BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘make fun’

Argument frame:

X (make fun) of Y

Stimulus sentence:

(M. did something very stupid. Now,) P. is making fun of M .

Predicate label Ru:

издеваться

Argument frame Ru:

X (издеваться) над Y -ом

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(М. сделал(а) что-то очень глупое. Теперь) П. издевается над М .

Abaza laq̇ərdə́ č’pa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

zaréma	rasúl	laq̇ərdə́	də-l-č’p-ə́j-d
pn	pn	fun	3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . erg -make- prs - dcl
‘Zarema is making fun of Rasul.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) č̣ʼeneč̣ʼaλe ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

pŝaŝe-m	č̣ʼale-r	č̣ʼeneč̣ʼaλe	j-e-ṣ̂ə
girl- obl	guy- abs	ridicule	3 sg . erg - dyn -do
‘The girl is making fun of the guy.’

Aghul ihanat-ar aq’.a-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT

X: ERG

Y: SUBCONT.ELAT

Locus: Y

aslan.a	meʜemed.i-k-as	ihanat-ar	aq’.a-a
pn ( erg )	pn - sub / cont - elat	mocking- pl	do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is making fun of Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) badaƛuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCla

X: NOM

Y: LOCla

Locus: Y

pataħi	musa-ge	ƛ’a	w-adaƛ-ero	gudi
pn	pn - loc	on	m -laugh- ipf . ptcp . m	m . cop
‘Patahi is making fun of Musa.’
Note: Here, ƛ’a functions as a postposition. Postpositions ƛ’ada and ƛ’a are synonyms.

Andi (Zilo) <j>-eɬː-o

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

pat’imati	muħammadi-ʔa	j-eɬː-o
pn [ f ][ nom ]	pn - super	f -laugh- hab
‘Patimat is laughing at Muhammad.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) tmahzal

Valency pattern: SBJ_3ala

X: SBJ

Y: 3ala

Locus: Y

Aḥmad	yətmahzəl	ʕala	Mḥammad
pn	laugh. ipfv	on	pn
‘Ahmad is making fun of Muhammad.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) m.s.x.r

Valency pattern: SBJ_ala

X: SBJ

Y: ala

Locus: Y

Shadi	ʿam	bitmasxar	ʿala	Reem
pn	prog	make.fun. prs .3 m . sg	on	pn
‘Shadi is making fun of Reem.’

Arabic (standard) ḍaḥika

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN

X: NOM

Y: alaaGEN

Locus: Y

Badr-un	yaḍḥaku	ʕalā	Maryam-a
pn - nom	laugh. ipf .3 m	on	pn - gen
‘Badr is making fun of Maryam.’

Archi iqʼiˁl a-as

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

paša-mu	moħommad	iqʼiˁl	w-a-r-ši	w-i
pn - obl . m ( erg )	pn	mock	1-do- ipfv - advz	1-be
‘Pasha is making fun of Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic gaxəc

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

+Ašur	gaxəc	bi	švav-u
pn	laugh. prs	with	neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur will make fun of his neighbor.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. The actual form of the verb stem in the example is [ɟaxət], most likely a dialect realization of gaxəc.

Avar beɬanqize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOCtad

X: NOM

Y: LOCtad

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmad-i-da	t’ad	w-eɬanq-ule-w	w-ugo
pn	pn - obl - loc	on	m -laugh- ipf . ptcp - m	m - cop
‘Ali is making fun of Ahmad.’

Azerbaijani sataşmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

Aslan	Rǝsul-a	sataş-ır
pn	pn - dat / lat	tease- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’

Bafut wjè

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

àmbɛ́	à	wjè-nɨ̀	sùù
pn	sm	laugh- ipfv	pn
‘Ambe is making fun of Suh.’

Bambara yɛ̀lɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Sékù	bɛ́_kà	yɛ̀lɛ	Fántà	mà
pn	prog	laugh	pn	to
‘Seku mocks Fanta.’

Belarusian zdziekavacca

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Alieś	zdzieku-jec-ca	z	Alien-y
pn [ nom . sg ]	make_fun( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	from_on	pn - gen . sg
‘Ales is making fun of Alena.’

Budugh sataşmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

aslan	rosul-a'	sataşmi	yıxhar-i
pn	pn - loc	annoying	m .be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bulgarian podigravam se

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)

X: SBJ

Y: DAT(na)

Locus: Y

Petar	se	podigrava	na	Maria
pn	refl	make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	on	pn
‘Petar is making fun of Maria.’

Catalan burlar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_de

X: SBJ

Y: de

Locus: Y

en	Pere	es	burl-a	del	Marc
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	refl .3 sg	mock-3 sg . prs . ind	of. def . sg . m	pn ( m )
‘Pere is making fun of Marc.’

