‘paint’
Argument frame: |
X
(paint)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
painted
the fence
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
красить
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(красить)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
покрасил
забор
.
|
Abaza
ŝə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
á-č’ḳʷən |
a-gʷára |
j-ŝə́-d |
def
-boy
|
def
-fence
|
3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-paint(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The boy painted the fence.’ |
Adyghe
ʁele
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
č̣ʼale-m |
čʼewə-r |
ə-ʁe.la-ʁ |
парень-
obl
|
забор-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-красить-
pst
|
‘Парень покрасил забор.’ |
Aghul
šur jarʜ.u-
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan.a |
zabur.i-s |
šur |
jarʜ.u-ne |
pn
(
erg
)
|
fence-
dat
|
paint
|
strike.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan painted the fence.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
maxə rang
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
sava |
məxy-e-l |
rang |
guydanə |
old.
m
|
beat.
pst
-
ss
(
o
).3
pl
-
ls
.3
m
|
color(
m
)
|
wall(
m
).
pl
|
‘The oldman painted the walls.’ |
Bambara
ɲɛ̀gɛn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
só` |
ɲɛ̀gɛn |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
house\
art
|
paint
|
‘Seku painted the house.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
pintar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
pint-ou |
a |
cerca |
pn
(
m
)
|
paint-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
f
|
fence(
f
)
|
‘Pedro painted the fence.’ |
Catalan
pintar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
pint-ar |
la |
tanca |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
paint-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
fence(
f
)
|
‘Pere painted the fence.’ |
Czech
natřít
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
natře-l |
plot |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
paint(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fence(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Petr painted the fence.’ |
Danish
male
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
male-de |
stakitt-et |
pn
|
paint-
pst
|
fence(
n
)-
def
.
sg
|
‘Peter painted the fence.’ |
Dutch
verven
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
het |
hekje |
ge-verf-d |
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
fence(
n
)
|
ptcp
-paint-
ptcp
|
‘Piet painted the fence.’ |
Eastern Maninka
pɛ́nturu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
báda |
à |
lá |
bón` |
pɛ́nturu. |
pn
|
prf
|
3
sg
|
poss
|
house\
art
|
paint
|
‘Seku has painted his house.’ |
English
paint
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
värvima
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
värvi-s |
aeda |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
paint-
pst
.3
sg
|
fence.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter painted the fence.’ |
Finnish
maalata
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
maala-si |
aida-n |
pn
.
nom
|
paint-
pst
.3
sg
|
fence-
gen
|
‘Pekka painted the fence.’ |
Forest Enets
krasijr
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
kasa-jʔ |
pe |
ne |
kexon |
kamozo-da |
krasij-bi-za |
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
outdoors
|
side
|
side-
loc
.
sg
|
house-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
paint(
ipfv
)-
prf
-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
‘My friend painted his house on the side of the street’. |
Note: This is probably a spontaneous borrowing from Russian. |
French
peindre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
peint |
sa |
palissade |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
paint.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
one’s.
sg
.
f
|
fence(
f
)
|
‘Paul painted his fence.’ |
Georgian
še-Ø-γeb-av-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
p'et're-m |
γobe-Ø |
še-Ø-γeb-a |
pn
-
erg
|
fence-
nom
|
prv
:inward-
do
3-paint-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre painted the fence.’ |
German
streichen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
strich |
den |
Zaun |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
paint.
pst
.3
sg
|
def
.
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
fence[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl painted the fence.’ |
Irish
péinteáil
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Phéinteáil |
Peter |
an |
falla. |
pst
/paint
|
pn
|
def
|
fence
|
‘Pól painted the fence.’ |
Italian
pitturare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
pitturato |
il |
recint-o |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
paint.
pst
.
ptcp
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
fence-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo painted the fence.’ |
Kalderash Romani
makhəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
makh-ľ-a |
ə |
bar |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
paint-
pst
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
fence[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Murša painted the fence.’ |
Kazakh
boya
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
qoršaw-dï |
boya-dï |
pn
|
fence-
acc
|
paint-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya painted the fence.’ |
Kazym Khanty
ɔλǝpǝn nԑrti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
χɔp-ǝλ |
ɔλǝp-ǝn |
nԑr-s-ǝλλe |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
boat-
poss
.3
sg
|
paint-
loc
|
smear-
pst
-3
sg
.
so
|
‘Petja painted the boat.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ERG_CONT
|
X: ERG |
Y: CONT |
Locus: Y |
di-lo |
uža |
qado-qo |
(tošu) |
l-eχe-na |
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
сын\
erg
|
стена(
v
)-
cont
|
каша(
iv
)
|
iv
-мазать-
pst
.
u
|
‘Мой сын измазал стену кашей.’ |
Note: The meaning to paint is rendered by the same structure where the theme participant is expresed as “suʁat” ‘lime’ (in the Absolutive case). |
Kina Rutul
šir jiˀwχaˀra
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
čapra-s |
šir |
jiˀ<w>χaˀ-r=a |
pn
-
erg
|
fence.
obl
-
dat
|
paint
|
<3>hit.
ipfv
.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul painted the fence.’ |
Latin
pingo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
me-um |
cori-um |
quem |
Apelle-s |
ac |
Zeuxis |
duo |
ping-e-nt |
pigment-is |
ulme-is |
my-
acc
.
sg
.
n
|
skin(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
which.
acc
.
