BivalTyp

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‘envy’

Argument frame:

X (envy) Y

Stimulus sentence:

(M. has a car, and P. doesn't). P. envies M .

Predicate label Ru:

завидовать

Argument frame Ru:

X (завидовать) Y -у

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(У М. есть машина, а у П. — нет) П. завидует М .

Abaza [c-]n-χč’alə

Valency pattern: ABS_COM

X: ABS

Y: COM

Locus: Y

wə-s-c-nə́-m-χč’alə-n

2 sg . m . abs -1 sg . io - com - loc - neg -envy- neg . imp

‘Don’t envy me!’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-χʷepse

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT

X: ABS

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

č̣ʼelejeʁaǯʼe-r	dirjekterə-m	j-e-χʷapse
teacher- abs	director- obl	3 sg . io . dat - dyn -envy
‘The teacher envies the director.’

Aghul *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Alik Kryz paxiluval aric

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-iz	paxiluval	yi-re
pn - erg	pn - dat	envy	do. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan envies Rasul.’

Archi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

paša	marina-t	maˁrš
pn	pn - sup	be.envious
‘Pasha envies Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative").

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic baxxəl

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

+Ašur	baxxul=əl	bi	švav-u
pn	envy. prog =3 m	with	neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur envies his neighbor.’

Avar žaħda buk’ine

Valency pattern: GEN_INTER

X: GEN

Y: INTER

Locus: XY

ʕali-l	žaħda	b-uk’-una	aħmad-i-ɬ
pn - gen	envy	n -be- ipf	pn - obl - inter
‘Ali envies Ahmad.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Azerbaijani paxıllıq etmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

Aslan	Rǝsul-a	paxıllıq	ed-ir
pn	pn - dat / lat	envy	do- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan envies Rasul.’

Bambara kɔ́niya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	bɛ	Fùséni	kɔ́niya
pn	ipfv	pn	envy
‘Seku envies Fuseyni.’

Brazilian Portuguese invejar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	invej-a	Miguel
pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs	pn ( m )
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’

Catalan envejar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	envej-a	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs . ind	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere envies Marc.’

Chirag q’aq’a ik’-le

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

rasul-l-i	ʡa̰χː-dixː	b-uχ-ar,	ʡa̰le	q’aq’a	ik’-le
pn - obl - super	good- abstr ( abs )	n . sg -become: pf - cond .3	pn ( abs )	tight	( m . sg )come: ipf - dur . prs .3
‘If Rasul is fine, Ali becomes envious.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause.

Czech závidět

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	závidí	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr envies Michal.’

Danish være misundelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	er	misundelig	på	Marie
pn	be. prs	jealous. c . sg	on	pn
‘Peter envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch jaloers zijn

Valency pattern: SBJ_op

X: SBJ

Y: op

Locus: Y

Piet	is	jaloers	op	Marie
pn ( c )	cop .3 sg	envious	on	pn ( c )
‘Piet envies Marie.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Eastern Maninka tɛ́ɛmasìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	tɛ́ɛmasìi-nin	Fónbà	mà.
pn	envy- ptcp . res	pn	adr
‘Seku envies Fomba.’

English envy

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	envies	Mary.

Estonian kadestama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	kadesta-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter envies Maret.’

Finnish kadehtia

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	kadehti-i	Matti-a
pn . nom	envy- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka envies Matti.’

Forest Enets *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

French envier

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	envie	Marie
pn ( m )	envy. prs .3 sg	pn ( f )
‘Paul envies Marie.’

Georgian Ø-šur-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

p'et're-s	mašo-si	Ø-šur-s
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3-envy- s 3 sg
‘Petre envies Masho.’
Note: An insertion of a NOM argument, such as švil-i [child-NOM] is not ruled out here; in this instance, the sentence would read as 'Petre is envious of Masho's child'.

German beneiden

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	beneide-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	envy- prs .3 sg	pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl envies Marie.’

Guinean Kpelle hwɛ́ɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha

X: SBJ

Y: bha

Locus: Y

Pépèe	káa	hwɛ́ɛ-ì	Hèhee	ɓà
pn	cop	fill- inf	pn	on1
‘Pepee envies Hehee.’

Icari Dargwa ʕaˤsi-li w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Islam	Nadir-rij	ʕaˤsi-li	ca=w
pn . abs	pn - suplat	angry- adv	cop = m
‘Islam is discontent with Nadir.’
Note: Not included in the database because this translation is semantically inaccurate.

