‘dismount’
| Argument frame: |
X
(get down) from
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
got down from
the horse
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
слезать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(слезать) с
Y
-a (с лошади)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
слез с
лошади
.
|
Abaza
ʕa-[ḳ.nə-]c̣ə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOCkne
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOCkne |
| Locus: Y |
| a-č-kʷá |
ŝ-ʕa-r-ḳ.nə́-m-c̣ə-n |
|
def
-horse-
pl
|
2
pl
.
abs
-
cisl
-3
pl
.
io
-
loc
-
neg
-pass-
neg
.
imp
|
| ‘Don’t get down from the horses!’ |
Adyghe
q-je-psə.xə-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| seldatə-r |
šə-m |
q-je-psə-xə-ʁ |
|
солдат-
abs
|
лошадь-
obl
|
csl
-3
sg
.
io
-
dat
-лезть-
down
-
pst
|
| ‘Солдат слез с лошади.’ |
Aghul
alajč’.u-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.ELAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
ʜajwan.di-l-as |
alajč’.u-ne |
|
pn
|
horse-
super
-
elat
|
{
super
}emerge.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan got down from the horse.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+salə
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +avvo |
naša |
+sli-lə |
mən |
suysa |
|
dem
3.
m
|
person(
m
)
|
descend.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
from
|
horse(
m
)
|
| ‘This man got down from the horse.’ |
Bambara
jìgin
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kan
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: kan |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
jìgin-na |
kà |
bɔ́ |
fàli` |
kàn |
|
pn
|
descend-
pfv
.
intr
|
inf
|
go.out
|
donkey\
art
|
on
|
| ‘Seku got down from the donkey.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
desmontar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
desmont-a |
do |
cavalo |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
dismount-3
sg
.
prs
|
of+
def
.
m
|
horse(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro dismounted the horse.’ |
Catalan
baixar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
va |
baix-ar |
del |
cavall |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
go_down-
inf
|
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
horse(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere got down from the horse.’ |
Czech
seskočit
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
seskoči-l |
z |
kon-ě |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
jump_off(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
from
|
horse(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr jumped off the horse.’ |
Danish
stige af
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
steg |
af |
hest-en |
|
pn
|
climb-
pst
|
off
|
horse(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter got down from the horse.’ |
Dutch
afsteigen
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_van
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
steig-t |
van |
het |
paard |
af |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
get.down-3
sg
|
from
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
horse(
n
)
|
of
|
| ‘Piet got down from the horse.’ |
Eastern Maninka
jìi
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kan
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: kan |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bára |
jìi |
à |
lá |
móto` |
kàn. |
|
pn
|
prf
|
descend
|
3
sg
|
poss
|
motorbike\
art
|
on
|
| ‘Seku has got down from the motorbike.’ |
English
get down
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_from
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: from |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
got |
down |
from |
the |
horse. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
maha tulema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
tul-i |
hobuse-lt |
maha |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
come-
pst
.3
sg
|
horse-
abl
|
down
|
| ‘Peeter got down from the horse.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device). |
Finnish
laskeutua
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
laskeutu-i |
hevose-n |
selä-stä |
|
pn
.
nom
|
dismount-
pst
.3
sg
|
horse-
gen
|
back-
ela
|
| ‘Pekka got down from the horse.’ |
Forest Enets
kaʔa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLniz
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLniz |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
buranu-da |
nʲi-z |
dʲa |
nʲi-ʔ |
kaʔ-e-zʔ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
snowmobile-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
surface-
abl
|
place
|
surface-
dat
|
come_down(
pfv
)-
m
-3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘My friend got down from the snowmobile to the ground’. |
French
descendre
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
est |
descendu |
du |
cheval |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
dismount.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
horse(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul got down from the horse.’ |
Georgian
ča-mo-Ø-xt'-eb-a (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS.ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS.ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
cxen-idan |
ča-mo-Ø-xt'-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
horse-
pstp
:
ins
.
abl
|
prv
:downward+inward-
prv
:
prox
-
s
3-jump-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre got down from the horse.’ |
German
absteigen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_vonDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: vonDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
steig-t |
vom |
Pferd |
ab |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rise-
prs
.3
sg
|
of.
def
.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
horse[
dat
.
sg
]
|
from
|
| ‘Karl got down from the horse.’ |
Irish
tar anuas
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Tháinig |
Pól |
anuas |
de-n |
gcapall. |
|
come.
pst
|
pn
|
down
|
from-
def
|
horse
|
| ‘Pól got down from the horse.’ |
Italian
smontare
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: da |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
è |
smontat-o |
dal |
cavall-o |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
dismount.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
by.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
horse-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo dismounted the horse.’ |
Kalderash Romani
hulel
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pa |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
hul-ist-o |
pa |
grast |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
dismount-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
from
|
horse[
nom
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Murša got down from the horse.’ |
Kazakh
tüs
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
at-tan |
tüs-tі |
|
pn
|
horse-
abl
|
descend-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya got down from the horse.’ |
Kazym Khanty
(iλ) wɔχǝλti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMewelt
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMewelt |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
λɔw |
ewǝλt |
(iλ) |
wɔχλ-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
horse
|
from
|
(down)
|
descend-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja got down from the horse.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.EL
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil |
sajro-ƛ'o-žo |
(q'udul) |
eq-qa |
|
pn
|
конь(
iii
)-
super
-
el
|
на.земле
|
выйти-
pst
.
w
|
| ‘Шамиль слез с коня.’ |
Kina Rutul
saɁ seč’ura
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
hejwan-a-la |
saɁ |
s-e-č’u-r=a |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
horse-
obl
(
sup
)-
el
|
down.
