‘win’
Argument frame: |
X
(beat)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. and M. played chess.)
P.
beat
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
выиграть
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(выигрывать) у
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. играл с М. в шахматы).
П.
выиграл у
М
.
|
Abaza
ajʕaj
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
X: ABS |
Y: IO |
Locus: Y |
bará |
sará |
b-s-ajʕáj-ṭ |
you.
f
|
i
|
2
sg
.
f
.
abs
-1
sg
.
io
-win(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘You beat me.’ |
Adyghe
tje-ḳʷe
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.TOP
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOC.TOP |
Locus: Y |
pŝaŝe-r |
č̣ʼale-m |
tje-ḳʷa-ʁ |
девушка-
abs
|
парень-
obl
|
loc
:
top
-идти-
pst
|
‘Девушка выиграла у парня.’ |
Aghul
wartː ʁuš.u-
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
aslan.a |
wartː |
ʁuš.u-ne |
meʜemed.i-l |
pn
(
erg
)
|
top
|
take.
pf
-
aor
|
pn
-
super
|
‘Aslan beat Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+karəm
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ka
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ka |
Locus: Y |
brata |
+krəm-la |
ka |
axun-o |
girl(
f
)
|
win.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
to
|
brother(
m
)-
p
.3
f
|
‘The girl beat her brother.’ |
Bambara
sé sɔ̀rɔ
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kan
|
X: SBJ |
Y: kan |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
ye |
sé` |
sɔ̀rɔ |
Fùséni |
kàn |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
power\
art
|
gain
|
pn
|
on
|
‘Seku beat Fuseyni.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
vencer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
venc-eu |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
win-3
sg
.
pst
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro won over Miguel.’ |
Catalan
apallissar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
apalliss-ar |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
win-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere beat Marc.’ |
Czech
vyhrát
Valency pattern:
NOM_nadINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: nadINS |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
vyhrá-l |
nad |
Michal-em |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
win(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
above
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petr beat Michal.’ |
Danish
slå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
slog |
Marie |
pn
|
beat.
pst
|
pn
|
‘Peter beat Marie.’ |
Dutch
winnen
Valency pattern:
SBJ_van
|
X: SBJ |
Y: van |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
won |
van |
Marie |
pn
(С)
|
win.
pst
|
from
|
pn
(С)
|
‘Piet beat Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
sɔ̀dɔn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kun
|
X: SBJ |
Y: kun |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
kà |
wàa |
kélen |
sɔ̀dɔn |
Fónbà |
kùn. |
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
thousand
|
one
|
get
|
pn
|
on
|
‘Seku gained 1000 francs from Fomba.’ |
English
beat
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
võitma
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
võit-is |
Mareti-t |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
win-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter beat Maret.’ |
Finnish
voittaa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
voitt-i |
Mati-n |
pn
.
nom
|
win-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
‘Pekka beat Matti’ |
Forest Enets
mɔtes
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
karti-xin |
sanku-ʃ |
genka-xaz |
kɔrtuz |
mɔteʔɛ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
cards-
loc
.
pl
|
play(
ipfv
)-
cvb
|
pn
-
abl
|
harness.
obl
|
win(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘Playing cards my friend won harness from Genka’. |
French
gagner
Valency pattern:
SBJ_contre
|
X: SBJ |
Y: contre |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
a |
gagné |
contre |
Michel |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
win.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
against
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Paul beat Michel.’ |
Georgian
mo-Ø-u-g-eb-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-m |
č'adrak'-ši |
mašo-s |
mo-Ø-u-g-o |
pn
-
erg
|
chess-
pstp
:
iness
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
:
prox
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-win-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre beat Masho at chess.’ |
German
gewinnen
Valency pattern:
NOM_gegenACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: gegenACC |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
hat |
gegen |
Marie |
gewonnen |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
against
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
win.
ptcp
2
|
‘Karl beat Marie.’ |
Irish
buaigh
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: ar |
Locus: Y |
Do=bhuaigh |
Pól |
air |
Mhícheal. |
pst
=win
|
pn
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Pól beat Mícheal.’ |
Italian
vincere
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
X: SBJ |
Y: con |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
ha |
vinto |
con |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
win.
pst
.
ptcp
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo won over Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
lel
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murša |
ľ-a |
les-tar |
and-o |
futbol-o |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
he-
abl
|
in-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
.
sg
|
soccer-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša beat him at soccer.’ |
Kazakh
ut-ïp al
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
Maša-dan |
ut-ïp |
al-dï |
pn
|
pn
-
abl
|
win-
cvb
|
take-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya beat Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
nŏχ pitti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
waśa-j-ǝλ |
šaχmat-ǝn |
nŏχ |
pit-s-ǝλλe |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
chess-
loc
|
upward
|
fall-
pst
-3
sg
.
so
|
‘Petja won over Vasja at chess.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.EL
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER.EL |
Locus: Y |
šamil |
iž-ža |
hamaʁe-ƛ'o-žo |
šaχmat-ba=n |
ħajda-na |
pn
(
i
)
|
[
i
]победить-
pst
.
