BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘paint’

Argument frame: X (paint) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. painted the fence .
Predicate label Ru: красить
Argument frame Ru: X (красить) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. покрасил забор .

Abaza ŝə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
á-č’ḳʷən a-gʷára j-ŝə́-d
def -boy def -fence 3 sg . m . erg -paint( aor )- dcl
‘The boy painted the fence.’

Adyghe ʁele

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m čʼewə-r ə-ʁe.la-ʁ
парень- obl забор- abs 3 sg . erg -красить- pst
‘Парень покрасил забор.’

Aghul šur jarʜ.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a zabur.i-s šur jarʜ.u-ne
pn ( erg ) fence- dat paint strike. pf - aor
‘Aslan painted the fence.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic maxə rang

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava məxy-e-l rang guydanə
old. m beat. pst - ss ( o ).3 pl - ls .3 m color( m ) wall( m ). pl
‘The oldman painted the walls.’

Bambara ɲɛ̀gɛn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye só` ɲɛ̀gɛn
pn pfv . tr house\ art paint
‘Seku painted the house.’

Brazilian Portuguese pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro pint-ou a cerca
pn ( m ) paint-3 sg . pst def . f fence( f )
‘Pedro painted the fence.’

Catalan pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va pint-ar la tanca
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind paint- inf def . sg . f fence( f )
‘Pere painted the fence.’

Czech natřít

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr natře-l plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petr painted the fence.’

Danish male

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter male-de stakitt-et
pn paint- pst fence( n )- def . sg
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Dutch verven

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft het hekje ge-verf-d
pn (С) have.3 sg art . def . n fence( n ) ptcp -paint- ptcp
‘Piet painted the fence.’

Eastern Maninka pɛ́nturu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù báda lá bón` pɛ́nturu.
pn prf 3 sg poss house\ art paint
‘Seku has painted his house.’

English paint

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter painted the fence.

Estonian värvima

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter värvi-s aeda
pn . sg . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence. sg . part
‘Peeter painted the fence.’

Finnish maalata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka maala-si aida-n
pn . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence- gen
‘Pekka painted the fence.’

Forest Enets krasijr

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
kasa-jʔ pe ne kexon kamozo-da krasij-bi-za
man- nom . sg .1 sg outdoors side side- loc . sg house- obl . sg .3 sg paint( ipfv )- prf -3 sg . so sg
‘My friend painted his house on the side of the street’.
Note: This is probably a spontaneous borrowing from Russian.

French peindre

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a peint sa palissade
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg paint. pst . ptcp . m one’s. sg . f fence( f )
‘Paul painted his fence.’

Georgian še-Ø-γeb-av-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m γobe-Ø še-Ø-γeb-a
pn - erg fence- nom prv :inward- do 3-paint- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre painted the fence.’

German streichen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl strich den Zaun
pn [ nom . sg ] paint. pst .3 sg def . m . acc . sg fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl painted the fence.’

Irish péinteáil

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Phéinteáil Peter an falla.
pst /paint pn def fence
‘Pól painted the fence.’

Italian pitturare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha pitturato il recint-o
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs paint. pst . ptcp def . sg . m fence- sg . m
‘Leo painted the fence.’

Kalderash Romani makhəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a makh-ľ-a ə bar
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg paint- pst -3 sg art . f . dir . sg fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Murša painted the fence.’

Kazakh boya

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya qoršaw-dï boya-dï
pn fence- acc paint- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya painted the fence.’

Kazym Khanty ɔλǝpǝn nԑrti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en χɔp-ǝλ ɔλǝp-ǝn nԑr-s-ǝλλe
pn - ep - poss .2 sg boat- poss .3 sg paint- loc smear- pst -3 sg . so
‘Petja painted the boat.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ERG_CONT
X: ERG
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
di-lo uža qado-qo (tošu) l-eχe-na
1 sg . o - gen 2 сын\ erg стена( v )- cont каша( iv ) iv -мазать- pst . u
‘Мой сын измазал стену кашей.’
Note: The meaning to paint is rendered by the same structure where the theme participant is expresed as “suʁat” ‘lime’ (in the Absolutive case).

Kina Rutul šir jiˀwχaˀra

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
rasul-a čapra-s šir jiˀ<w>χaˀ-r=a
pn - erg fence. obl - dat paint <3>hit. ipfv . ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul painted the fence.’

