BivalTyp

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‘win’

Argument frame:

X (beat) Y

Stimulus sentence:

(P. and M. played chess.) P. beat M .

Predicate label Ru:

выиграть

Argument frame Ru:

X (выигрывать) у Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(П. играл с М. в шахматы). П. выиграл у М .

Abaza ajʕaj

Valency pattern: ABS_IO

X: ABS

Y: IO

Locus: Y

bará	sará	b-s-ajʕáj-ṭ
you. f	i	2 sg . f . abs -1 sg . io -win( aor )- dcl
‘You beat me.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) tje-ḳʷe

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC.TOP

X: ABS

Y: LOC.TOP

Locus: Y

pŝaŝe-r	č̣ʼale-m	tje-ḳʷa-ʁ
girl- abs	guy- obl	loc : top -go- pst
‘The girl beat the guy.’

Aghul wartː ʁuš.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan.a	wartː	ʁuš.u-ne	meʜemed.i-l
pn ( erg )	top	take. pf - aor	pn - super
‘Aslan beat Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) bišuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

patħudi	w-uš-ari	musa-gune
pn	m -win- aor	pn - el
‘Pathudi beat Musa.’

Andi (Zilo) <w>-uʃ.a

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

ali	w-uʃ.a	ʃaχmata-tɬo	umarħadʒi-ʔo
pn [ m ][ nom ]	m -win. pst ( aor )	chess-?	pn - super . lat
‘Ali won over Umargaji at chess.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) rəbəḥ

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Mḥammad	rəbəḥ	ʕala	Salwa
pn	win. pf .3 m	on	pn
‘Muhammad defeated Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ġ.l.b

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Shadi	ġalab	Reem
pn	win. pst .3 m . sg	pn
‘Shadi beat Reem.’

Arabic (standard) fāza

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

fāza	aḥmad-u	ʕalā	Muḥammad-in
win. pf .3 m	pn - nom	on	pn - gen
‘Ahmad beat Muhammad’

Archi -χes

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

paša	χʷa	moħommad-li-χur
pn	1.win. pfv	pn - obl - comp
‘Pasha beat Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +karəm

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka

X: SBJ

Y: ka

Locus: Y

brata	+krəm-la	ka	axun-o
girl( f )	win. pst - ls .3 f	to	brother( m )- p .3 f
‘The girl beat her brother.’

Avar berhine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-dasa	werh-ana
pn	pn - obl - el	m .overcome- aor
‘Ali beat Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani qalib gəlmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

Aslan	Rǝsul-a	qalib	gǝl-di
pn	pn - dat / lat	victorious	come- pst (3)
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

Bafut ɣɔ́ɔ̂

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	kɨ̀	ɣɔ́ɔ̂	sùù
pn	sm	p 2	beat	pn
‘Ambe beat Suh.’

Bambara sé sɔ̀rɔ

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan

X: SBJ

Y: kan

Locus: Y

Sékù	ye	sé`	sɔ̀rɔ	Fùséni	kàn
pn	pfv . tr	power\ art	gain	pn	on
‘Seku beat Fuseyni.’

Belarusian vyjhrać

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN

X: NOM

Y: uGEN

Locus: Y

Alieś	vyjhra-ŭ	u	Vasil-ja
pn [ nom . sg ]	win( pfv )- pst . sg . m	at	pn - gen . sg
‘Ales beat Vasil.’

Budugh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Bulgarian pobedya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Petar	pobedi	Maria	na	shah
pn	win( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn	on	chess
‘Petar beat Maria in chess.’

Catalan apallissar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	apalliss-ar	en	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	win- inf	def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere beat Marc.’

Chechen eshii-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	Nadir	eshii-na
pn - erg	pn . abs	beat- prf
‘Islam beat Nadir.’

Chinese (Mandarin) dǎbài

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	dǎbài	le	Lǐsì
pn	beat	pfv	pn
‘Zhangsan beat Lisi.’

Chirag četːi-b-uqi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.ELAT

Locus: Y

ʡa̰le	rasul-l-i-rka	četːi-uq-un
pn ( abs )	pn - obl - super - elat	win-( m . sg ) lv : pf - aor .3
‘Ali beat Rasul.’