Chechen hwiiza-AGR-o

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

Islam-as	Nadir	hwiiza-v-o
pn - erg	pn . abs	spin- v -make. prs
‘Islam is making fun of Nadir.’

Chinese (Mandarin) kāiwánxiào

Valency pattern: SBJ_na

X: SBJ

Y: na

Locus: Y

Zhāngsān	zài	ná	Lǐsì	kāiwánxiào
pn	prog	with	pn	joke
‘Zhangsan is making fun of Lisi.’

Chirag da̰qlṵχa̰li ke-b-išːi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

ʡa̰li-le	rasul	da̰qlṵχa̰-l-i	k-erxː-le
pn - erg	pn ( abs )	laughter- obl - super	down-( m . sg )put: pf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali is making fun of Rasul.’

Croatian rugati se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Per-o	se	ruga	Miš-i
pn - nom . sg	refl	make_fun. prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Pero is making fun of Mišo.’

Czech vysmívat se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	se	vysmívá	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . acc	make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr is making fun of Michal.’

Danish gøre grin

Valency pattern: SBJ_med

X: SBJ

Y: med

Locus: Y

Peter	gør	grin	med	Marie
pn	make. prs	fun( n ). sg	with	pn
‘Peter is making fun of Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) dukalt'-n-a-lli B-irq'-a-raj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.LATchi

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.LATchi

Locus: Y

Islam	Nadir-ri-j	či-w	dukalt'-n-a-lli	w-irq'-a=ca-w
pn ( abs )	pn - obl - super ( lat )	on - m	mockery- pl - obl - erg	m -do. ipfv - prs = cop - m
‘Islam is making fun of Nadir.’

Dargwa (Kadar) misqili-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

meħamad	misqili-0-uk'-ar	rasu-j-ke
pn	mockery- m -say. ipfv - th	pn - obl - super
‘Muhammad is making fun of Rasul.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) hina ik’vara

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT

X: NOM

Y: DATLAT

Locus: Y

na	Petja	Miša-j	hina	ik’-ul=ca
now	pn	pn - datlat	mock	say- prog . cvb = cop (3)
‘Petja is now making fun of Misha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

gal-di-l	čitu	inžit	b-iq'-ul=saw
boy- obl - erg	cat	disturb	n -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is mocking the cat.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) inžit b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG/LOC(LAT)

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

uršːi-le	kːata	inžit	b-irq'-ule=sab
boy- erg / loc ( lat )	cat	weary	n -do. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop . n (3)
‘A boy is bullying a cat.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Dutch beschimpen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	beschimp-t	Marie
pn (С)	make.fun-3 sg	pn (С)
‘Piet is making fun of Marie.’

Enets (Forest) piʃizi

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	vasʲa-da	piʃiza
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	pn - obl . sg .3 sg	ridicule( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is making fun of Vasja’.

English make fun

Valency pattern: SBJ_of

X: SBJ

Y: of

Locus: Y

Peter	is	making	fun	of	Mary.

Estonian nalja tegema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule

X: NOM

Y: GENule

Locus: Y

Peeter	tee-b	Mareti	üle	nalja
pn . sg . nom	make- prs .3 sg	pn . sg . gen	over	joke. sg . part
‘Peeter is making fun of Maret.’

Finnish pilkata

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Pekka	pilkka-a	Matti-a
pn . nom	make.fun- prs .3 sg	pn - part
‘Pekka is making fun of Matti.’

French se moquer

Valency pattern: SBJ_de

X: SBJ

Y: de

Locus: Y

Paul	se	moque	de	Michel
pn ( m )	refl	mock. prs .3 sg	of	pn ( m )
‘Paul is making fun of Michel.’

Gban wɔ́kȁ

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zá̰	∅	Mɔ̰̈bì	wɔ̏-kȁ
pn	3 sg	pn	ipfv \talk- caus
‘Zan is making fun of Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-e-k'aip-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-s	Ø-e-k'aip-eb-a
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : r -make_fun- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is making fun of Masho.’

German sich lustig machen

Valency pattern: NOM_uberACC

X: NOM

Y: uberACC

Locus: Y

Karl	mach-t	sich	über	Marie	lustig
pn [ nom . sg ]	make- prs .3 sg	refl	over	pn [ acc . sg ]	funny
‘Karl is making fun of Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) maknit

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	maknit	et	Menaχem
pn	tease[ ptcp . sg . m ]	do	pn
‘Pinchas is making fun of Menachem.’