Irish bí formad

Valency pattern: aige_le

X: aige

Y: le

Locus: XY

Tá	formad	aige	Pól	le	Máire.
be. prs	envy	at	pn	with	pn
‘Pól envies Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian invidiare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	invidi-a	Maria
pn ( m )	envy-3 sg . prs	pn ( f )
‘Leo envies Maria.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

meħamad	baχ-il	w-ak'-ib	rasu-j-ke
pn	jealous- atr	m -come. pfv - pret	pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad envies Rasul.’

Kalderash Romani xal xoli

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	xa-l	xoli	pe	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	eat- prs .3 sg	spite	on	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša envies Marijka.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmed	rasul.i-in	ʁanix-ǯi	vu
pn ( abs )	pn - super	eager- adv	cop ( prs )
‘Mahamad envies Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Karata džahda bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: POSS_COM

X: POSS

Y: COM

Locus: XY

ʕali-b	herk’a-m	džaħda	b-ik’-uda	aħmat’-i-k’el
pn - n	big- n	envy	n -be- ipf	pn - obl - com
‘Ali envies Ahmat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Kaytag Dargwa *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Kazakh qïzɣan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ɣa	qïzɣan-adï
pn	pn - dat	envy- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya envies Masha.’

Kazym Khanty wǔšmaśti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

waśa-j-en	pet’a-j-a	wǔšmaś-λ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - dat	envy- npst [3 sg ]
‘Vasja envies Petja.’

Khoekhoe suri

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s-a	ra	suri
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg - obl	ipfv	envy
‘Peter envies Maria.’

Khwarshi lok'ʷa liχʷa

Valency pattern: GEN1_GEN2

X: GEN1

Y: GEN2

Locus: XY

di-ja	lok'ʷa	liχʷa-ha	isu-lo	žоhоl
1 sg . o - gen 1	heart( iv )	remain- prs	dem . an . o . i - gen 2	behind
‘I envy him.’
Note: The NPs in the genitive display some properties of clause-level arguments.

Kina Rutul paxil jiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul	paxil	jiɁi	asijed-ɨ
pn ( nom )	envy	1. cop	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul envies Asijat.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk güllemek

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

basir	musa-nɨ	gül-le-j
pn	pn - acc	(envy)- vblz -3 sg
‘Basir envies Musa.’

Latin invideo

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

prob-us	autem	invide-t	nemin-i
honest- nom . sg . m	but	envy[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg	nobody- dat . sg
‘An honest man does not envy anyone.’
Note: (Cic. Tim. 9, 4)

Laz tol-i o-skid-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Käzim-i	Fatma-s	tol-i	do-Ø-skid-un-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	eye- nom	prv - s 3-remain- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim envies Fatma.’
Note: This structure is confirmed to be correct, although it looks unusual. Unmarked external possessor?

Mandarin Chinese jídù

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	jídù	Lǐsì
pn	envy	pn
‘Zhangsan envies Lisi.’

Mano fɔ̀ɔ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo

X: SBJ

Y: mo

Locus: Y

lɛ́ɛ̀	fɔ̀ɔ̄	ē	ɓɛ́ì	mɔ̀
3 sg . ipfv	inflate: ipfv	3 sg . refl	friend	on
‘S/he envies his friend.’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

Islam	ħalwahaj	urh-an	Nadir-li-če
pn	envious	m .become: ipfv - hab	pn - obl - super ( lat )
‘Islam envies Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Mingrelian Ø-o-nǯar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN

X: DAT

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

čelo-s	anučia-ši	Ø-o-nǯar-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat	pn - gen	io 3- ver : sup -envy- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo envies Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew mekan-e

Valency pattern: SBJ_be

X: SBJ

Y: be

Locus: Y

Pinχas	mekan-e	be	Menaχem
pn	envy[ ptcp ]- sg . m	in	pn
‘Pinchas envies Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul peχil jišin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	q'urban-ıı	peχil	jiʔi
pn	pn - super	envious	m . cop
‘Murad envies Kurban.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Nanai ananasi-

Valency pattern: NOM_DIR

X: NOM

Y: DIR

Locus: Y

Petia	Maša-či	anana.si-ni
pn	pn - dir	jealousy. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia envies Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Akhvakh rak’wač’iɬuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa-ge	rak’wač’iɬ-ohe	w-uk’-iri
pn	pn - loc	envy- cv	m -be- ipf 3
‘Patahi envies Musa.’

Northern Mansi nuraɕi

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

anum-n	sāw	māxum	nuraɕ-ēj-t
1 sg . obl - lat	many	people	envy- npst -3 pl
‘Many people envy me.’

Northern Yukaghir hollijuori=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ	mǝ	hollij-uo-ri-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	envy- stat - appl - tr .3 sg
‘Semien envies Cheri.’