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
and_also
|
pn
(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
two.
nom
.
m
|
paint-
fut
.
ind
-
act
.3
pl
|
pigment(
n
)-
abl
.
pl
|
elm_tree-
abl
.
pl
.
n
|
‘My back that both Apelles and Zeuxis will paint with elm-tree colours.’ |
Note: (Pl. Epid. 626) |
Mandarin Chinese
shuā guo yóuqī
Valency pattern:
SBJ_gei
|
X: SBJ |
Y: gei |
Locus: Y |
Zhāngsān |
gěi |
wéilán |
shuā |
guo |
yóuqī |
le |
pn
|
for
|
fence
|
brush
|
exp
|
paint
|
pfv
|
‘Zhangsan painted the fence.’ |
Mingrelian
do-Ø-γap-un-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
čelo-k |
γober-(i) |
do-Ø-γap-u. |
pn
-
erg
|
fence-(
nom
)
|
prv
-
do
3-paint-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo painted the fence.’ |
Modern Hebrew
tsava
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
tsava |
et |
ha |
gader |
pn
|
paint[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
fence
|
‘Pinchas painted the fence.’ |
Nanai
niulə-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
geasa-wa |
niulə-xə-ni |
pn
|
hedge-
obl
|
paint-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia painted the fence.’ |
Nivkh
jivud
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
vazr̥ |
j-ivu-d |
pn
|
fence
|
3
sg
-paint-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik painted the fence.’ |
Northern Mansi
sartəste
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pajel |
pūsas |
ōl’p-əl |
sart-əs-t-e |
pn
|
fence
|
color-
ins
|
smear-
pst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
‘Pasha painted the fence’ |
Northern Yukaghir
sуrǝlˈǝs=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Əkulˈǝ |
kuhljankǝ-lǝ |
surǝ-lˈǝ-s-u-m |
pn
|
kukhlyanka-
acc
|
color-
prop
-
caus
-0-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Akulina dyed the kukhlyanka.’ |
Note: Kukhlyanka is a traditional fur ipper garment. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å male
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
mal-te |
gjerd-et |
pn
|
paint-
pst
|
fence-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘Per painted the fence.’ |
Polish
pomalować
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Tomasz |
pomalowa-ł |
płot |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
paint:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
fence[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Tomasz painted the fence.’ |
Russian
pokrasitʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
pokrasi-l |
zabor |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
paint(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fence(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Petja painted the fence.’ |
Serbian
ofarbati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
ofarba-o |
ograd-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
paint-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
fence-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar painted the fence.’ |
Shughni
rang čīdow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Azim=i |
xu |
divi |
rang |
čūd |
pn
=3
sg
|
refl
|
door
|
color
|
do.
pst
|
‘Azim painted the door.’ |
Skolt Saami
kälkkeed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
kälkki-i |
ääiʹd |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
paint-
pst
.3
sg
|
fence.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete painted the fence.’ |
Slovak
natrieť
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
natre-l |
plot |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
paint(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fence(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Peter painted the fence.’ |
Slovenian
pobarvati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
pobarva-l |
ograj-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
paint:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
fence-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter painted the fence.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
r̂eng kirdin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
perjîn-eke=î |
r̂eng |
kird-Ø |
pn
|
fence-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
|
color
|
do.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa painted the fence.’ |
Note: The OBL.3SG morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. |
Spanish
pintar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ha |
pinta-do |
la |
valla |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
paint-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
fence[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro painted the fence.’ |
Swedish
att måla
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
måla-de |
staket-et |
pn
|
paint-
pst
|
fence-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘Björn painted the fence.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
P<in>inturah-an |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
bakod |
<
pv
>
pfv
~paint-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
fence
|
‘Pedro painted the fence’ |
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
raṁgu vēyu
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
tana |
kaṁce-ki |
raṁgu |
vēsāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
own
|
fence(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
colour(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
throw.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen painted his fence.’ |
Turkish
boyamak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
çit-ler-i |
boya-dı |
pn
|
fence-
pl
-
acc
|
paint-
pst
|
‘Mehmet painted the fence.’ |
Ulcha
ńīlči-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
kərəmbə-wə |
ńīl-či-xə-n |
father
|
fence-
acc
|
paint-
iter
-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Father painted the fence.’ |
Uzbek
bo’yamoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
panžara-ni |
bo’ya-p |
tur-ib-ti |
pn
|
fence-
acc
|
paint-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
‘Petja painted the fence.’ |
West Central Oromo
halluu diba
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
dallaa |
sana |
halluu |
dib-e |
pn
-
nom
|
fence.
abs
|
that.
abs
|
color
|
paint-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa painted the fence.’ |
Zilo Andi
buʃ.o
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ali-di |
qχen |
buʃ.o |
pn
-
erg
|
wall[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
smear.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Ali painted the wall.’ |