Hindi mazāk uṛānā

Valency pattern: ERG_GEN

X: ERG

Y: GEN

Locus: Y

Pratīk	Mohan	kā	mazāk	uṛā	rah-ā	hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir	pn ( m ). sg . obl	adjz . m . sg . dir	jest( m ). sg . dir	make_fly	dur - m . sg	prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is making fun of Mohan.’
Note: Arguably, the NP in the genitive is a clause-level dependent.

Indonesian (standard) meng-olok-olok

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Siti	meng-olok-olok	Dewi
pn	act -mock~ rpl	pn
‘Siti is making fun of Dewi.’

Irish cráigh

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Tá	Pól	ag	crá	Mháire.
be. prs	pn	at	make_fun. nmlz	gs / pn
‘Pól is making fun of Máire.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Italian prendere in giro

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	prend-e	in	gir-o	Maria
pn ( m )	take-3 sg . prs	in	circle- sg . m	pn ( f )
‘Leo makes fun of Maria.’

Karata reɬeχχaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_CONTka7agal

X: NOM

Y: CONTka7agal

Locus: Y

ʕali	aħmat’-i-č’o	kaʔa-gal	reɬeχχ-idja	idja
pn	pn - obl - cont	up- el	laugh- ipf	cop
‘Ali is making fun of Ahmat.’
Note: Here, “kaʔagal” functions as a postposition.

Kazakh kemsit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	Maša-nï	kemsіt-tі
pn	pn - acc	consider_insignificant- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya is making fun of Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) ńŏsǝrλǝti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petr-en	waśa-j-ǝλ	ńŏsǝrλ-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .3 sg	make_fun- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is making fun of Vasja.’
Note: The basic meaning of the verb is ‘to furrow’.

Khoekhoe ǂoeǂoe

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petru-b	ge	Maria-s-a	ra	ǂoeǂoe
pn -3 m . sg	decl	pn -3 f . sg - obl	ipfv	make_fun
‘Peter is making fun of Maria.’

Khwarshi łasa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

učitel	łas-so	c'aldoq'an-ƛ'o
teacher	make.fun- prs	pupil- super
‘The teacher is making fun of the pupil.’

Komi-Zyrian тешитчыны

Valency pattern: NOM_vylyn

X: NOM

Y: vylyn

Locus: Y

Петя	тешитч-ӧ	Маша	выл-ын
pn	make_fun- prs .3	pn	top- ine
‘Petja is making fun of Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) yɛ́lɛ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha

X: SBJ

Y: bha

Locus: Y

Pépèe	káa	yɛ́lɛ-ì	Ɲàákwɛ̀i	ɓà
pn	cop	laugh- inf	pn	on1
‘Pepee is making fun of Nyakwei.’

Kryz (Alik) uyun ğvaqhuric

Valency pattern: ERG_PART

X: ERG

Y: PART

Locus: Y

terlan-ir	rasul-kar	uyun	ğvarqh-uryu
pn - erg	pn - part	game( f )	f .lift. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan is making fun of Rasul.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) sataşmiş xhayic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-uğ	sataşmiş	şe-re
pn	pn - super	make_fun	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (proper) sataşmiş xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_SUB

X: NOM

Y: SUB

Locus: Y

aslan	rasul-ik	sataşmiş	şa-ri
pn	pn - sub	mess	be. ipf - prs . m
‘Aslan is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk mɨsʁɨllamaq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: DO

Locus: TR

musa	patimat-nɨ	mɨsʁɨl-la-j
pn	pn - acc	mock- vblz -3 sg
‘Musa is making fun of Patimat.’

Kurdish (Sorani) fiʂe kirdin

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_be

X: SBJ.TR

Y: be

Locus: Y

Hîwa	fiʂe	be	Ferhad-î	de-k-a
pn	fun	to	pn - obl	ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa is making fun of Ferhad.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument. The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) henekê xwe kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_biOBL

X: SBJ.TR

Y: biOBL

Locus: Y

zilam	henek-ê	xwe	bi	jin-ê	di-k-e
man	joke- ez . pl	self	with	woman- obl . f	prs -do. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man makes fun of the woman.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUP

X: GEN

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

Maħammad	zulmu	b-ul-la-j	ur	Rasul-du-j
pn	scoff	3-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv	1.be. prs .3 p	pn - obl - sup
‘Now Mohammad is making fun of Rasul.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

Latin derideo

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

deride-a-mus	haruspic-es,	van-os	esse	dic-a-mus
ridicule- prs . sbjv - act .1 pl	haruspex( m )- acc . pl	unreliable- acc . pl . m	be. prs . inf . act	say- prs . sbjv - act .1 pl
‘Let us ridicule haruspices, let us say they are unreliable.’
Note: (Cic. Div. 1, 36)

Laz o-tk(v-al)-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Käzim-i-k	Fatma-s	n-Ø-o-tkv-am-s
pn - b - erg	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -say- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim is making fun of Fatma.’

