‘plough’
Argument frame: |
X
(plough)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
is ploughing
the field
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
пахать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(пахать)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
пашет
поле
.
|
Abaza
ĉaʁʷa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
a-qác̣a |
j-ádg’əl |
j-ĉaʁʷ-ə́j-d |
def
-man
|
3
sg
.
m
.
io
-ground
|
3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-plough-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘The man is ploughing the field.’ |
Adyghe
ẑʷe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
λ̣ə-m |
ŝʷefə-r |
j-e-ẑʷe |
мужчина-
obl
|
поле-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-пахать
|
‘Мужчина пашет поле.’ |
Aghul
izan aq’.a-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
χupː-ur |
izan |
aq’.a-a |
pn
(
erg
)
|
field-
pl
|
<plowing>
|
do.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan is ploughing the field.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṭarə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
sava |
+bəṭray-o=l |
+mazra |
old.
m
|
plough.
prog
-
p
.3
f
=3
m
|
field(
f
)
|
‘The oldman is ploughing the field.’ |
Bambara
sɛ̀nɛ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
fòro` |
sɛ̀nɛ |
pn
|
prog
|
field\
art
|
cultivate
|
‘Seku is cultivating a field.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
arar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ar-a |
o |
campo |
pn
(
m
)
|
plough-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
m
|
field(
m
)
|
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’ |
Catalan
llaurar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
X: SBJ |
Y: en |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
està |
llaurant-ant |
en |
el |
seu |
camp |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
plough-
ger
|
in
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
poss
.3.
m
.
sg
|
field(
m
)
|
‘Pere is ploughing the field.’ |
Czech
orat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
oře |
pol-e |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
plough(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
field(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr is ploughing the field.’ |
Danish
pløje
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
pløje-r |
mark-en |
pn
|
plough-
prs
|
field(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’ |
Dutch
ploegen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
ploeg-t |
het |
veld |
pn
(
c
)
|
plough-3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
field(
n
)
|
‘Piet is ploughing the field.’ |
Eastern Maninka
sɛ̀nɛ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
yé |
fòdo` |
dó |
sɛ̀nɛ` |
lá. |
pn
|
be
|
field\
art
|
indf
|
till\
art
|
at
|
‘Seku is tilling a field.’ |
English
plough
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
is |
ploughing |
the |
field. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
kündma
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
künna-b |
põldu |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
plough-
prs
.3
sg
|
field.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter is ploughing the field.’ |
Finnish
kyntää
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
kynt-ää |
pelto-a |
pn
.
nom
|
plough-
prs
.3
sg
|
field-
part
|
‘Pekka is ploughing the field.’ |
Forest Enets
kɔbuda
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
rosa-ʔ |
dʲa |
kɔbuda-ʔ |
r
ussian-
pl
|
place
|
skin(
ipfv
)-3
pl
.
s
|
‘The Russians scrape the ground’. |
French
labourer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
laboure |
son |
champ |
pn
(
m
)
|
plough.
prs
.3
sg
|
one’s.
sg
.
m
|
field(
m
)
|
‘Paul is ploughing the field.’ |
Georgian
Ø-xn-av-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-Ø |
q'ana-s |
Ø-xn-av-s |
pn
-
nom
|
field-
dat
|
do
3-plough-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre is ploughing the field.’ |
German
pflügen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
pflüg-t |
das |
Feld |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
plough-
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
field[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl is ploughing the field.’ |
Irish
treabh
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Tá |
Pól |
ag |
treabh |
an |
ghoirt. |
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
plough.
nmlz
|
def
.
gs
|
field/
gs
|
‘Pól is ploughing the field.’ |
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
arare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ar-a |
il |
camp-o |
pn
(
m
)
|
plough-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
field-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo is ploughing the field.’ |
Kalderash Romani
vunavel
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
vunav-el |
ə |
phuv |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
plough-
prs
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
ground[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Murša is ploughing the field.’ |
Kazakh
žïrt
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
alqap-tï |
žïrt-ïp |
žatïr |
pn
|
field-
acc
|
plough-
cvb
|
lie.3
sg
|
‘Petya is ploughing the field.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χirti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
akarat-ǝλ |
χir-ǝλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
garden-
poss
.3
sg
|
dig-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is digging his garden.’ |
Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus. |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obut'-i |
laƛe-he |
ʁudu |
отец.
