‘win’
| Argument frame: | X (beat) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (P. and M. played chess.) P. beat M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | выиграть |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (выигрывать) у Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (П. играл с М. в шахматы). П. выиграл у М . |
Abaza ajʕaj
| Valency pattern: ABS_IO |
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| bará | sará | b-s-ajʕáj-ṭ |
| you. f | i | 2 sg . f . abs -1 sg . io -win( aor )- dcl |
| ‘You beat me.’ | ||
Aghul wartː ʁuš.u-
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | wartː | ʁuš.u-ne | meʜemed.i-l |
| pn ( erg ) | top | take. pf - aor | pn - super |
| ‘Aslan beat Muhammad.’ | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karəm
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ka |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| brata | +krəm-la | ka | axun-o |
| girl( f ) | win. pst - ls .3 f | to | brother( m )- p .3 f |
| ‘The girl beat her brother.’ | |||
Brazilian Portuguese vencer
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | venc-eu | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | win-3 sg . pst | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro won over Miguel.’ | ||
Catalan apallissar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | apalliss-ar | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | win- inf | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere beat Marc.’ | |||||
Czech vyhrát
| Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: nadINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | vyhrá-l | nad | Michal-em |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | above | pn ( m )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petr beat Michal.’ | |||
Danish slå
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | slog | Marie |
| pn | beat. pst | pn |
| ‘Peter beat Marie.’ | ||
Dutch winnen
| Valency pattern: SBJ_van |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet | won | van | Marie |
| pn (С) | win. pst | from | pn (С) |
| ‘Piet beat Marie.’ | |||
Estonian võitma
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | võit-is | Mareti-t |
| pn . sg . nom | win- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . part |
| ‘Peeter beat Maret.’ | ||
Finnish voittaa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | voitt-i | Mati-n |
| pn . nom | win- pst .3 sg | pn - gen |
| ‘Pekka beat Matti’ | ||
Forest Enets mɔtes
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | karti-xin | sanku-ʃ | genka-xaz | kɔrtuz | mɔteʔɛ |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | cards- loc . pl | play( ipfv )- cvb | pn - abl | harness. obl | win( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘Playing cards my friend won harness from Genka’. | ||||||
German gewinnen
| Valency pattern: NOM_gegenACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: gegenACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | hat | gegen | Marie | gewonnen |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | have. prs .3 sg | against | pn [ acc . sg ] | win. ptcp 2 |
| ‘Karl beat Marie.’ | ||||
Italian vincere
| Valency pattern: SBJ_con |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo | ha | vinto | con | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | win. pst . ptcp | with | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo won over Maria.’ | ||||
Kazakh ut-ïp al
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-dan | ut-ïp | al-dï |
| pn | pn - abl | win- cvb | take- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya beat Masha.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty nŏχ pitti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | waśa-j-ǝλ | šaχmat-ǝn | nŏχ | pit-s-ǝλλe |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .3 sg | chess- loc | upward | fall- pst -3 sg . so |
| ‘Petja won over Vasja at chess.’ | ||||
Latin evinco
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| spume-us | amn-is | exi-it | opposit-as-que | evic-it | gurgit-e | mol-es |
| foaming- nom . sg . m | river( m )- nom . sg | go_out[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg | oppose. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . pl . f -and | overwhelm[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg | flow( m )- abl . sg | dyke( f )- acc . pl |
| ‘A foaming river exits its banks and with its flow overwhelms opposing dykes.’ | ||||||
| Note: (Verg. Aen. II, 497) | ||||||
Modern Hebrew nitsaχ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | nitsaχ | et | Menaχem |
| pn | beat[ pst .3 sg . m ] | do | pn |
| ‘Pinchas beat Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai xətə-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | Maša-wa | xətə-xə-ni |
| pn | pn - obl | win- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia beat Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh kʰəd
| Valency pattern: SBJ_COMP |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: COMP |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana-ak | kʰə-d |
| pn | pn - comp | be_skillful- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik beat Ajsana.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å vinne
| Valency pattern: SBJ_over |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Per | vant | over | Ola |
| pn | win. pst | over | pn |
| ‘Per beat Ola.’ | |||
Polish wygrać
| Valency pattern: NOM_zINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Paweł | wygra-ł | z | Lech-em |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | win: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | with | pn - ins . sg |
| ‘Paweł beat Lech.’ | |||
Russian vyigratʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: uGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | vyigra-l | u | Maš-i |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | at | pn ( f )- gen . sg |
| ‘Petja beat Maša.’ | |||
Rutul libt’ɨra
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUP |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | l-i<b>t’ɨ-r=a | ramazan-ɨ |
| pn - erg | pv -<3>win. pfv - cvb =be | pn - obl ( sup ) |
| ‘Rasul beat Ramazan.’ | ||
Serbian pobedio
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | pobedi-o | Marij-u |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | победить- part . perf . m . sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Петар выиграл у Марии.’ | |||
Shughni yêdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_EL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmed=i | as | Karamšo | yod |
| pn =3 sg | el | pn | bring. pst |
| ‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’ | |||
Skolt Saami vueiʹtted
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | vuõit-i | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | win- pst .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete beat Maria’ | ||
Slovenian premagati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pavel | je | premaga-l | Petr-a |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | win: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Pavel beat Peter.’ | |||
Spanish ganar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ha | gana-do | a | María | a=l | ajedrez |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | win- ptcp : prf | dir . obj . anm | pn [ sg . f ] | to= art . def . sg . m | chess[ sg . m ] |
| ‘Pedro won over Maria at chess.’ | ||||||
Swedish att slå
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | slog | Maja |
| pn | beat. pst | pn |
| ‘Björn beat Maja.’ | ||
Turkish galip gelmek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Kemal-e | galip | gel-di |
| pn | pn - dat | winner | come- pst |
| ‘Mehmet beat Kemal.’ | |||
Ulcha dabdi-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə | piktə | əktə | piktə-wə | dabda-xa-n |
| male | child | female | child- acc | win- pst -3 sg |
| ‘The boy beat the girl.’ | ||||
| Note: The speaker was not sure about the verb (dabdi-, dabda-, or dabdaǯu-). | ||||
Zilo Andi <w>-uʃ.a
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ali | w-uʃ.a | ʃaχmata-tɬo | umarħadʒi-ʔo |
| pn [ m ][ nom ] | m -win. pst ( aor ) | chess-? | pn - super . lat |
| ‘Ali won over Umargaji at chess.’ | |||