BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘envy’

Argument frame:

X (envy) Y

Stimulus sentence:

(M. has a car, and P. doesn't). P. envies M .

Predicate label Ru:

завидовать

Argument frame Ru:

X (завидовать) Y -у

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(У М. есть машина, а у П. — нет) П. завидует М .

Abaza [c-]n-χč’alə

Valency pattern: ABS_COM

X: ABS

Y: COM

Locus: Y

wə-s-c-nə́-m-χč’alə-n

2 sg . m . abs -1 sg . io - com - loc - neg -envy- neg . imp

‘Don’t envy me!’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-χʷepse

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r	dirjekterə-m	j-e-χʷapse
teacher- abs	director- obl	3 sg . io . dat - dyn -envy
‘The teacher envies the director.’

Aghul *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Akhvakh (Northern) rak’wač’iɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa-ge	rak’wač’iɬ-ohe	w-uk’-iri
pn	pn - loc	envy- seq	m -be- ipf 3
‘Patahi envies Musa.’

Andi (Zilo) rok’o qχubi-ɬ.i-j

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: XY

muħammadi-r	rok’o	qχubi-ɬ.i-j	ali-ʔa
pn - inan 2( gen )	heart[ inan 2][ nom ]	untidy- inch . pst - pf	pn - super
‘Muhammad envies Ali.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ḥəsəd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Aḥmad	yəḥsəd	Salwa
pn	envy. ipf .3 m	s alwa
‘Ahmad envies Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḥ.s.d

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	biḥsed	Reem
pn	envy. prs .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi envies Reem.’

Arabic (standard) ḥasada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-un	yaḥsudu	Maryam-a
pn - nom	envy. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr envies Maryam.’

Archi maˁrš

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

paša	marina-t	maˁrš
pn	pn - sup	be.envious
‘Pasha envies Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic baxxəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

+Ašur	baxxul=əl	bi	švav-u
pn	envy. prog =3 m	with	neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur envies his neighbor.’

Avar žaħda buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER

X: GEN

Y: INTER

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	žaħda	b-uk’-una	aħmad-i-ɬ
pn - gen	envy	n -be- ipf	pn - obl - inter
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Azerbaijani paxıllıq etmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

Aslan	Rǝsul-a	paxıllıq	ed-ir
pn	pn - dat / lat	envy	do- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Bafut tɛ́ʔɛ̂ nᵼ̀líʔî

Valency pattern: SBJ_a.atu.nu

X: SBJ

Y: a.atu.nu

Locus: Y

àmbɛ́	à	tɛ́ʔɛ̂	nᵼ̀líʔî	á	àtû	nú	sùù
pn	sm	put	eye	at	head/ prep	body/ prep	pn
‘Ambe envies Suh.’

Bambara kɔ́niya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bɛ	Fùséni	kɔ́niya
pn	ipfv	pn	envy
‘Seku envies Fuseyni.’

Belarusian zajzdroscić

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Alieś	zajzdrosc-ić	Alien-je
pn [ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Ales envies Alena.’

Budugh paxıruvol siʔi

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ır	rosul-uz	paxıruvol	siʔi-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	n .do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Bulgarian zavizhdam

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	zavizhda	na	Mihail
pn	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar envies Mihail.’

Catalan envejar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	envej-a	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere envies Marc.’

Chechen hwagh AGR-u

Valency pattern: GEN_INS

X: GEN

Y: INS

Locus: XY

Islam-an	Nadir-aca	hwagh	j-u
pn - gen	pn - ins	jealousy. abs	j -be. prs
‘Islam envies Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Chinese (Mandarin) jídù

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	jídù	Lǐsì
pn	envy	pn
‘Zhangsan envies Lisi.’

Chirag q’aq’a ik’-le

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul-l-i	ʡa̰χː-dixː	b-uχ-ar,	ʡa̰le	q’aq’a	ik’-le
pn - obl - super	good- abstr ( abs )	n . sg -become: pf - cond .3	pn ( abs )	tight	( m . sg )come: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘If Rasul is fine, Ali becomes envious.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Croatian zavidjeti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	zavidi	Miš-i
pn - nom . sg	envy. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero envies Mišo.’

Czech závidět

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	závidí	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr envies Michal.’