Norwegian Bokmål å være misunnelig

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Per	er	misunnelig	på	Ola
pn	be. prs	envious	on	pn
‘Per envies Ola.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Polish zazdrościć

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Michał	zazdrości	Janc-e
pn [ nom . sg ]	envy: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Michał envies Janka.’

Russian zavidovatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	zavidu-et	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	envy( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja envies Maša.’

Serbian zavideti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petar	zavidi	Marij-i
pn . nom . sg	envy. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Petar envies Maria.’

Shinaz Rutul ul livxi-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPER

X: ATTR

Y: SUPER

Locus: XY

basir-dɨ	hamıʔ	ul	ʁa	karam-ɨ
pn - attr	now	eye( a )	be_on	pn - super
‘Basir envies Karam.’
Note: The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Shughni qayti čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

Naǰiba	Safina=qati	qayti	kix̌-t
pn	pn = ins	envy	do-3 sg
‘Najiba envies Safina.’

Skolt Saami kađšted

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	kaađašt	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	envy. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete envies Maria’

Slovak závidieť

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	závidí	Mark-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	envy( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Peter envies Marek.’

Slovenian zavidati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

An-a	zavida	Petr-u
pn - nom . sg	envy: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Ana envies Peter.’

Sorani Kurdish bexîlî birdin

Valency pattern: SBJ_be

X: SBJ

Y: be

Locus: Y

Hîwa	bexîlî	be	Sîrwan-î	de-b-a
pn	envy	to	pn - obl	ind -take. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa envies Sirwan.’

Southern Rutul bexil yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ıı	bexil	ruˤq'uˤ-r
pn	pn - super	jealous	( m )be. ipf - prs
‘Murad envies Aydin.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Spanish envidiar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	envidi-a	a	María
pn [ sg . m ]	envy- prs .3 sg	dir . obj . anm	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro envies Maria.’

Standard Arabic ḥasada

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Badr-u-n	yaḥsudu	Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef	envy. ipf .3 m	pn - acc
‘Badr envies Maryam.’

Svan

Valency pattern: DAT_BEN

X: DAT

Y: BEN

Locus: XY

maizer-s	lile-šd	x-a-txäm
pn - dat	pn - ben	io 3- ver : sup -envy
‘Maizer envies Lile.’

Swedish att vara avundsjuk

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Björn	är	avundsjuk	på	Maja
pn	be. prs	envious. indf . n . sg	on	pn
‘Björn envies Maja.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE

X: ACT

Y: CAUSE

Locus: Y

Na-i~inggit	si	Pedro	kay	Miguel
stat . pv - ipfv ~envy	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro envies Miguel.’
Note: Ask Sergey. The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction.

Telugu īrṣya + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	maheṣ	aṁṭē	īrṣya
pn ( m ). sg - dat	pn ( m ). sg . nom	that_is	envy( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen envies Mahesh.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur paхıliyvalla havʔıy

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

aˁlee	manq:u-na	paхıliyvalla	haaʔa
pn . erg	med . obl . m - a	envy( a )	a .do. ipf
‘Murad envies him.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Tsudakhar Dargwa ħaˤl b-ič'-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)

X: NOM

Y: SUPER(LAT)

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-jaˤ	ħaˤl	ik'-ule=saj
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	wish	( m )say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy envies his neighbor.’

Tsugni Dargwa waˤħaˤl-le + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

durħaˤ	zumra-ge-w	waˤħaˤl-le=caj
boy	neighbor- super - m . ess	jealous- adv - cop : m (3)
‘The boy envies his neighbor.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turkish kıskanmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	Orhan-ı	kıskan-ıyor
pn	pn - acc	envy- prs
‘Mehmet envies Orhan.’

Turoyo maku gawo

Valency pattern: SBJ_m

X: SBJ

Y: m

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	ko-maku	gawo	me	Maryam
pn	prs -make_hurt. ipfv .3 m	stomach	from	pn
‘Gabriyel envies Maryam.’

Ulcha ananasi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

nan	əj	əktə-wə	ananas-i-ni
s/he	this	female- acc	envy- prs -3 sg
‘S/he envies this woman.’

Uzbek hasad qilmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Miša-ga	hasad	qil-a-di
pn	pn - dat	envy	do- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja envies Miša.’

West Central Oromo inaafa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

obsaa-n	tolaa-tti	inaaf-a
pn - nom	pn - loc	envy-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa invies Tola.’

Zilo Andi rok’o qχubi-ɬ.i-j

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER

X: GEN

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: XY

muħammadi-r	rok’o	qχubi-ɬ.i-j	ali-ʔa
pn - inan 2( gen )	heart[ inan 2][ nom ]	untidy- inch . pst - pf	pn - super
‘Muhammad envies Ali.’