Croatian pobijediti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Per-o	je	pobijedi-o	Miš-u
pn - nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	win- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Pero beat Mišo.’

Czech vyhrát

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS

X: NOM

Y: nadINS

Locus: Y

Petr	vyhrá-l	nad	Michal-em
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	above	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Petr beat Michal.’

Danish slå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	slog	Marie
pn	beat. pst	pn
‘Peter beat Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) či-B-B-ih-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.EL

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ri-r	či-w-w-ih-ub
pn ( abs )	pn - obl -( super ) el	on - m - m -be. pfv - aor
‘Islam beat Nadir.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Kadar) aqu-CL-uh-es / aqu-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

meħamad	rasu-j-kem	aqu-0-uh-ub
pn	pn - obl - comp	high- m -become. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) č:et:iikara

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

Petja	č:et:ivič:-iv	Miša-j-t:ar
pn	m .win. pf - aor (3)	pn - obl - superel
‘Petja beat Misha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

gal	juldaš-li-ži	tala	w-ič-e
boy	friend- obl - super ( lat )	front( lat )	m -get. pfv -3. aor . itr
‘The boy beat his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) četːe b-ičː-iz/b-irčː-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL2

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ABL2

Locus: Y

uršːi	juldaš-li-ja-kar	četːi	ič-ib
boy	friend- obl - super - abl 2	through	m .fall. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy beat his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) če-b-b-iχʷ-i / če-b-b-irχʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

durħaˤ	zumra-ge-w	če-w-w-iχ-ub
boy	neighbor- super - m . ess	on - m - m -be. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy beat his neighbor.’

Dutch winnen

Valency pattern: SBJ_van

X: SBJ

Y: van

Locus: Y

Piet	won	van	Marie
pn (С)	win. pst	from	pn (С)
‘Piet beat Marie.’

Enets (Forest) mɔtes

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	karti-xin	sanku-ʃ	genka-xaz	kɔrtuz	mɔteʔɛ
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	cards- loc . pl	play( ipfv )- cvb	pn - abl	harness. obl	win( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘Playing cards my friend won harness from Genka’.

English beat

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	beat	Mary.

Estonian võitma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	võit-is	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	win- pst .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter beat Maret.’

Finnish voittaa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	voitt-i	Mati-n
pn . nom	win- pst .3 sg	pn - gen
‘Pekka beat Matti’

French gagner

Valency pattern: SBJ_contre

X: SBJ

Y: contre

Locus: Y

Paul	a	gagné	contre	Michel
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	win. pst . ptcp . m	indf . sg . f	against pn ( m )
‘Paul beat Michel.’

Gban zɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

kpɛ̀	nɛ̰̀	w	ä	dȍ	Zá̰	ɛ́	Fíɛ́lȅ	zɛ̀
awalé	which	3 pl \ pst	s/he/it	throw[ pfv . hod ]	pn	3 sg \ pst	pn	kill[ pfv . hod ]
‘In the game of awalé that they played, Zan beat Pierre.’

Georgian mo-Ø-u-g-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-m	č'adrak'-ši	mašo-s	mo-Ø-u-g-o
pn - erg	chess- pstp : iness / illat	pn - dat	prv : prox - io 3- ver : o -win- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre beat Masho at chess.’

German gewinnen

Valency pattern: NOM_gegenACC

X: NOM

Y: gegenACC

Locus: Y

Karl	hat	gegen	Marie	gewonnen
pn [ nom . sg ]	have. prs .3 sg	against	pn [ acc . sg ]	win. ptcp 2
‘Karl beat Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) nitsaχ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	nitsaχ	et	Menaχem
pn	beat[ pst .3 sg . m ]	do	pn
‘Pinchas beat Menachem.’

Hindi harānā

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pratīk	ne	Mohan	ko	harāy-ā
pn ( m ). sg . obl	erg	pn ( m ). sg . obl	acc / dat	defeat. pfv - m . sg
‘Prateek beat Mohan.’
Note: The classification of this pattern as "TR" is tentative; it may, in fact, be "ERG_DAT".

