‘win’
| Argument frame: | X (beat) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (P. and M. played chess.) P. beat M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | выиграть |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (выигрывать) у Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (П. играл с М. в шахматы). П. выиграл у М . |
Abaza ajʕaj
| Valency pattern: ABS_IO |
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| bará | sará | b-s-ajʕáj-ṭ |
| you. f | i | 2 sg . f . abs -1 sg . io -win( aor )- dcl |
| ‘You beat me.’ | ||
Adyghe tje-ḳʷe
| Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.TOP |
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOC.TOP |
| Locus: Y |
| pŝaŝe-r | č̣ʼale-m | tje-ḳʷa-ʁ |
| девушка- abs | парень- obl | loc : top -идти- pst |
| ‘Девушка выиграла у парня.’ | ||
Aghul wartː ʁuš.u-
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | wartː | ʁuš.u-ne | meʜemed.i-l |
| pn ( erg ) | top | take. pf - aor | pn - super |
| ‘Aslan beat Muhammad.’ | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karəm
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ka |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| brata | +krəm-la | ka | axun-o |
| girl( f ) | win. pst - ls .3 f | to | brother( m )- p .3 f |
| ‘The girl beat her brother.’ | |||
Bambara sé sɔ̀rɔ
| Valency pattern: SBJ_kan |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: kan |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù | ye | sé` | sɔ̀rɔ | Fùséni | kàn |
| pn | pfv . tr | power\ art | gain | pn | on |
| ‘Seku beat Fuseyni.’ | |||||
Brazilian Portuguese vencer
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | venc-eu | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | win-3 sg . pst | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro won over Miguel.’ | ||
Catalan apallissar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | apalliss-ar | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | win- inf | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere beat Marc.’ | |||||
Czech vyhrát
| Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: nadINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | vyhrá-l | nad | Michal-em |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | above | pn ( m )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petr beat Michal.’ | |||
Danish slå
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | slog | Marie |
| pn | beat. pst | pn |
| ‘Peter beat Marie.’ | ||
Dutch winnen
| Valency pattern: SBJ_van |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet | won | van | Marie |
| pn (С) | win. pst | from | pn (С) |
| ‘Piet beat Marie.’ | |||
Eastern Maninka sɔ̀dɔn
| Valency pattern: SBJ_kun |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: kun |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù | kà | wàa | kélen | sɔ̀dɔn | Fónbà | kùn. |
| pn | aor . tr | thousand | one | get | pn | on |
| ‘Seku gained 1000 francs from Fomba.’ | ||||||
English beat
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | beat | Mary. |
Estonian võitma
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | võit-is | Mareti-t |
| pn . sg . nom | win- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . part |
| ‘Peeter beat Maret.’ | ||
Finnish voittaa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | voitt-i | Mati-n |
| pn . nom | win- pst .3 sg | pn - gen |
| ‘Pekka beat Matti’ | ||
Forest Enets mɔtes
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | karti-xin | sanku-ʃ | genka-xaz | kɔrtuz | mɔteʔɛ |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | cards- loc . pl | play( ipfv )- cvb | pn - abl | harness. obl | win( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘Playing cards my friend won harness from Genka’. | ||||||
French gagner
| Valency pattern: SBJ_contre |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: contre |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul | a | gagné | contre | Michel |
| pn ( m ) | have. prs .3 sg | win. pst . ptcp . m | indf . sg . f | against pn ( m ) |
| ‘Paul beat Michel.’ | ||||
Georgian mo-Ø-u-g-eb-s (FUT)
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-m | č'adrak'-ši | mašo-s | mo-Ø-u-g-o |
| pn - erg | chess- pstp : iness | pn - dat | prv : prox - io 3- ver : o -win- s 3 sg . pst |
| ‘Petre beat Masho at chess.’ | |||
German gewinnen
| Valency pattern: NOM_gegenACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: gegenACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | hat | gegen | Marie | gewonnen |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | have. prs .3 sg | against | pn [ acc . sg ] | win. ptcp 2 |
| ‘Karl beat Marie.’ | ||||
Irish buaigh
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ar |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ar |
| Locus: Y |
| Do=bhuaigh | Pól | air | Mhícheal. |
| pst =win | pn | on | pn |
| ‘Pól beat Mícheal.’ | |||
Italian vincere
| Valency pattern: SBJ_con |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo | ha | vinto | con | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | win. pst . ptcp | with | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo won over Maria.’ | ||||
Kalderash Romani lel
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| o | Murša | ľ-a | les-tar | and-o | futbol-o |
| art . m . dir . sg | pn | take- pst .3 sg | he- abl | in- art . m . dir . sg . sg | soccer- nom . sg |
| ‘Murša beat him at soccer.’ | |||||
Kazakh ut-ïp al
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-dan | ut-ïp | al-dï |
| pn | pn - abl | win- cvb | take- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya beat Masha.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty nŏχ pitti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | waśa-j-ǝλ | šaχmat-ǝn | nŏχ | pit-s-ǝλλe |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .3 sg | chess- loc | upward | fall- pst -3 sg . so |
| ‘Petja won over Vasja at chess.’ | ||||
| Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.EL |
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| šamil | iž-ža | hamaʁe-ƛ'o-žo | šaχmat-ba=n | ħajda-na |
| pn ( i ) | [ i ]победить- pst . w | друг( i )- super - el | шахматы- pl . abs = add | играть- cvb |
| ‘Шамиль выиграл у друга в шахматы.’ | ||||
Kina Rutul libt’ɨra
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUP |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | l-i<b>t’ɨ-r=a | ramazan-ɨ |
| pn - erg | pv -<3>win. pfv - cvb =be | pn - obl ( sup ) |