Latin pingo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
me-um cori-um quem Apelle-s ac Zeuxis duo ping-e-nt pigment-is ulme-is
my- acc . sg . n skin( n )- acc . sg which. acc . sg pn ( m )- nom . sg and_also pn ( m ). nom . sg two. nom . m paint- fut . ind - act .3 pl pigment( n )- abl . pl elm_tree- abl . pl . n
‘My back that both Apelles and Zeuxis will paint with elm-tree colours.’
Note: (Pl. Epid. 626)

Mandarin Chinese shuā guo yóuqī

Valency pattern: SBJ_gei
X: SBJ
Y: gei
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān gěi wéilán shuā guo yóuqī le
pn for fence brush exp paint pfv
‘Zhangsan painted the fence.’

Mingrelian do-Ø-γap-un-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k γober-(i) do-Ø-γap-u.
pn - erg fence-( nom ) prv - do 3-paint- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo painted the fence.’

Modern Hebrew tsava

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas tsava et ha gader
pn paint[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def fence
‘Pinchas painted the fence.’

Nanai niulə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia geasa-wa niulə-xə-ni
pn hedge- obl paint- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia painted the fence.’

Nivkh jivud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik vazr̥ j-ivu-d
pn fence 3 sg -paint- ind
‘Kaskazik painted the fence.’

Northern Mansi sartəste

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pajel pūsas ōl’p-əl sart-əs-t-e
pn fence color- ins smear- pst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s
‘Pasha painted the fence’

Northern Yukaghir sуrǝlˈǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Əkulˈǝ kuhljankǝ-lǝ surǝ-lˈǝ-s-u-m
pn kukhlyanka- acc color- prop - caus -0- tr .3 sg
‘Akulina dyed the kukhlyanka.’
Note: Kukhlyanka is a traditional fur ipper garment.

Norwegian Bokmål å male

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per mal-te gjerd-et
pn paint- pst fence- def . n . sg
‘Per painted the fence.’

Polish pomalować

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Tomasz pomalowa-ł płot
pn [ nom . sg ] paint: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] fence[ acc . sg ]
‘Tomasz painted the fence.’

Russian pokrasitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja pokrasi-l zabor
pn ( m )- nom . sg paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Petja painted the fence.’

Serbian ofarbati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je ofarba-o ograd-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg paint- part . perf . m . sg fence- acc . sg
‘Petar painted the fence.’

Shughni rang čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i xu divi rang čūd
pn =3 sg refl door color do. pst
‘Azim painted the door.’

Skolt Saami kälkkeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt kälkki-i ääiʹd
pn . sg . nom paint- pst .3 sg fence. sg . acc
‘Pete painted the fence.’

Slovak natrieť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter natre-l plot
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] paint( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] fence( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Slovenian pobarvati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je pobarva-l ograj-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg paint: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] fence- acc . sg
‘Peter painted the fence.’

Sorani Kurdish r̂eng kirdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa perjîn-eke=î r̂eng kird-Ø
pn fence- def =3 sg . pc color do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa painted the fence.’
Note: The OBL.3SG morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Spanish pintar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha pinta-do la valla
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg paint- ptcp : prf art . def . sg . f fence[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro painted the fence.’

Swedish att måla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn måla-de staket-et
pn paint- pst fence- def . n . sg
‘Björn painted the fence.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
P<in>inturah-an ni Pedro ang bakod
< pv > pfv ~paint- lv pers . gen pn subj fence
‘Pedro painted the fence’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

Telugu raṁgu vēyu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pravīṇ tana kaṁce-ki raṁgu vēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom own fence( n ). sg . obl - dat colour( n ). sg . nom throw. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen painted his fence.’

Turkish boyamak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet çit-ler-i boya-dı
pn fence- pl - acc paint- pst
‘Mehmet painted the fence.’

Ulcha ńīlči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama kərəmbə-wə ńīl-či-xə-n
father fence- acc paint- iter - pst -3 sg
‘Father painted the fence.’

Uzbek bo’yamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya panžara-ni bo’ya-p tur-ib-ti
pn fence- acc paint- cvb stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja painted the fence.’

West Central Oromo halluu diba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n dallaa sana halluu dib-e
pn - nom fence. abs that. abs color paint-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa painted the fence.’

Zilo Andi buʃ.o

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di qχen buʃ.o
pn - erg wall[ inan 1][ nom ] smear. pst ( aor )
‘Ali painted the wall.’