish kêɫan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa zewî-eke-î de-kêɫ-ê
pn field- def - obl ind -plough. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa is ploughing the field.’

Spanish arar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ar-a el campo
pn [ sg . m ] plough- prs .3 sg art . def . sg . m field[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’

Swedish att plöja

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn plöj-er åker-n
pn plough- prs field- def . c . sg
‘Björn is ploughing the field.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
<In>a~araro ni Pedro ang bukid
< pv > ipfv ~plough pers . gen pn subj field
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’
Note: Alternative is the AV construction: “Nag-a~araro ng bukid si Pedro” [AV-IPFV-plough GEN field PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’

Telugu dunnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ polānni dunnutunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom field( n ). sg . acc plough. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is ploughing the field.’

Turkish sürmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet tarla-yı sür-üyor
pn field- acc plough- prs
‘Mehmet is ploughing the field.’

Ulcha bojali-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama nā-wa bojal-i-ni
father ground- acc break. tr - prs -3 sg
‘Father is ploughing the field (lit. breaking the ground).’

Uzbek xaydamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya dala-ni xayda-y-di
pn field- acc plough- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’

West Central Oromo k'ota

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n laf-ittʃa k'ot-aa dʒir-a
pn - nom land- def . abs plough- prog aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is ploughing the land.’

Zilo Andi <b>-eqχ’.i-r

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di b-eqχ’.i-r χur
pn - erg inan 1-plough. pst - prog field[ inan 1][ nom ]
‘Ali is ploughing the field.’