| ‘Rasul beat Ramazan.’ | ||
Latin evinco
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| spume-us | amn-is | exi-it | opposit-as-que | evic-it | gurgit-e | mol-es |
| foaming- nom . sg . m | river( m )- nom . sg | go_out[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg | oppose. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . pl . f -and | overwhelm[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg | flow( m )- abl . sg | dyke( f )- acc . pl |
| ‘A foaming river exits its banks and with its flow overwhelms opposing dykes.’ | ||||||
| Note: (Verg. Aen. II, 497) | ||||||
Mandarin Chinese dǎbài
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān | dǎbài | le | Lǐsì |
| pn | beat | pfv | pn |
| ‘Zhangsan beat Lisi.’ | |||
Mingrelian m-Ø-u-g-en-s (FUT)
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-k | anučia-s | mu-Ø-u-g-(u) | šaxmat'-i-s. |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | prv - io 3- ver : o -win-( s 3 sg . pst ) | chess- b - dat |
| ‘Chelo beat Anuchia at chess.’ | |||
| Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. | |||
Modern Hebrew nitsaχ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | nitsaχ | et | Menaχem |
| pn | beat[ pst .3 sg . m ] | do | pn |
| ‘Pinchas beat Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai xətə-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | Maša-wa | xətə-xə-ni |
| pn | pn - obl | win- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia beat Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh kʰəd
| Valency pattern: SBJ_COMP |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: COMP |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana-ak | kʰə-d |
| pn | pn - comp | be_skillful- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik beat Ajsana.’ | ||
Northern Mansi noxpattǝs
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pētra | anum | kāsarǝl | nox=pat-t-ǝs |
| p eter | i . obl | cards- ins | up=fall- caus - pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Peter won over me in a game of cards.’ | |||
Northern Yukaghir pуrǝbǝdˈī=
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn | Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ | mǝ | purǝbǝdˈī-m |
| pn | pn - acc | aff | win- tr .3 sg |
| ‘Semien beat Akulina.’ | |||
Norwegian Bokmål å vinne
| Valency pattern: SBJ_over |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Per | vant | over | Ola |
| pn | win. pst | over | pn |
| ‘Per beat Ola.’ | |||
Polish wygrać
| Valency pattern: NOM_zINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Paweł | wygra-ł | z | Lech-em |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | win: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | with | pn - ins . sg |
| ‘Paweł beat Lech.’ | |||
Russian vyigratʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: uGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | vyigra-l | u | Maš-i |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | at | pn ( f )- gen . sg |
| ‘Petja beat Maša.’ | |||
Serbian pobediti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | pobedi-o | Marij-u |
| pn . nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | win- part . perf . m . sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Petar beat Maria.’ | |||
Shughni yêdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_EL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmed=i | as | Karamšo | yod |
| pn =3 sg | el | pn | bring. pst |
| ‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’ | |||
Skolt Saami vueiʹtted
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | vuõit-i | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | win- pst .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete beat Maria’ | ||
Slovak vyhrať
| Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: nadINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | vyhra-l | nad | Mark-om |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | above | pn ( m )- ins . sg |
| ‘Peter beat Marek.’ | |||
Slovenian premagati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pavel | je | premaga-l | Petr-a |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | win: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Pavel beat Peter.’ | |||
Sorani Kurdish birdinewe
| Valency pattern: SBJ_le |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa | ʂetr̂enc=î | le | Zanko-î | bird-Ø-ewe |
| pn | chess=3 sg . pc | from | pn - obl | win. pst -3 sg - asp |
| ‘Hiwa beat Zanko in chess.’ | ||||
| Note: The OBL.3SG morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. | ||||
Spanish ganar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ha | gana-do | a | María | a=l | ajedrez |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | win- ptcp : prf | dir . obj . anm | pn [ sg . f ] | to= art . def . sg . m | chess[ sg . m ] |
| ‘Pedro won over Maria at chess.’ | ||||||
Swedish att slå
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | slog | Maja |
| pn | beat. pst | pn |
| ‘Björn beat Maja.’ | ||
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| T<in>alo | ni | Pedro | si | Miguel |
| < pv > pfv .beat | pers . gen | pn | pers . subj | pn |
| ‘Pedro beat Miguel.’ | ||||
Telugu gelucu
| Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLmida |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ | maheṣ | mīda | gelicāḍu |
| pn ( m ). sg . nom | pn ( m ). sg . obl | on | win. pst .3 sg . m |
| ‘Praveen beat Mahesh.’ | |||
Turkish galip gelmek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Kemal-e | galip | gel-di |
| pn | pn - dat | winner | come- pst |
| ‘Mehmet beat Kemal.’ | |||
Ulcha dabdi-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə | piktə | əktə | piktə-wə | dabda-xa-n |
| male | child | female | child- acc | win- pst -3 sg |
| ‘The boy beat the girl.’ | ||||
| Note: The speaker was not sure about the verb (dabdi-, dabda-, or dabdaǯu-). | ||||
Uzbek eŋmoq
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | Maša-ni | eŋ-di |
| pn | pn - acc | win- pst .3 sg |
| ‘Petja beat Maša.’ | ||
West Central Oromo moʔa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n | tolaa | moʔ-e |
| pn - nom | pn . abs | beat-3 sg . m . pfv |
| ‘Obsa beat Tolaa.’ | ||
Zilo Andi <w>-uʃ.a
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ali | w-uʃ.a | ʃaχmata-tɬo | umarħadʒi-ʔo |
| pn [ m ][ nom ] | m -win. pst ( aor ) | chess-? | pn - super . lat |
| ‘Ali won over Umargaji at chess.’ | |||