Indonesian (standard) menang

Valency pattern: SBJ_dari

X: SBJ

Y: dari

Locus: Y

Abdul	menang	dari	Ali
pn	win	from	pn
‘Abdul beat Ali.’

Irish buaigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_ar

X: SBJ

Y: ar

Locus: Y

Do=bhuaigh	Pól	air	Mhícheal.
pst =win	pn	on	pn
‘Pól beat Mícheal.’

Italian battere

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	battuto	Maria
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	beat. pst . ptcp	pn ( f )
‘Leo beat Maria.’

Karata bišanɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmat’-jagal	w-uš-an
pn	pn - el	m -win- pf
‘Ali beat Ahmat.’

Kazakh ut-ïp al

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-dan	ut-ïp	al-dï
pn	pn - abl	win- cvb	take- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya beat Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) nŏχ pitti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pet’a-j-en	waśa-j-ǝλ	šaχmat-ǝn	nŏχ	pit-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	chess- loc	upward	fall- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja won over Vasja at chess.’

Khoekhoe dan

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s-a	go	beat
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg - obl	rpst	win
‘Peter beat Maria.’

Khwarshi j/iža

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.EL

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.EL

Locus: Y

šamil	iž-ža	hamaʁe-ƛ'o-žo	šaχmat-ba=n	ħajda-na
pn ( i )	[ i ]win- pst . w	friend( i )- super - el	ches- pl . abs = add	play- cvb
‘Shamil beat his friend at chess.’

Komi-Zyrian вермыны

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Петя	верм-и-с	Маша-ӧс
pn	win- pret -3	pn - acc
‘Petja beat Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) yée tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Pépèe	yée	àá	tɛ̀ɛ	Hɛ́ni	ɓâ
pn	hand	3 sg . prf	pass	pn	on1
‘Pepee beat Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Kryz (Alik) ğalib ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Terlan	Rasul-iz	ğalib	ʕaxhr-id
pn	pn - dat	victorious	m .come. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan beat Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) qalib ʕaxhuric

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uz	qalib	ʕaxh-ird
pn	pn - dat	victorious	come. pf - obl
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’

Kryz (proper) qalib xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-is	qalib	xhi-yid
pn	pn - dat	victorious	be. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan beat Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk utmaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mahammat	rasul-nu	ut-d-u
pn	pn - acc	win- pst -3 sg
‘Muhammad beat Rasul.’

Kurdish (Sorani) birdinewe

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_le

X: SBJ.TR

Y: le

Locus: Y

Hîwa	ʂetr̂enc=î	le	Zanko-î	bird-Ø-ewe
pn	chess=3 sg . pc	from	pn - obl	win. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa beat Zanko in chess.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) zor birin (tr)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

zilam	zor-a	Gul-ê	bir
man	force- ez . f	pn - obl . f	take. pfv . sg
‘The man defeated Gule.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

Maħammad	χːu	x-und-i	Rasul-du-jar
pn	winning	become- aor -3 p	pn - obl - comp
‘Mohammad beat Rasul.’

Latin evinco

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

spume-us	amn-is	exi-it	opposit-as-que	evic-it	gurgit-e	mol-es
foaming- nom . sg . m	river( m )- nom . sg	go_out[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg	oppose. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . pl . f -and	overwhelm[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg	flow( m )- abl . sg	dyke( f )- acc . pl
‘A foaming river exits its banks and with its flow overwhelms opposing dykes.’
Note: (Verg. Aen. II, 497)

Laz o-ǯg-in-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Käzim-i-k	Fatma-s	g-Ø-ö-ǯg-in-u
pn - b - erg	pn - dat	prv - io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext - s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim beat Fatma (in a game).’

Lezgian (Yargun) tuxun

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Sahib-a	Eldar	tuxva-na
pn - erg	pn	carry. pfv - aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib beat Eldar.’

Macedonian pobedi

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	ja	pobedi	Maja
pn	pro .3 sg . f . acc	win( pfv ). aor .3 sg	pn
‘Petar beat Maja.’