o
-
erg
|
пахать-
prs
|
поле(
iv
)
|
‘Отец пашет поле.’ |
Kina Rutul
lʲaˁjχaˁra
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a |
χuj |
lʲ-aˁjχaˁ-r=a |
pn
-
erg
|
field(
nom
)
|
pv
-4.plough.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul is ploughing the field.’ |
Latin
aro
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
qui |
public-os |
agr-os |
ara-nt |
who.
nom
.
pl
.
m
|
public-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
field(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
plough[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
‘... those who till public fields.’ |
Note: (Cic. In Verrem. 5, 53) |
Mandarin Chinese
lí
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
zhèngzài |
lí |
dì |
pn
|
prog
|
plough
|
field
|
‘Zhangsan is ploughing the field.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-bar-un-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-Ø |
ʔvana-s |
Ø-bar-un-s=u. |
pn
-
nom
|
field-
dat
|
do
3-plough-
sm
-
s
3
sg
=
ev
|
‘Chelo is ploughing the field.’ |
Modern Hebrew
χoreʃ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
χoreʃ |
et |
ha |
sade |
pn
|
plow[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
field
|
‘Pinchas is ploughing the field.’ |
Nanai
anǯala-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
daai |
usi-mba |
anǯa-la-j-ni |
pn
|
big
|
vegetable_garden-
obl
|
plough-
pfv
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is ploughing the field.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
xili
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
xum |
xil-i |
mā |
man
|
dig-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
earth
|
‘A man is digging/ploughing the earth.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
tǝldič=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
lukul |
purа-ɣa-k |
tǝl-di-č-nu-m-lǝ |
pn
|
ground
|
surface-
loc
-
foc
|
turn_inside_out-
caus
-
mult
-
ipf
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
‘Semien is ploughing the ground.’ |
Note: Despite the presence of LOC, the second argument is syntactically a direct object (‘The surface of the ground’), here used in the object focus construction. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å pløye
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
pløye-r |
jord-et |
pn
|
plough-
prs
|
field-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘Per is ploughing the field.’ |
Polish
orać
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Michał |
orze |
pol-e |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
plough:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
field-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Michał is ploughing the field.’ |
Russian
paxatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
paš-et |
pol-e |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
plough(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
field(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’ |
Serbian
orati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
ore |
njiv-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
plough.
prs
.3
sg
|
field-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar is ploughing the field.’ |
Shughni
čīntow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Azim |
agorod |
čůn-t |
pn
|
garden
|
dig-3
sg
|
‘Azim is digging the garden.’ |
Skolt Saami
auʹrrjed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
lij |
auʹrrje-men |
peäld |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
plough-
prog
.
ptcp
|
field.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete is ploughing the field.’ |
Slovak
orať
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
orie |
pol-e |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
plough(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
field(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter is ploughing the field.’ |
Slovenian
orati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
An-a |
orje |
polj-e |
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
plough:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
field-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Ana is ploughing the field.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
kêɫan
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
zewî-eke-î |
de-kêɫ-ê |
pn
|
field-
def
-
obl
|
ind
-plough.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa is ploughing the field.’ |
Spanish
arar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ar-a |
el |
campo |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
plough-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
field[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’ |
Swedish
att plöja
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
plöj-er |
åker-n |
pn
|
plough-
prs
|
field-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
‘Björn is ploughing the field.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
<In>a~araro |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
bukid |
<
pv
>
ipfv
~plough
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
field
|
‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’ |
Note: Alternative is the AV construction: “Nag-a~araro ng bukid si Pedro” [AV-IPFV-plough GEN field PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is ploughing the field.’ |
Telugu
dunnu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
polānni |
dunnutunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
field(
n
).
sg
.
acc
|
plough.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen is ploughing the field.’ |
Turkish
sürmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
tarla-yı |
sür-üyor |
pn
|
field-
acc
|
plough-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is ploughing the field.’ |
Ulcha
bojali-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
nā-wa |
bojal-i-ni |
father
|
ground-
acc
|
break.
tr
-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Father is ploughing the field (lit. breaking the ground).’ |
Uzbek
xaydamoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
dala-ni |
xayda-y-di |
pn
|
field-
acc
|
plough-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘Petja is ploughing the field.’ |
West Central Oromo
k'ota
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
laf-ittʃa |
k'ot-aa |
dʒir-a |
pn
-
nom
|
land-
def
.
abs
|
plough-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
‘Obsa is ploughing the land.’ |
Zilo Andi
<b>-eqχ’.i-r
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ali-di |
b-eqχ’.i-r |
χur |
pn
-
erg
|
inan
1-plough.
pst
-
prog
|
field[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
‘Ali is ploughing the field.’ |