BivalTyp

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‘envy’

Argument frame:

X (envy) Y

Stimulus sentence:

(M. has a car, and P. doesn't). P. envies M .

Predicate label Ru:

завидовать

Argument frame Ru:

X (завидовать) Y -у

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(У М. есть машина, а у П. — нет) П. завидует М .

Abaza [c-]n-χč’alə

Valency pattern: ABS_COM

X: ABS

Y: COM

Locus: Y

wə-s-c-nə́-m-χč’alə-n

2 sg . m . abs -1 sg . io - com - loc - neg -envy- neg . imp

‘Don’t envy me!’

Adyghe je-χʷepse

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r	dirjekterə-m	j-e-χʷapse
учитель- abs	директор- obl	3 sg . io . dat - dyn -завидовать
‘Учитель завидует директору.’

Aghul *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic baxxəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

+Ašur	baxxul=əl	bi	švav-u
pn	envy. prog =3 m	with	neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur envies his neighbor.’

Bambara kɔ́niya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bɛ	Fùséni	kɔ́niya
pn	ipfv	pn	envy
‘Seku envies Fuseyni.’

Brazilian Portuguese invejar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	invej-a	Miguel
pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs	pn ( m )
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’

Catalan envejar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	envej-a	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere envies Marc.’

Czech závidět

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	závidí	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr envies Michal.’

Danish være misundelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	er	misundelig	på	Marie
pn	be. prs	jealous. c . sg	on	pn
‘Peter envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch jaloers zijn

Valency pattern: SBJ_op

X: SBJ

Y: op

Locus: Y

Piet	is	jaloers	op	Marie
pn ( c )	cop .3 sg	envious	on	pn ( c )
‘Piet envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Eastern Maninka tɛ́ɛmasìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	tɛ́ɛmasìi-nin	Fónbà	mà.
pn	envy- ptcp . res	pn	adr
‘Seku envies Fomba.’

English envy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	envies	Mary.

Estonian kadestama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	kadesta-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter envies Maret.’

Finnish kadehtia

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	kadehti-i	Matti-a
pn . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka envies Matti.’

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

French envier

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	envie	Marie
pn ( m )	envy. prs .3 sg	pn ( f )
‘Paul envies Marie.’

Georgian Ø-šur-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

p'et're-s	mašo-si	Ø-šur-s
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3-envy- s 3 sg
‘Petre envies Masho.’
Note: An insertion of a NOM argument, such as švil-i [child-NOM] is not ruled out here; in this instance, the sentence would read as 'Petre is envious of Masho's child'.

German beneiden

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	beneide-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	envy- prs .3 sg	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl envies Marie.’

Irish bí formad

Valency pattern: aige_le

X: aige

Y: le

Locus: XY

Tá	formad	aige	Pól	le	Máire.
be. prs	envy	at	pn	with	pn
‘Pól envies Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian invidiare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	invidi-a	Maria
pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs	pn ( f )
‘Leo envies Maria.’

Kalderash Romani xal xoli

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xa-l	xoli	pe	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	eat- prs .3 sg	spite	on	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša envies Marijka.’

Kazakh qïzɣan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ɣa	qïzɣan-adï
pn	pn - dat	envy- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya envies Masha.’

Kazym Khanty wǔšmaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

waśa-j-en	pet’a-j-a	wǔšmaś-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - dat	envy- npst [3 sg ]
‘Vasja envies Petja.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: GEN1_GEN2

X: GEN1

Y: GEN2

Locus: XY

di-ja	lok'wa	liχwa-ha	isu-lo	žоhоl
1 sg . o - gen 1	сердце( iv )	остаться- prs	dem . an . o . i - gen 2	позади
‘Я завидую ему.’
Note: The use of GEN2 is determined by the spatial element “žoho” ‘behind’, which is part of the predicate. The two do not have to behave as a single constituent. ИГ: отрываются вроде все, и первый генитив от сердца, и второй генитив от «послелога». От сердца точно (и во всех других примерах, и от гнева и от прочих подобных абсолютивных имен), от послелога как будто сложнее.