Maltese

Valency pattern: SBJ_lil

X: SBJ

Y: lil

Locus: Y

Ġwanni	rebaħ	lil	Mark
pn	win. pf . m .3 sg	to	pn
‘Ġwanni beat Mark.’
Note: The use of the preposition “lil” is obligatory with this verb in this meaning. This is not an optional direct object marker.

Maninka (Eastern) sɔ̀dɔn

Valency pattern: SBJ_kun

X: SBJ

Y: kun

Locus: Y

Sékù	kà	wàa	kélen	sɔ̀dɔn	Fónbà	kùn.
pn	aor . tr	thousand	one	get	pn	on
‘Seku gained 1000 francs from Fomba.’

Mano kɔ̀ bɛ̀ī

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ō	kɔ̀	ē	bɛ̀ī	gbàlà	mìà	mɔ̀
3 pl	arm	3 sg . pst	be.able	k pelle	person. pl : cstr	on
‘They beat the Kpelle.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Mansi (Northern) noxpattǝs

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pētra	anum	kāsarǝl	nox=pat-t-ǝs
p eter	i . obl	cards- ins	up=fall- caus - pst [3 sg ]
‘Peter won over me in a game of cards.’

Mehweb derqʷ -uhes

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

Pajzula	Nadir-li-če-w	derqʷ	uh-ub
pn	pn - obl - super - m ( ess )	winning	m .become: pfv - aor
‘Pajzula beat Nadir.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-rǯg-in-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-k	anučia-s	Ø-o-rǯg-in-(u)	šaxmat'-i-s
pn - erg	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -be_better- r . ext -( s 3 sg . pst )	chess- b - dat
‘Chelo beat Anuchia at chess.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Nanai xətə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	xətə-xə-ni
pn	pn - obl	win- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia beat Masha.’

Nivkh kʰəd

Valency pattern: SBJ_COMP

X: SBJ

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

Kaskazik	Ajsana-ak	kʰə-d
pn	pn - comp	be_skillful- ind
‘Kaskazik beat Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å vinne

Valency pattern: SBJ_over

X: SBJ

Y: over

Locus: Y

Per	vant	over	Ola
pn	win. pst	over	pn
‘Per beat Ola.’

Oromo (West Central) moʔa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	tolaa	moʔ-e
pn - nom	pn . abs	beat-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa beat Tolaa.’

Persian šekast dādan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	šekast	dād
pn	pn - acc	defeat	give. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad beat Mariam.’

Polish wygrać

Valency pattern: NOM_zINS

X: NOM

Y: zINS

Locus: Y

Paweł	wygra-ł	z	Lech-em
pn [ nom . sg ]	win: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	with	pn - ins . sg
‘Paweł beat Lech.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) vencer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	venc-eu	Miguel
pn ( m )	win-3 sg . pst	pn ( m )
‘Pedro won over Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) lel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	ľ-a	les-tar	and-o	futbol-o
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	take- pst .3 sg	he- abl	in- art . m . dir . sg	soccer- nom . sg
‘Murša beat him at soccer.’

Russian vyigratʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN

X: NOM

Y: uGEN

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	vyigra-l	u	Maš-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	at	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja beat Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) libt’ɨra

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP

X: ERG

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul-a	l-i<b>t’ɨ-r=a	ramazan-ɨ
pn - erg	pv -<3>win. pfv - cvb =be	pn - obl ( sup )
‘Rasul beat Ramazan.’

Rutul (Mukhad) lit'in

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER

X: ERG

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-ıı	libt'i-ri
pn - erg	pn - super	a .overcome. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Kurban.’

Rutul (Shinaz) ʁemi h-iši-n

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

basir	ʁemi	h-iši-r	karam-ɨla
pn	winning	m -be. pf - aor	pn - el
‘Basir beat Karam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Southern) uˤʔuˤ yişin

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

murad	natig-ı-s	uˤʔuˤ	yişi-r
pn	pn - obl - dat	brave	m .be. pf - aor
‘Murad beat Natig.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Saami (Skolt) vueiʹtted

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	vuõit-i	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	win- pst .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete beat Maria’

Serbian pobediti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	pobedi-o	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	win- part . perf . m . sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar beat Maria.’

