BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘win’

Argument frame: X (beat) Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. and M. played chess.) P. beat M .
Predicate label Ru: выиграть
Argument frame Ru: X (выигрывать) у Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: (П. играл с М. в шахматы). П. выиграл у М .

Abaza ajʕaj

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
bará sará b-s-ajʕáj-ṭ
you. f i 2 sg . f . abs -1 sg . io -win( aor )- dcl
‘You beat me.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) tje-ḳʷe

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.TOP
X: ABS
Y: LOC.TOP
Locus: Y
pŝaŝe-r č̣ʼale-m tje-ḳʷa-ʁ
girl- abs guy- obl loc : top -go- pst
‘The girl beat the guy.’

Aghul wartː ʁuš.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan.a wartː ʁuš.u-ne meʜemed.i-l
pn ( erg ) top take. pf - aor pn - super
‘Aslan beat Muhammad.’

Alik Kryz ğalib ʕaxhr-ic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Terlan Rasul-iz ğalib ʕaxhr-id
pn pn - dat victorious m .come. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan beat Rasul.’

Archi

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
paša χʷa moħommad-li-χur
pn 1.win. pfv pn - obl - comp
‘Pasha beat Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
brata +krəm-la ka axun-o
girl( f ) win. pst - ls .3 f to brother( m )- p .3 f
‘The girl beat her brother.’

Avar berhine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmad-i-dasa werh-ana
pn pn - obl - el m .overcome- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani qalib gəlmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan Rǝsul-a qalib gǝl-di
pn pn - dat / lat victorious come- pst (3)
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

Bambara sé sɔ̀rɔ

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan
X: SBJ
Y: kan
Locus: Y
Sékù ye sé` sɔ̀rɔ Fùséni kàn
pn pfv . tr power\ art gain pn on
‘Seku beat Fuseyni.’

Brazilian Portuguese vencer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro venc-eu Miguel
pn ( m ) win-3 sg . pst pn ( m )
‘Pedro won over Miguel.’

Catalan apallissar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va apalliss-ar en Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind win- inf def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere beat Marc.’

Chirag četːi-b-uqi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le rasul-l-i-rka četːi-uq-un
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super - elat win-( m . sg ) lv : pf - aor .3
‘Ali beat Rasul.’

Czech vyhrát

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS
X: NOM
Y: nadINS
Locus: Y
Petr vyhrá-l nad Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] above pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr beat Michal.’

Danish slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter slog Marie
pn beat. pst pn
‘Peter beat Marie.’

Dutch winnen

Valency pattern: SBJ_van
X: SBJ
Y: van
Locus: Y
Piet won van Marie
pn (С) win. pst from pn (С)
‘Piet beat Marie.’

Eastern Maninka sɔ̀dɔn

Valency pattern: SBJ_kun
X: SBJ
Y: kun
Locus: Y
Sékù kà wàa kélen sɔ̀dɔn Fónbà kùn.
pn aor . tr thousand one get pn on
‘Seku gained 1000 francs from Fomba.’

English beat

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter beat Mary.

Estonian võitma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter võit-is Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom win- pst .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter beat Maret.’

Finnish voittaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka voitt-i Mati-n
pn . nom win- pst .3 sg pn - gen
‘Pekka beat Matti’

Forest Enets mɔtes

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ karti-xin sanku-ʃ genka-xaz kɔrtuz mɔteʔɛ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg cards- loc . pl play( ipfv )- cvb pn - abl harness. obl win( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘Playing cards my friend won harness from Genka’.

French gagner

Valency pattern: SBJ_contre
X: SBJ
Y: contre
Locus: Y
Paul a gagné contre Michel
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg win. pst . ptcp . m indf . sg . f against pn ( m )
‘Paul beat Michel.’

Georgian mo-Ø-u-g-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-m č'adrak'-ši mašo-s mo-Ø-u-g-o
pn - erg chess- pstp : iness pn - dat prv : prox - io 3- ver : o -win- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre beat Masho at chess.’

German gewinnen

Valency pattern: NOM_gegenACC
X: NOM
Y: gegenACC
Locus: Y
Karl hat gegen Marie gewonnen
pn [ nom . sg ] have. prs .3 sg against pn [ acc . sg ] win. ptcp 2
‘Karl beat Marie.’