Danish være misundelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	er	misundelig	på	Marie
pn	be. prs	jealous. c . sg	on	pn
‘Peter envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Itsari) ʕaˤsi-li ca-B

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam	Nadir-ri-j	ʕaˤsi-li	ca-w
pn ( abs )	pn - obl - super ( lat )	angry- adv	cop - m
‘Islam is discontent with Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Dargwa (Kadar) baχ-il CL-ak'-es (PFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

meħamad	baχ-il	w-ak'-ib	rasu-j-ke
pn	jealous- atr	m -come. pfv - pret	pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad envies Rasul.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

gal	juldaš-l-i	uk'e	ħuˤsut-le=saw
boy	friend- obl - dat	heart	envious- adv = cop . m (3)
‘The boy envies his friend.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) ħaˤl b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-jaˤ	ħaˤl	ik'-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	wish	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy envies his neighbor.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) waˤħaˤl-le + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

durħaˤ	zumra-ge-w	waˤħaˤl-le=caj
boy	neighbor- super - m . ess	jealous- adv - cop : m (3)
‘The boy envies his neighbor.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch jaloers zijn

Valency pattern: SBJ_op

X: SBJ

Y: op

Locus: Y

Piet	is	jaloers	op	Marie
pn ( c )	cop .3 sg	envious	on	pn ( c )
‘Piet envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Enets (Forest) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

English envy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	envies	Mary.

Estonian kadestama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	kadesta-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter envies Maret.’

Finnish kadehtia

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	kadehti-i	Matti-a
pn . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka envies Matti.’

French envier

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	envie	Marie
pn ( m )	envy. prs .3 sg	pn ( f )
‘Paul envies Marie.’

Gban sɔ́ gò lè

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Zá̰	∅	sɔ́	gó=lȅ	Mɔ̰̈bì	là
pn	3 sg	envy	ipfv \buy= loc 2	pn	on
‘Zan envies Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-šur-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

p'et're-s	mašo-si	Ø-šur-s
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3-envy- s 3 sg
‘Petre envies Masho.’
Note: An insertion of a NOM argument, such as švil-i [child-NOM] is not ruled out here; in this instance, the sentence would read as 'Petre is envious of Masho's child'.

German beneiden

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	beneide-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	envy- prs .3 sg	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl envies Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) mekan-e

Valency pattern: SBJ_be

X: SBJ

Y: be

Locus: Y

Pinχas	mekan-e	be	Menaχem
pn	envy[ ptcp ]- sg . m	in	pn
‘Pinchas envies Menachem.’

Hindi jalnā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL

X: DIR

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Pratīk	Mohan	se	jal-t-ā	hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir	pn ( m ). sg . obl	abl	burn- ipfv - m . sg	prs .3 sg
‘Prateek envies Mohan.’

Indonesian (standard) iri

Valency pattern: SBJ_pada

X: SBJ

Y: pada

Locus: Y

Ade	iri	pada	Ali
pn	jealous	for	pn
‘Ade envies Ali.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Irish bí formad

Valency pattern: aige_le

X: aige

Y: le

Locus: XY

Tá	formad	aige	Pól	le	Máire.
be. prs	envy	at	pn	with	pn
‘Pól envies Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian invidiare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	invidi-a	Maria
pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs	pn ( f )
‘Leo envies Maria.’

Karata džahda bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: POSS_COM

X: POSS

Y: COM

Locus: XY

ʕali-b	herk’a-m	džaħda	b-ik’u-da	aħmat’-i-k’el
pn - n	big- n	envy	n -be- ipf	pn - obl - com
‘Ali envies Ahmat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Kazakh qïzɣan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ɣa	qïzɣan-adï
pn	pn - dat	envy- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya envies Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) wǔšmaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

waśa-j-en	pet’a-j-a	wǔšmaś-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - dat	envy- npst [3 sg ]
‘Vasja envies Petja.’

Khoekhoe suri

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s-a	ra	suri
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg - obl	ipfv	envy
‘Peter envies Maria.’

Khwarshi lok'ʷa liχʷa

Valency pattern: GEN1_GEN2

X: GEN1

Y: GEN2

Locus: XY

di-ja	lok'ʷa	liχʷa-ha	isu-lo	žоhоl
1 sg . o - gen 1	heart( iv )	remain- prs	dem . an . o . i - gen 2	behind
‘I envy him.’
Note: The NPs in the genitive display some properties of clause-level arguments.

Komi-Zyrian завидьтыны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Петя	завидьт-ӧ	Маша-лы
pn	envy- prs .3	pn - dat
‘Petja envies Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) hwɛ́ɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha

X: SBJ

Y: bha

Locus: Y

Pépèe	káa	hwɛ́ɛ-ì	Hèhee	ɓà
pn	cop	fill- inf	pn	on1
‘Pepee envies Hehee.’