Shughni yêdow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_EL

X: NOM.CL

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed=i	as	Karamšo	yod
pn =3 sg	el	pn	bring. pst
‘Ahmed beat Karamsho.’

Slovak vyhrať

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS

X: NOM

Y: nadINS

Locus: Y

Peter	vyhra-l	nad	Mark-om
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	above	pn ( m )- ins . sg
‘Peter beat Marek.’

Slovenian premagati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pavel	je	premaga-l	Petr-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	win: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	pn - acc . sg
‘Pavel beat Peter.’

Spanish ganar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	gana-do	a	María	a=l	ajedrez
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	win- ptcp : prf	dir . obj . anm	pn [ sg . f ]	to= art . def . sg . m	chess[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro won over Maria at chess.’

Svan x-ä-c'r-e (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maizer-Ø	gegi-s	ž-a-x-c'ind-a
pn - nom	pn - dat	prv : upward - prv : dist - io 3-beat- pst
‘Maizer beat Gegi.’

Swedish att slå

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	slog	Maja
pn	beat. pst	pn
‘Björn beat Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

fatima-ji	maˁhaˁmad	qtip-nu
pn - erg	pn ( abs )	( n . sg )overtake- pst
‘Fatima beat Mahamad.’

Tagalog talunin

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

t<in>alo	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< pv > pfv .beat	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro beat Miguel.’

Telugu gelucu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLmida

X: NOM

Y: OBLmida

Locus: Y

pravīṇ	maheṣ	mīda	gelicāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl	on	win. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen beat Mahesh.’

Tsakhur q:amхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

murad	aydın-ıle	q:am-хha-na
pn	pn - superel	overcome- aux . pf - h
‘Murad beat Aydin.’

Tswana fenya

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ke-fen-ts-e	Kitso	mo	lo-belo-ng
s i :1 sg -beat- prf - fv	prn	loc 2	sg -race(11)- loc
‘I beat Kitso in the race.’

Turkish galip gelmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Kemal-e	galip	gel-di
pn	pn - dat	winner	come- pst
‘Mehmet beat Kemal.’

Turoyo maxṣər

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Šabo	maxṣar-le	Maryam
pn	defeat. pfv - ls .3 m	pn
‘Shabo defeated Maryam.’

Twi di nkunim

Valency pattern: SBJ_so

X: SBJ

Y: so

Locus: Y

Kofi	di-i	nana	so	nkunim
pn	eat- pst	grandfather	on	victory
‘Kofi beat grandfather.’

Udi ta==şer

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS/DAT

Locus: TR

İgor-en	şaxmat'-a	Aloş-a	ta=ne=şer-i
pn - erg	chess- dat	pn - dat	carry_away=3 sg = st - aor
‘Igor beat Alyosha at chess.’

Udmurt vormi̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet'a	Maša-jez	vorm-iz
pn . nom	pn - acc	win- pst .3 sg
‘Petja beat Masha.’

Ukrainian vyhraty

Valency pattern: NOM_uGEN

X: NOM

Y: uGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	vyhra-v	u	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	win( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	at	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro beat Mariya.’

Ulcha dabdi-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

xusə	piktə	əktə	piktə-wə	dabda-xa-n
male	child	female	child- acc	win- pst -3 sg
‘The boy beat the girl.’
Note: The speaker was not sure about the verb (dabdi-, dabda-, or dabdaǯu-).

Uzbek eŋmoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-ni	eŋ-di
pn	pn - acc	win- pst .3 sg
‘Petja beat Maša.’

Wolof daan

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

Omar	daan	na	Sàmba
pn	beat	prf .s i :3 sg	pn
‘Omar beat Samba.’

Yukaghir (Northern) purǝbǝdˈī=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ	mǝ	purǝbǝdˈī-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	win- tr .3 sg
‘Semien beat Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

oxɨr-i	zor-e	hɛsɛn-i	bɛrd
pn - m . obl	difficult- ez . m	pn - m . obl	take. pst
‘Oxir beat Hesen.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.