w
|
друг(
i
)-
super
-
el
|
шахматы-
pl
.
abs
=
add
|
играть-
cvb
|
‘Шамиль выиграл у друга в шахматы.’ |
Kina Rutul
libt’ɨra
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUP
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
l-i<b>t’ɨ-r=a |
ramazan-ɨ |
pn
-
erg
|
pv
-<3>win.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
-
obl
(
sup
)
|
‘Rasul beat Ramazan.’ |
Latin
evinco
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
spume-us |
amn-is |
exi-it |
opposit-as-que |
evic-it |
gurgit-e |
mol-es |
foaming-
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
river(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
go_out[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
oppose.
prf
.
ptcp
.
pass
-
acc
.
pl
.
f
-and
|
overwhelm[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
flow(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
dyke(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
‘A foaming river exits its banks and with its flow overwhelms opposing dykes.’ |
Note: (Verg. Aen. II, 497) |
Mandarin Chinese
dǎbài
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
dǎbài |
le |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
beat
|
pfv
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan beat Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
m-Ø-u-g-en-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-k |
anučia-s |
mu-Ø-u-g-(u) |
šaxmat'-i-s. |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-win-(
s
3
sg
.
pst
)
|
chess-
b
-
dat
|
‘Chelo beat Anuchia at chess.’ |
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
nitsaχ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
nitsaχ |
et |
Menaχem |
pn
|
beat[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas beat Menachem.’ |
Nanai
xətə-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
xətə-xə-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
win-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia beat Masha.’ |
Nivkh
kʰəd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_COMP
|
X: SBJ |
Y: COMP |
Locus: Y |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana-ak |
kʰə-d |
pn
|
pn
-
comp
|
be_skillful-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik beat Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
noxpattǝs
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pētra |
anum |
kāsarǝl |
nox=pat-t-ǝs |
p
eter
|
i
.
obl
|
cards-
ins
|
up=fall-
caus
-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Peter won over me in a game of cards.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
pуrǝbǝdˈī=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝ |
purǝbǝdˈī-m |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
win-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien beat Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å vinne
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
X: SBJ |
Y: over |
Locus: Y |
Per |
vant |
over |
Ola |
pn
|
win.
pst
|
over
|
pn
|
‘Per beat Ola.’ |
Polish
wygrać
Valency pattern:
NOM_zINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: zINS |
Locus: Y |
Paweł |
wygra-ł |
z |
Lech-em |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
win:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
with
|
pn
-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Paweł beat Lech.’ |
Russian
vyigratʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_uGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: uGEN |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
vyigra-l |
u |
Maš-i |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
win(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
at
|
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petja beat Maša.’ |
Serbian
pobediti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
pobedi-o |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
win-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar beat Maria.’ |
Shughni
yêdow
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: EL |
Locus: Y |
Ahmed=i |
as |
Karamšo |
yod |
pn
=3
sg
|
el
|
pn
|
bring.
pst
|
‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’ |
Skolt Saami
vueiʹtted
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
vuõit-i |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
win-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete beat Maria’ |
Slovak
vyhrať
Valency pattern:
NOM_nadINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: nadINS |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
vyhra-l |
nad |
Mark-om |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
win(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
above
|
pn
(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Peter beat Marek.’ |
Slovenian
premagati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pavel |
je |
premaga-l |
Petr-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
win:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Pavel beat Peter.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
birdinewe
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
ʂetr̂enc=î |
le |
Zanko-î |
bird-Ø-ewe |
pn
|
chess=3
sg
.
pc
|
from
|
pn
-
obl
|
win.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
|
‘Hiwa beat Zanko in chess.’ |
Note: The OBL.3SG morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Spanish
ganar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ha |
gana-do |
a |
María |
a=l |
ajedrez |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
win-
ptcp
:
prf
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
to=
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
chess[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro won over Maria at chess.’ |
Swedish
att slå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
slog |
Maja |
pn
|
beat.
pst
|
pn
|
‘Björn beat Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
T<in>alo |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
<
pv
>
pfv
.beat
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro beat Miguel.’ |
Telugu
gelucu
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLmida
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLmida |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ |
mīda |
gelicāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
|
on
|
win.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen beat Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
galip gelmek
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Kemal-e |
galip |
gel-di |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
winner
|
come-
pst
|
‘Mehmet beat Kemal.’ |
Ulcha
dabdi-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
dabda-xa-n |
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
win-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘The boy beat the girl.’ |
Note: The speaker was not sure about the verb (dabdi-, dabda-, or dabdaǯu-). |
Uzbek
eŋmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-ni |
eŋ-di |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
win-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja beat Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
moʔa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
tolaa |
moʔ-e |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
beat-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa beat Tolaa.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-uʃ.a
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
ali |
w-uʃ.a |
ʃaχmata-tɬo |
umarħadʒi-ʔo |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
m
-win.
pst
(
aor
)
|
chess-?
|
pn
-
super
.
lat
|
‘Ali won over Umargaji at chess.’ |