Kryz (Alik) paxiluval aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-iz	paxiluval	yi-re
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan envies Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) xayinluğol aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-iz	xayinluğol	i-re
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Kryz (proper) paxilival yaric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan-ir	rasul-is	paxilival	yi-ri
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	n .do. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Kumyk güllemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	musa-nɨ	gül-le-j
pn	pn - acc	(envy)- vblz -3 sg
‘Basir envies Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) bexîlî birdin

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_be

X: SBJ.TR

Y: be

Locus: Y

Hîwa	bexîlî	be	Sîrwan-î	de-b-a
pn	envy	to	pn - obl	ind -take. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa envies Sirwan.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) çavnebarî kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

zilam	çavnebari-ya	jin-ê	di-k-e
man	envy- ez . f	woman- obl . f	prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man envies the woman.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Maħammad	dak’	maˁš	qana-j	ur	Rasul-du-j
pn	heart	be.greedy	become. ipfv - cvb . ipfv	1.be. prs .3 p	pn - obl - sup
‘Mohammad envies Rasul.’

Latin invideo

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

prob-us	autem	invide-t	nemin-i
honest- nom . sg . m	but	envy[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg	nobody- dat . sg
‘An honest man does not envy anyone.’
Note: (Cic. Tim. 9, 4)

Laz tol-i o-skid-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Käzim-i	Fatma-s	tol-i	do-Ø-skid-un-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	eye- nom	prv - s 3-remain- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim envies Fatma.’
Note: This structure is confirmed to be correct, although it looks unusual. Unmarked external possessor?

Lezgian (Yargun) ppaxil + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Sahib	Eldar-a-l	ppaxil	ya
pn	pn - obl - sup	envious	cop
‎‎‎‘Sahib envies Eldar.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Macedonian zaviduva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	ì	zaviduva	na	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . dat	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar envies Maja.’

Maltese

Valency pattern: SBJ_ghal

X: SBJ

Y: ghal

Locus: Y

Ġwanni	jgħir	għal	Mark
pn	be.jealous. ipf . m .3 sg	for	pn
‘Ġwanni envies Mark.’

Maninka (Eastern) tɛ́ɛmasìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	tɛ́ɛmasìi-nin	Fónbà	mà.
pn	envy- ptcp . res	pn	adr
‘Seku envies Fomba.’

Mano fɔ̀ɔ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo

X: SBJ

Y: mo

Locus: Y

lɛ́ɛ̀	fɔ̀ɔ̄	ē	ɓɛ́ì	mɔ̀
3 sg . ipfv	inflate: ipfv	3 sg . refl	friend	on
‘S/he envies his friend.’

Mansi (Northern) nuraɕi

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

anum-n	sāw	māxum	nuraɕ-ēj-t
1 sg . obl - lat	many	people	envy- npst -3 pl
‘Many people envy me.’

Mehweb ħalwahaj -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	ħalwahaj	urh-an	Nadir-li-če
pn	envious	m .become: ipfv - hab	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam envies Nadir.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-nǯar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

čelo-s	anučia-ši	Ø-o-nǯar-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3- ver : sup -envy- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo envies Anuchia.’

Nanai ananasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	anana.si-ni
pn	pn - dir	jealousy. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Norwegian Bokmål å være misunnelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Per	er	misunnelig	på	Ola
pn	be. prs	envious	on	pn
‘Per envies Ola.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Oromo (West Central) inaafa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

obsaa-n	tolaa-tti	inaaf-a
pn - nom	pn - loc	envy-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa invies Tola.’

Persian ḥasādat kardan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM

X: NOM

Y: beNOM

Locus: Y

ahmad	be	mariam	ḥasādat	mī-kon-ad
pn	to	pn	envy	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad envies Mariam.’

Polish zazdrościć

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Michał	zazdrości	Janc-e
pn [ nom . sg ]	envy: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Michał envies Janka.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) invejar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	invej-a	Miguel
pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs	pn ( m )
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) xal xoli

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xa-l	xoli	pe	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	eat- prs .3 sg	spite	on	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša envies Marijka.’

