‘kill’
| Argument frame: | X (kill) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. killed M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | убивать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (убивать) Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. убил М . |
Abaza š’ə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| murád | a-ʁá | də-j-š’ə́-d |
| pn | def -enemy | 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . m . erg -kill( aor )- dcl |
| ‘Murad killed the enemy.’ | ||
Aghul k’.i-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a | meʜemed | k’.i-ne |
| pn ( erg ) | pn | kill. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan killed Muhammad.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +kaṭəl
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| švava | švot-u | +kṭil-a-l |
| neighbour( m ) | neighbour( f )- p .3 m | kill. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m |
| ‘The neighbor (he) killed his neighbor (her).’ | ||
Brazilian Portuguese matar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | mat-ou | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | kill-3 sg . pst | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro killed Miguel.’ | ||
Catalan matar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | mat-ar | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | kill- inf | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere killed Marc.’ | |||||
Czech zabít
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | zabi-l | Michal-a |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( m )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petr killed Michal.’ | ||
Danish dræbe
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | dræb-te | Marie |
| pn | kill- pst | pn |
| ‘Peter killed Marie.’ | ||
Dutch doden
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | Marie | ge-dood |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | pn ( c ) | ptcp -kill |
| ‘Piet killed Marie.’ | |||
Estonian tapma
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter | tapp-is | Mareti |
| pn . sg . nom | kill- pst .3 sg | pn . sg . gen |
| ‘Peeter killed Maret.’ | ||
Finnish tappaa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | tapp-oi | Mati-n |
| pn . nom | kill- pst .3 sg | pn - gen |
| ‘Pekka killed Matti.’ | ||
Forest Enets kaza
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | saame | kaza |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | wolf | obtain( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend killed a wolf’. | |||
German töten
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | töte-te | Marie |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | kill- pst .3 sg | pn [ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl killed Marie.’ | ||
Italian uccidere
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | ucciso | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | kill. pst . ptcp | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo killed Maria.’ | |||
Kazakh öltіr
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | Maša-nï | öltіr-dі |
| pn | pn - acc | kill- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya killed Masha.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty weλti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | waśa-j-en | weλ-ǝs |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg | kill- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja killed Vasja.’ | ||
Latin neco
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (Oppianic-us) | eodem | venen-o | C. | Oppianic-um | fratr-em | neca-v-it |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | same. abl . sg . n | poison( n )- abl . sg | pn | pn ( m )- acc . sg | brother( m )- acc . sg | kill- prf - ind . act .3 sg |
| ‘(Oppianicus) killed his brother Caius Oppianicus with the same poison.’ | ||||||
| Note: (Cic. Pro Cluentio. 31) | ||||||
Modern Hebrew harag
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | harag | et | Menaχem |
| pn | kill[ pst .3 sg . m ] | do | pn |
| ‘Pinchas killed Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai waa-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | Maša-wa | waa-xa-ni |
| pn | pn - obl | kill- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia killed Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh iɣd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Irgun | i-ɣ-d |
| pn | pn | 3 sg -kill- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik killed Irgun.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å drepe
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | drep-te | Ola |
| pn | kill- pst | pn |
| ‘Per killed Ola.’ | ||
Polish zabić
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Janek | zabi-ł | Magdalen-ę |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | kill: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Janek killed Magdalena.’ | ||
Russian ubitʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | ubi-l | Maš-u |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | kill( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petja killed Maša.’ | ||
Rutul riq’e rɨʔɨra
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | r-iq’-e | r-ɨʔɨ-r=a | asijet |
| pn - erg | 2-die- imp | 2-do. pfv - cvb =be | pn ( nom ) |
| ‘Rasul killed Asijat.’ | |||
Serbian ubio
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | ubi-o | Marij-u |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | убить- part . perf .М. sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Петар убил Марию.’ | |||
Shughni zīdow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Šamil=i | Azim | zīd |
| pn =3 sg | pn | kill. pst |
| ‘Shamil killed Azim.’ | ||
Skolt Saami kåʹdded
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | kooʹdd-i | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | kill- pst .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete killed Maria’ | ||
Slovenian ubiti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | je | ubi-l | An-o |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | kill: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Peter killed Ana.’ | |||
Spanish matar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ha | mata-do | a | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | kill- ptcp : prf | dir . obj . anm | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro killed Maria.’ | ||||
Swedish att döda
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | döda-de | Maja |
| pn | kill- pst | pn |
| ‘Björn killed Maja.’ | ||
Turkish öldürmek
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | Orhan-ı | öldür-dü |
| pn | pn - acc | kill- pst |
| ‘Mehmet killed Orhan.’ | ||
Ulcha wā-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama | buju-wə | wā-xa-ni |
| father | bear- acc | kill- pst -3 sg |
| ‘Father killed the bear.’ | ||
Zilo Andi dʒab.i
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di | muħammadi | dʒab.i |
| pn - erg | pn [ m ][ nom ] | beat. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Ali killed Muhammad.’ | ||