Kina Rutul paxil jiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	paxil	jiɁi	asijed-ɨ
pn ( nom )	envy	1. cop	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul envies Asijat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Latin invideo

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

prob-us	autem	invide-t	nemin-i
honest- nom . sg . m	but	envy[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg	nobody- dat . sg
‘An honest man does not envy anyone.’
Note: (Cic. Tim. 9, 4)

Mandarin Chinese jídù

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	jídù	Lǐsì
pn	envy	pn
‘Zhangsan envies Lisi.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-nǯar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

čelo-s	anučia-ši	Ø-o-nǯar-u(n)-Ø.
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3- ver : sup -envy- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo envies Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew mekan-e

Valency pattern: SBJ_be

X: SBJ

Y: be

Locus: Y

Pinχas	mekan-e	be	Menaχem
pn	envy[ ptcp ]- sg . m	in	pn
‘Pinchas envies Menachem.’

Nanai ananasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	anana.si-ni
pn	pn - dir	jealousy. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi nuraɕi

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

anum-n	sāw	māxum	nuraɕ-ēj-t
1 sg . obl - lat	many	people	envy- npst -3 pl
‘Many people envy me.’

Northern Yukaghir hollijуori=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ	mǝ	hollij-uo-ri-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	envy- stat - appl - tr .3 sg
‘Semien envies Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å være misunnelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Per	er	misunnelig	på	Ola
pn	be. prs	envious	on	pn
‘Per envies Ola.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Polish zazdrościć

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Michał	zazdrości	Janc-e
pn [ nom . sg ]	envy: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Michał envies Janka.’

Russian zavidovatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	zavidu-et	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja envies Maša.’

Serbian zavideti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petar	zavidi	Marij-i
pn . nom . sg	envy. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Petar envies Maria.’

Shughni qayti čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Naǰiba	Safina=qati	qayti	kix̌-t
pn	pn = ins	envy	do-3 sg
‘Najiba envies Safina.’

Skolt Saami kađšted

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	kaađašt	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	envy. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete envies Maria’

Slovak závidieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	závidí	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter envies Marek.’

Slovenian zavidati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

An-a	zavida	Petr-u
pn - nom . sg	envy: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Ana envies Peter.’

Sorani Kurdish bexîlî birdin

Valency pattern: SBJ_be

X: SBJ

Y: be

Locus: Y

Hîwa	bexîlî	be	Sîrwan-î	de-b-a
pn	envy	to	pn - obl	ind -take. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa envies Sirwan.’

Spanish envidiar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	envidi-a	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	envy- prs .3 sg	dir . obj . anm	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro envies Maria.’

Swedish att vara avundsjuk

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Björn	är	avundsjuk	på	Maja
pn	be. prs	envious. indf . n . sg	on	pn
‘Björn envies Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tagalog

Valency pattern: UND_LOC

X: UND

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Na-i~inggit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
statpv - ipfv ~envy	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Miguel into the subject here?

Telugu īrṣya + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	aṁṭē	īrṣya
pn ( m ). sg - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_is	envy( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen envies Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turkish kıskanmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Orhan-ı	kıskan-ıyor
pn	pn - acc	envy- prs
‘Mehmet envies Orhan.’

Ulcha ananasi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

nan	əj	əktə-wə	ananas-i-ni
s/he	this	female- acc	envy- prs -3 sg
‘S/he envies this woman.’

Uzbek hasad qilmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Miša-ga	hasad	qil-a-di
pn	pn - dat	envy	do- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja envies Miša.’

West Central Oromo inaafa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

obsaa-n	tolaa-tti	inaaf-a
pn - nom	pn - loc	envy-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa invies Tola.’

Zilo Andi rok’o qχubi-ɬ.i-j

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: XY

muħammadi-r	rok’o	qχubi-ɬ.i-j	ali-ʔa
pn - inan 2( gen )	heart[ inan 2][ nom ]	untidy- inch . pst - pf	pn - super
‘Muhammad envies Ali.’