Guinean Kpelle yée tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Pépèe yée àá tɛ̀ɛ Hɛ́ni ɓâ
pn hand 3 sg . prf pass pn on1
‘Pepee beat Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Icari Dargwa či=w=w=ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam Nadir-ri-r či=w=w=ih-ub
pn . abs pn - obl - elat on = m = m =be: pf - aor
‘Islam beat Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Irish buaigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar
X: SBJ
Y: ar
Locus: Y
Do=bhuaigh Pól air Mhícheal.
pst =win pn on pn
‘Pól beat Mícheal.’

Italian battere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha battuto Maria
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs beat. pst . ptcp pn ( f )
‘Leo beat Maria.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
meħamad rasul-j-kem aqu-0-uh-ub
pn pn - obl - comp up- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

Kalderash Romani lel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murša ľ-a les-tar and-o futbol-o
art . m . dir . sg pn take- pst .3 sg he- abl in- art . m . dir . sg . sg soccer- nom . sg
‘Murša beat him at soccer.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
fatima-ji maˁhaˁmad qtip-nu
pn - erg pn ( abs ) ( n . sg )overtake- pst
‘Fatima beat Mahamad.’

Karata bišanɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
ʕali aħmat’-jagal w-uš-an
pn pn - el m -win- pf
‘Ali beat Ahmat.’

Kaytag Dargwa č:et:iikara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
petja č:et:ivič:-iv miša-j-t:ar
pn m .win. pf - aor pn - obl - superel
‘Petja beat Misha.’

Kazakh ut-ïp al

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-dan ut-ïp al-dï
pn pn - abl win- cvb take- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya beat Masha.’

Kazym Khanty nŏχ pitti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en waśa-j-ǝλ šaχmat-ǝn nŏχ pit-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg chess- loc upward fall- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja won over Vasja at chess.’

Khoekhoe dan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a go dan
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl rpst win
‘Peter beat Maria.’

Khwarshi j/iža

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.EL
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: Y
šamil iž-ža hamaʁe-ƛ'o-žo šaχmat-ba=n ħajda-na
pn ( i ) [ i ]win- pst . w friend( i )- super - el ches- pl . abs = add play- cvb
‘Shamil beat his friend at chess.’

Kina Rutul libt’ɨra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP
X: ERG
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
rasul-a l-i<b>t’ɨ-r=a ramazan-ɨ
pn - erg pv -<3>win. pfv - cvb =be pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul beat Ramazan.’

Kumyk utmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
mahammat rasul-nu ut-d-u
pn pn - acc win- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

Latin evinco

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
spume-us amn-is exi-it opposit-as-que evic-it gurgit-e mol-es
foaming- nom . sg . m river( m )- nom . sg go_out[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg oppose. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . pl . f -and overwhelm[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg flow( m )- abl . sg dyke( f )- acc . pl
‘A foaming river exits its banks and with its flow overwhelms opposing dykes.’
Note: (Verg. Aen. II, 497)

Laz o-ǯg-in-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k Fatma-s g-Ø-ö-ǯg-in-u
pn - b - erg pn - dat prv - io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim beat Fatma (in a game).’

Mandarin Chinese dǎbài

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān dǎbài le Lǐsì
pn beat pfv pn
‘Zhangsan beat Lisi.’

Mano kɔ̀ bɛ̀ī

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ō kɔ̀ bɛ̀ī gbàlà mìà mɔ̀
3 pl arm 3 sg . pst be.able k pelle person. pl : cstr on
‘They beat the Kpelle.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mehweb

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ESS
Locus: Y
Pajzula Nadirli-če-w derqʷ uh-ub
pn pn - obl - super - m ( ess ) winning m .become: pfv - aor
‘Pajzula beat Nadir.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-rǯg-in-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-k anučia-s Ø-o-rǯg-in-(u) šaxmat'-i-s
pn - erg pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext -( s 3 sg . pst ) chess- b - dat
‘Chelo beat Anuchia at chess.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew nitsaχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas nitsaχ et Menaχem
pn beat[ pst .3 sg . m ] do pn
‘Pinchas beat Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul lit'in

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad-a q'urban-ıı libt'i-ri
pn - erg pn - super a .overcome. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Kurban.’

Nanai xətə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa xətə-xə-ni
pn pn - obl win- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia beat Masha.’

Nivkh kʰəd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COMP
X: SBJ
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-ak kʰə-d
pn pn - comp be_skillful- ind
‘Kaskazik beat Ajsana.’

Northern Akhvakh bišuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
patħudi w-uš-ari musa-gune
pn m -win- aor pn - el
‘Pathudi beat Musa.’