lat
|
pv
-
pv
-1.get.down.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul got down from the horse.’ |
Latin
descendo
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| quibus |
de |
caus-is |
Sull-am |
dictator-em |
un-i |
sibi |
descend-ere |
equ-o |
|
which.
abl
.
pl
|
of
|
cause(
f
)-
abl
.
pl
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
disctator(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
one-
dat
.
m
|
refl
.
dat
|
dismount[
prs
]-
inf
.
act
|
horse(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
| ‘For these reasons Sulla the dictator used to only dismount from a horse before him. ’ |
| Note: (Sal. Hist. V, 20, 2) |
Mandarin Chinese
xià
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
xià |
le |
mǎ |
|
pn
|
go_down
|
pfv
|
horse
|
| ‘Zhangsan got down from the horse.’ |
Mingrelian
gim-Ø-ur-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ABL
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-k |
cxen-(i)še(n) |
gim-Ø-e-l-(u). |
|
pn
-
erg
|
horse-
abl
|
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-go-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo got down from the horse.’ |
Modern Hebrew
jarad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mi |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
jarad |
me |
ha |
sus |
|
pn
|
descend[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
def
|
horse
|
| ‘Pinchas got down from the horse.’ |
Nanai
xulun-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
moren |
oja-ǯea-ni |
xuluŋ-ki-ni |
|
pn
|
horse
|
surface-
abl
-
p
.3
sg
|
go_down-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia got down from the horse.’ |
| Note: The ablative marker can also be attached attached directly to the Y-argument (‘the horse’). |
Nivkh
caqrd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_LOC/ABL
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: LOC/ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
murŋ-ux |
caqr-d |
|
pn
|
horse-
loc
/
abl
|
jump-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik got down from the horse.’ |
Northern Mansi
xotkwalapas
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| jēn’a |
buran-e-nǝl |
xot-kwal-ap-as |
|
pn
|
snowmobile-
poss
.3
sg
-
el
|
from-stand-
pfv
-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Eugene dismounted from his snowmobile.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
kǝriǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
johodilǝ-ɣаt |
kǝriǝ-j |
|
pn
|
horse-
abl
|
descend-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien got down from the horse.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å stige av
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
steg |
av |
hest-en |
|
pn
|
climb.
pst
|
of
|
horse-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per got down from the horse.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (av is not a flagging device). |
Polish
zejść
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Jacek |
zszed-ł |
z |
koni-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
go_down:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
from
|
horse-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Jacek got down from the horse.’ |
Russian
sleztʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
slez |
s |
lošad-i |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
dismount(
pfv
).
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
from
|
horse(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja got down from the horse.’ |
Serbian
sići
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_sGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: sGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
je |
siša-o |
s |
konj-a |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
go.down-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
from.up
|
horse-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar got down from the horse.’ |
Shughni
xāvdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL-SUP
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL-SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim |
as |
vorǰ-ti |
xāv-d |
|
pn
|
el
|
horse-
sup
|
descend-
pst
|
| ‘Azim got down from the horse.’ |
Skolt Saami
luâšttõõttâd
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
luâšttõõđ-i |
(vuâlas) |
heäppaz |
sieʹlj-est |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
descend-
pst
.3
sg
|
(downwards)
|
horse.
sg
.
gen
|
back-
sg
.
loc
|
| ‘Pete got down from the horse.’ |
Slovak
zosadnúť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
zosado-l |
z |
koň-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
jump_off(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
from
|
horse(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter jumped off the horse.’ |
Slovenian
zlesti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
je |
zleze-l |
s |
konj-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
dismount:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
from
|
horse-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter got down from the horse.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
dabezîn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
le |
hesp-eke-î |
dabezî-Ø |
|
pn
|
from
|
horse-
def
-
obl
|
dismount.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa got down from the horse.’ |
| Note: The exact morphemic boundaries in "dabezî" are not fully clear. |
Spanish
apearse
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
se |
ape-ó |
de=l |
caballo |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
dismount-
aor
.3
sg
|
from=
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
horse[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro got down from the horse.’ |
Swedish
att kliva av
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
klev |
av |
häst-en |
|
pn
|
climb.
pst
|
of
|
horse-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn got down from the horse.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (av is not a flagging device). |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_mulaLOC
|
| X: X |
| Y: mulaLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| B<um>aba |
si |
Pedro |
mula |
sa |
kabayo |
|
<
av
>
pfv
.go
|
down
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
from
|
dat
horse
|
| ‘Pedro got down from the horse.’ |
Telugu
digu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLmidanunci
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLmidanunci |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
gurramu |
mīda-nuṁci |
digāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
horse(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
on-
abl
|
come_down.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen got down from the horse.’ |
Turkish
inmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
at-tan |
in-di |
|
pn
|
horse-
abl
|
descend-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet got down from the horse.’ |
Ulcha
xulunǯu-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| ama |
murin-ǯi |
xulun-ǯu-xə-ni |
|
father
|
horse-
ins
|
climb_out-
rep
-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father got down from the horse.’ |
Uzbek
tušmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
ot-tan |
tuš-ti |
|
pn
|
horse-
abl
|
get_down-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja got down from the horse.’ |
West Central Oromo
buʔa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSirraa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABSirraa |
| Locus: Y |
| nam-ittʃ-i |
fard-ittʃa |
irraa |
buʔ-e |
|
man-
def
-
nom
|
horse-
def
.
abs
|
on.
abl
|
get_down-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘The man got down from the horse.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-utɬ.i hitɬ’u
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
w-utɬ.i |
k’otu-ʔa-kːu |
hitɬ’u |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
m
-come_down.
pst
(
aor
)
|
horse-
super
-
el
|
down
|
| ‘Ali got off the horse.’ |