Russian zavidovatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	zavidu-et	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja envies Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) paxil jiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	paxil	jiɁi	asijed-ɨ
pn ( nom )	envy	1. cop	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul envies Asijat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Mukhad) peχil jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ıı	peχil	jiʔi
pn	pn - super	envious	m . cop
‘Murad envies Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Shinaz) ul livxi-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPER

X: ATTR

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

basir-dɨ	hamıʔ	ul	ʁa	karam-ɨ
pn - attr	now	eye( a )	be_on	pn - super
‘Basir envies Karam.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Rutul (Southern) bexil yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ıı	bexil	ruˤq'uˤ-r
pn	pn - super	jealous	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Murad envies Aydin.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Saami (Skolt) kađšted

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	kaađašt	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	envy. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete envies Maria’

Serbian zavideti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petar	zavidi	Marij-i
pn . nom . sg	envy. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Petar envies Maria.’

Shughni qayti čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_INS

X: NOM.CL

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Naǰiba	Safina=qati	qayti	kix̌-t
pn	pn = ins	envy	do-3 sg
‘Najiba envies Safina.’

Slovak závidieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	závidí	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter envies Marek.’

Slovenian zavidati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

An-a	zavida	Petr-u
pn - nom . sg	envy: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Ana envies Peter.’

Spanish envidiar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	envidi-a	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	envy- prs .3 sg	dir . obj . anm	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro envies Maria.’

Svan x-a-txäm (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_BEN

X: DAT

Y: BEN

Locus: XY

maizer-s	lile-šd	x-a-txäm
pn - dat	pn - ben	io 3- ver : sup -envy
‘Maizer envies Lile.’

Swedish att vara avundsjuk

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Björn	är	avundsjuk	på	Maja
pn	be. prs	envious. indf . n . sg	on	pn
‘Björn envies Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmed	rasul.i-in	ʁanix-ǯi	vu
pn ( abs )	pn - super	eager- adv	cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad envies Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tagalog mainggit

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

na-i~inggit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
av . ipfv - ipfv ~envy	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

Telugu īrṣya + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	aṁṭē	īrṣya
pn ( m ). sg - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_is	envy( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen envies Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur paхıliyvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aˁlee	manq:u-na	paхıliyvalla	haaʔa
pn . erg	med . obl . m - a	envy( a )	a .do. ipf
‘Murad envies him.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Tswana fufegela

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Mpho	o-fufeg-el-a	Ø-tsala	ya-gagwe
prn (1)	s i :cl1-be.envious- appl - fv	sg -friend(9)	cl9. gen -cl1. pro
‘Mpho envies his friend.’

Turkish kıskanmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Orhan-ı	kıskan-ıyor
pn	pn - acc	envy- prs
‘Mehmet envies Orhan.’

Turoyo maku gawo

Valency pattern: SBJ_m

X: SBJ

Y: m

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	ko-maku	gawo	me	Maryam
pn	prs -make_hurt. ipfv .3 m	stomach	from	pn
‘Gabriyel envies Maryam.’

Twi anibere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kofi	anibere	nana
pn	envy. prs	grandfather
‘Kofi envies grandfather.’

Udi paxılluğ+LV

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN

X: ERG

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

Rit'a-n	Navel-eynak'	paxılluğ=e=b-sa
pn - erg	pn - ben	envy=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Rita envies Navela.’

Udmurt vožjaśki̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet'a	Maša-li̮	vožjaśk-je
pn . nom	pn - dat	envy- prs .3 sg
‘Petja envies Masha.’

Ukrainian zazdryty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr-o	zazdr-yt’	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro envies Mariya.’

Ulcha ananasi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

nan	əj	əktə-wə	ananas-i-ni
s/he	this	female- acc	envy- prs -3 sg
‘S/he envies this woman.’

Uzbek hasad qilmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Miša-ga	hasad	qil-a-di
pn	pn - dat	envy	do- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja envies Miša.’

Wolof ñee

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

Usmaan	dafa	ñee	xarit-am	ndax	kër-am	g-u	bees	g-i
pn	f oc v .s i :3 sg	envy	friend( b )- poss :3 sg	because_of	house( g )- poss :3 sg	rel -cl g	be.new	cl g - def
‘Usmaan envies his friend because of his new house.’

Yukaghir (Northern) hollijuori=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ	mǝ	hollij-uo-ri-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	envy- stat - appl - tr .3 sg
‘Semien envies Cheri.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

o	hɛsuːdi-ja	ajɛ	kɛ-n-o
3 sg . m . abs	jealousy- ez . f	3 sg . f . obl	make. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘He envies her.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.