‘make fun’
Argument frame: |
X
(make fun) of
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(M. did something very stupid. Now,)
P.
is making fun of
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
издеваться
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(издеваться) над
Y
-ом
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(М. сделал(а) что-то очень глупое. Теперь)
П.
издевается над
М
.
|
Abaza
laq̇ərdə́ č’pa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
zaréma |
rasúl |
laq̇ərdə́ |
də-l-č’p-ə́j-d |
pn
|
pn
|
fun
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-make-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Zarema is making fun of Rasul.’ |
Aghul
ihanat-ar aq’.a-
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan.a |
meʜemed.i-k-as |
ihanat-ar |
aq’.a-a |
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
mocking-
pl
|
do.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan is making fun of Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
gaxəc
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bi
|
X: SBJ |
Y: bi |
Locus: Y |
+Ašur |
gaxəc |
bi |
švav-u |
pn
|
laugh.
prs
|
with
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘Ashur will make fun of his neighbor.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. The actual form of the verb stem in the example is [ɟaxət], most likely a dialect realization of gaxəc. |
Brazilian Portuguese
caçoar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
X: SBJ |
Y: de |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
caço-a |
de |
Miguel |
pn
(
m
)
|
mock-3
sg
.
prs
|
of
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’ |
Catalan
burlar-se
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
X: SBJ |
Y: de |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
es |
burl-a |
del |
Marc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
.3
sg
|
mock-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
‘Pere is making fun of Marc.’ |
Czech
vysmívat se
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
se |
vysmívá |
Michal-ovi |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
make_fun(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petr is making fun of Michal.’ |
Danish
gøre grin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_med
|
X: SBJ |
Y: med |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
gør |
grin |
med |
Marie |
pn
|
make.
prs
|
fun(
n
).
sg
|
with
|
pn
|
‘Peter is making fun of Marie.’ |
Dutch
beschimpen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
beschimp-t |
Marie |
pn
(С)
|
make.fun-3
sg
|
pn
(С)
|
‘Piet is making fun of Marie.’ |
Estonian
nalja tegema
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENule
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENule |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
tee-b |
Mareti |
üle |
nalja |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
make-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
gen
|
over
|
joke.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter is making fun of Maret.’ |
Finnish
pilkata
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
pilkka-a |
Matti-a |
pn
.
nom
|
make.fun-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
‘Pekka is making fun of Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
piʃizi
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-da |
piʃiza |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
ridicule(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend is making fun of Vasja’. |
German
sich lustig machen
Valency pattern:
NOM_uberACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: uberACC |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
mach-t |
sich |
über |
Marie |
lustig |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
make-
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
over
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
funny
|
‘Karl is making fun of Marie.’ |
Italian
schernire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
schernisc-e |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
mock-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo is making fun of Maria.’ |
Kazakh
kemsit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
Maša-nï |
kemsіt-tі |
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
consider_insignificant-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya is making fun of Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
ńŏsǝrλǝti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
petr-en |
waśa-j-ǝλ |
ńŏsǝrλ-ǝλ |
pn
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
make_fun-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja is making fun of Vasja.’ |
Note: The basic meaning of the verb is ‘to furrow’. |
Latin
derideo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
deride-a-mus |
haruspic-es, |
van-os |
esse |
dic-a-mus |
ridicule-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.1
pl
|
haruspex(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
unreliable-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
be.
prs
.
inf
.
act
|
say-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.1
pl
|
‘Let us ridicule haruspices, let us say they are unreliable.’ |
Note: (Cic. Div. 1, 36) |
Modern Hebrew
maknit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
maknit |
et |
Menaχem |
pn
|
tease[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas is making fun of Menachem.’ |
Nanai
siŋgərə-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
siŋgərə-j-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
make_fun-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å gjøre narr
Valency pattern:
SBJ_av
|
X: SBJ |
Y: av |
Locus: Y |
nå |
gjø-r |
Per |
narr |
av |
Ola |
now
|
make-
prs
|
pn
|
fool
|
of
|
pn
|
‘Now Per is making fun of Ola.’ |
Polish
drwić
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: zGEN |
Locus: Y |
Mefistofeles |
drwi |
z |
Bog-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
make_fun:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
god-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Mephistopheles is making fun of God.’ |
Russian
izdevatʹsja
Valency pattern:
NOM_nadINS
|
X: NOM |
Y: nadINS |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
izdeva-et-sja |
nad |
Maš-ej |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
make_fun(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
above
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’ |
Rutul
jiʁ laɢara
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUP
|
X: ERG |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
rasul-a |
ramazan-ɨ |
jiʁ |
laɢa-r=a |
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
(
sup
)
|
mock
|
lv
.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul is making fun of Ramazan.’ |
Serbian
maltretira
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
maltretira |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
издеваться.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Петар издевается над Марией.’ |
Shughni
qīn čīdow
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
X: NOM |
Y: EL |
Locus: Y |
Ahmed |
as |
Saida |
qīn |
kix̌-t |
pn
|
el
|
pn
|
difficult
|
do-3
sg
|
‘Ahmed is making fun of Saida.’ |
Skolt Saami
luânnjad
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
luânnj |
Määʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
make.fun.of.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete is making fun of Maria’ |
Slovenian
norčevati se
Valency pattern:
NOM_izGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: izGEN |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
se |
norčuje |
iz |
Pavl-a |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
make_fun:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
pn
-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Peter is making fun of Pavel.’ |
Spanish
burlarse
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
X: SBJ |
Y: de |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
se |
burl-a |
de |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
make_fun-
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro is making fun of Maria.’ |
Swedish
att göra narr
Valency pattern:
SBJ_av
|
X: SBJ |
Y: av |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
gör |
narr |
av |
Maja |
now
|
make.
prs
|
fool
|
of
|
pn
|
‘Björn is making fun of Maja.’ |
Turkish
alay etmek
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
X: NOM |
Y: COM |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
Filiz-le |
alay |
ed-ıyor |
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
mockery
|
make-
prs
|
‘Mehmet is making fun of Filiz.’ |
Ulcha
siŋgərəkəči-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
siŋgərə-kəč-i-n |
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
jeer-
imit
-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘The boy is making fun of the girl.’ |
Zilo Andi
<j>-eɬː-o
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
pat’imati |
muħammadi-ʔa |
j-eɬː-o |
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
pn
-
super
|
f
-laugh-
hab
|
‘Patimat is laughing at Muhammad.’ |