‘kill’
Argument frame: |
X
(kill)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
killed
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
убивать
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(убивать)
Y
-а
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
убил
М
.
|
Abaza
š’ə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
murád |
a-ʁá |
də-j-š’ə́-d |
pn
|
def
-enemy
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-kill(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘Murad killed the enemy.’ |
Adyghe
wəč̣ʼə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
askerə-m |
pəjə-r |
ə-wəč̣ʼə-ʁ |
солдат-
obl
|
враг-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-убить-
pst
|
‘Солдат убил врага.’ |
Aghul
k’.i-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
meʜemed |
k’.i-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
|
kill.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan killed Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+kaṭəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
švava |
švot-u |
+kṭil-a-l |
neighbour(
m
)
|
neighbour(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
kill.
pst
-
ss
.3
f
-
ls
.3
m
|
‘The neighbor (he) killed his neighbor (her).’ |
Bambara
fàga
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
wáraba` |
fàga |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
lion\
art
|
kill
|
‘Seku killed a lion.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
matar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
mat-ou |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
kill-3
sg
.
pst
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’ |
Catalan
matar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
mat-ar |
en |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
kill-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere killed Marc.’ |
Czech
zabít
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
zabi-l |
Michal-a |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kill(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr killed Michal.’ |
Danish
dræbe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
dræb-te |
Marie |
pn
|
kill-
pst
|
pn
|
‘Peter killed Marie.’ |
Dutch
doden
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
Marie |
ge-dood |
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
ptcp
-kill
|
‘Piet killed Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
fàa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
bára |
Fónbà |
fàa. |
pn
|
prf
|
pn
|
kill
|
‘Seku has killed Fomba.’ |
English
kill
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
tapma
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
tapp-is |
Mareti |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
kill-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
gen
|
‘Peeter killed Maret.’ |
Finnish
tappaa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
tapp-oi |
Mati-n |
pn
.
nom
|
kill-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
gen
|
‘Pekka killed Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
kaza
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
saame |
kaza |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
wolf
|
obtain(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend killed a wolf’. |
French
tuer
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
tué |
Michel |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
kill.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Paul killed Michel.’ |
Georgian
mo-Ø-k'l-av-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-m |
mašo-Ø |
mo-Ø-k'l-a |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
nom
|
prv
:
prox
-
do
3-kill-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre killed Masho.’ |
German
töten
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
töte-te |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kill-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl killed Marie.’ |
Irish
maraigh
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Do=mhairbh |
Pól |
Máire. |
pst
=kill
|
pn
|
pn
|
‘Pól killed Máire.’ |
Italian
uccidere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
ucciso |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
kill.
pst
.
ptcp
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo killed Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
mudarəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
mudar-ď-a |
le |
źukl-es |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
kill-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
m
.
obl
|
dog-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Murša killed a dog.’ |
Kazakh
öltіr
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-nï |
öltіr-dі |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kill-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya killed Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
weλti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
waśa-j-en |
weλ-ǝs |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
kill-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja killed Vasja.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
šamil-i |
b-iha-χ-χa |
ʁwe |
pn
-
erg
|
iii
-умереть-
caus
-
pst
.
w
|
собака(
iii
)
|
‘Шамиль убил собаку.’ |
Kina Rutul
riq’e rɨʔɨra
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a |
r-iq’-e |
r-ɨʔɨ-r=a |
asijet |
pn
-
erg
|
2-die-
imp
|
2-do.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
‘Rasul killed Asijat.’ |
Latin
neco
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(Oppianic-us) |
eodem |
venen-o |
C. |
Oppianic-um |
fratr-em |
neca-v-it |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
same.
abl
.
sg
.
n
|
poison(
n
)-
abl
.
sg
|
pn
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
brother(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
kill-
prf
-
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
‘(Oppianicus) killed his brother Caius Oppianicus with the same poison.’ |
Note: (Cic. Pro Cluentio. 31) |
Mandarin Chinese
shāsǐ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
shāsǐ |
le |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
kill
|
pfv
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan killed Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
do-Ø-ʔvil-un-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-k |
anučia-Ø |
do-Ø-ʔvil-u. |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-kill-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo killed Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
harag
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
harag |
et |
Menaχem |
pn
|
kill[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas killed Menachem.’ |
Nanai
waa-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
waa-xa-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
kill-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia killed Masha.’ |
Nivkh
iɣd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
Irgun |
i-ɣ-d |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
-kill-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik killed Irgun.’ |
Northern Mansi
ɕamalas
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ti |
xum |
ɕam-al-as |
mōt |
xum |
this
|
man
|
to.death-kill-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
another
|
man
|
‘This man killed another man.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
pуnˈ=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Čiǝri-ɣаnǝ |
mǝ |
punˈi-m |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
kill-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien killed Cheri.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å drepe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
drep-te |
Ola |
pn
|
kill-
pst
|
pn
|
‘Per killed Ola.’ |
Polish
zabić
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Janek |
zabi-ł |
Magdalen-ę |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kill:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Janek killed Magdalena.’ |
Russian
ubitʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
ubi-l |
Maš-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
kill(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petja killed Maša.’ |
Serbian
ubiti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
ubi-o |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
kill-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar killed Maria.’ |
Shughni
zīdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Šamil=i |
Azim |
zīd |
pn
=3
sg
|
pn
|
kill.
pst
|
‘Shamil killed Azim.’ |
Skolt Saami
kåʹdded
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
kooʹdd-i |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
kill-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete killed Maria’ |
Slovak
zabiť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
zabi-l |
Mári-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
kill(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter killed Maria.’ |
Slovenian
ubiti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
ubi-l |
An-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
kill:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter killed Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
kuʂtin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
Sîrwan=î |
kuʂt-Ø |
pn
|
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
|
kill.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa killed Sirwan.’ |
Spanish
matar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ha |
mata-do |
a |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
kill-
ptcp
:
prf
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro killed Maria.’ |
Swedish
att döda
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
döda-de |
Maja |
pn
|
kill-
pst
|
pn
|
‘Björn killed Maja.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
P<in>atay |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
<
pv
>
pfv
.kill
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro killed Miguel.’ |
Telugu
caṁpēyu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ni |
caṁpēsāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
kill.
intens
.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen killed Mahesh.’ |
Turkish
öldürmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
Orhan-ı |
öldür-dü |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
kill-
pst
|
‘Mehmet killed Orhan.’ |
Ulcha
wā-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
buju-wə |
wā-xa-ni |
father
|
bear-
acc
|
kill-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Father killed the bear.’ |
Uzbek
o’ldirib qoymoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-ni |
o’l-dir-ib |
qoy-di |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
die-
caus
-
cvb
|
put-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja killed Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
addʒeesa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
tolaa |
addʒees-e |
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
kill-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa killed Tola.’ |
Zilo Andi
dʒab.i
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ali-di |
muħammadi |
dʒab.i |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
beat.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Ali killed Muhammad.’ |