Northern Mansi noxpattǝs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pētra anum kāsarǝl nox=pat-t-ǝs
p eter i . obl cards- ins up=fall- caus - pst [3 sg ]
‘Peter won over me in a game of cards.’

Northern Yukaghir purǝbǝdˈī=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ purǝbǝdˈī-m
pn pn - acc aff win- tr .3 sg
‘Semien beat Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å vinne

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Per vant over Ola
pn win. pst over pn
‘Per beat Ola.’

Polish wygrać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS
X: NOM
Y: zINS
Locus: Y
Paweł wygra-ł z Lech-em
pn [ nom . sg ] win: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] with pn - ins . sg
‘Paweł beat Lech.’

Russian vyigratʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN
X: NOM
Y: uGEN
Locus: Y
Pet-ja vyigra-l u Maš-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] at pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja beat Maša.’

Serbian pobediti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je pobedi-o Marij-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg win- part . perf . m . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar beat Maria.’

Shinaz Rutul ʁemi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
basir ʁemi h-iši-r karam-ɨla
pn winning m -be. pf - aor pn - el
‘Basir beat Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Shughni yêdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Ahmed=i as Karamšo yod
pn =3 sg el pn bring. pst
‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’

Skolt Saami vueiʹtted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt vuõit-i Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom win- pst .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete beat Maria’

Slovak vyhrať

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS
X: NOM
Y: nadINS
Locus: Y
Peter vyhra-l nad Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] above pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter beat Marek.’

Slovenian premagati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pavel je premaga-l Petr-a
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg win: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] pn - acc . sg
‘Pavel beat Peter.’

Sorani Kurdish birdinewe

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa ʂetr̂enc=î le Zanko-î bird-Ø-ewe
pn chess=3 sg . pc from pn - obl win. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa beat Zanko in chess.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Southern Rutul uˤʔuˤ yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
murad natig-ı-s uˤʔuˤ yişi-r
pn pn - obl - dat brave m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Natig.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Spanish ganar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha gana-do a María a=l ajedrez
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg win- ptcp : prf dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . f ] to= art . def . sg . m chess[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro won over Maria at chess.’

Standard Arabic fāza

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
fāza aḥmad-u ʕalā muḥammad-i-n
win. pf .3 m pn - nom on pn - gen - indef
‘Ahmad beat Muhammad’

Svan

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø gegi-s ž-a-x-c'ind-a
pn - nom pn - dat prv : upward - prv : dist - io 3-beat- pst
‘Maizer beat Gegi.’

Swedish att slå

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn slog Maja
pn beat. pst pn
‘Björn beat Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
T<in>alo ni Pedro si Miguel
< pv > pfv .beat pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro beat Miguel.’

Telugu gelucu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida
X: NOM
Y: OBLmida
Locus: Y
pravīṇ maheṣ mīda gelicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl on win. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen beat Mahesh.’

Tsakhur q:amхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad aydın-ıle q:am-хha-na
pn pn - superel overcome- aux . pf - h
‘Murad beat Aydin.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa četːe b-ičː-iz/b-irčː-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL2
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ABL2
Locus: Y
uršːi juldaš-li-j-kar četːi ič-ib
boy friend- obl - super - abl 2 through m .fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy beat his friend.’

Tsugni Dargwa če-b-b-iχʷ-i / če-b-b-irχʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ESS
Locus: Y
durħaˤ zumra-ge-w če-w-w-iχ-ub
boy neighbor- super - m . ess on - m - m -be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy beat his neighbor.’

Turkish galip gelmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Kemal-e galip gel-di
pn pn - dat winner come- pst
‘Mehmet beat Kemal.’

Turoyo maxṣər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Šabo maxṣar-le Maryam
pn defeat. pfv - ls .3 m pn
‘Shabo defeated Maryam.’

Ulcha dabdi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə əktə piktə-wə dabda-xa-n
male child female child- acc win- pst -3 sg
‘The boy beat the girl.’
Note: The speaker was not sure about the verb (dabdi-, dabda-, or dabdaǯu-).

Uzbek eŋmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni eŋ-di
pn pn - acc win- pst .3 sg
‘Petja beat Maša.’

West Central Oromo moʔa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n tolaa moʔ-e
pn - nom pn . abs beat-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa beat Tolaa.’

Zilo Andi <w>-uʃ.a

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
ali w-uʃ.a ʃaχmata-tɬo umarħadʒi-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ] m -win. pst ( aor ) chess-? pn - super . lat
‘Ali won over Umargaji at chess.’