Lezgian (Yargun) qhaçin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUB/POSTEL

X: ERG

Y: SUB/POSTEL

Locus: Y

Sahib-a	Eldar-a-kaa	qhaç-zva
pn - erg	pn - obl - sub / postel	mock- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is making fun of Eldar.’

Macedonian se potsmeva

Valency pattern: SBJ_nad

X: SBJ

Y: nad

Locus: Y

Petar	se	potsmeva	nad	Maja
pn	refl	make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	above	pn
‘Petar is making fun of Maja.’

Maltese

Valency pattern: SBJ_lil

X: SBJ

Y: lil

Locus: Y

Ġwanni	jinki	lil	Mark
pn	tease. ipf . m .3 sg	to	pn
‘Ġwanni is making fun of Mark.’

Maninka (Eastern) máɲàa

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	yé	Fántà	máɲàa-la.
pn	be	pn	mock- inf . la
‘Seku teases Fanta.’

Mano pá

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo

X: SBJ

Y: mo

Locus: Y

lɛ́ɛ̀	bā̰	ŋ̄	mɔ̀
3 sg . ipfv	touch: ipfv	1 sg	on
‘S/he makes fun of me.’

Mansi (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Mehweb dučirkʼes (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

hanna	Pajzula	duč-irkʼ-uwe=gʷa	Musa-li-če-w
now	pn	laugh- lv : ipfv - cvb = ptcl	pn - obl - super - m ( ess )
‘Now Pajzula is making fun of Musa.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-cigan-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-o-cigan-(un)-Ø
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -kid- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is making fun of Anuchia.’

Nanai siŋgərə-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wa	siŋgərə-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	make_fun- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Norwegian Bokmål å gjøre narr

Valency pattern: SBJ_av

X: SBJ

Y: av

Locus: Y

nå	gjø-r	Per	narr	av	Ola
now	make- prs	pn	fool	of	pn
‘Now Per is making fun of Ola.’

Oromo (West Central) k'oosa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

obsaa-n	tolaa-tti	k'oos-aa	dʒir-a
pn - nom	pn - loc	make_fun- prog	aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is making fun of Tola.’

Persian masxare kardan

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

ahmad	mariam-rā	masxare	mī-kon-ad
pn	pn - acc	mockery	cont -do. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad is making fun of Mariam.’

Polish drwić

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Mefistofeles	drwi	z	Bog-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	make_fun: ipfv . prs .3 sg	from	god- gen . sg
‘Mephistopheles is making fun of God.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) caçoar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de

X: SBJ

Y: de

Locus: Y

Pedro	caço-a	de	Miguel
pn ( m )	mock-3 sg . prs	of	pn ( m )
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’

Romani (Kalderash) asal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	asa-l	kata	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	laugh- prs .3 sg	from	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša is making fun of Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

Russian izdevatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS

X: NOM

Y: nadINS

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	izdeva-et-sja	nad	Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make_fun( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	above	pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) jiʁ laɢara

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP

X: ERG

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

rasul-a	ramazan-ɨ	jiʁ	laɢa-r=a
pn - erg	pn - obl ( sup )	mock	lv . ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is making fun of Ramazan.’

Rutul (Mukhad) ijanat hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_CONTEL

X: ERG

Y: CONTEL

Locus: Y

murad-a	q'urban-ı-klaa	ijanat-bır	haʔa-ra	a
pn - erg	pn - obl - contel	trick- pl . nom	n .do. ipf - simul	be_in
‘Murad is making fun of Kurban.’

Rutul (Shinaz) jɨʁ gɨrkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER

X: NOM

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

basir	jɨʁ	gɨrka-r	a	karam-ɨ
pn	day	( m ) ipf .mock- simul	exist	pn - super
‘Basir is making fun of Karam.’

Rutul (Southern) incimiş hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

murad-a	natig	incimiş	haʔa-r
pn - erg	pn	pissed	m .do. ipf - prs
‘Murad is making fun of Natig.’

Saami (Skolt) luânnjad

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	luânnj	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	make.fun.of. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete is making fun of Maria’

Serbian maltretirati

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	maltretira	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	make.fun. prs .3 sg	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar is making fun of Maria.’

Shughni qīn čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_EL

X: NOM.CL

Y: EL

Locus: Y

Ahmed	as	Saida	qīn	kix̌-t
pn	el	pn	difficult	do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is making fun of Saida.’

Slovak robiť si žarty

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	si	z	Mark-a	teraz	robí	žart-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	refl . dat	from	pn ( m )- gen . sg	now	make( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	joke( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter is now making fun of Marek.’

Slovenian norčevati se

Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN

X: NOM

Y: izGEN

Locus: Y

Peter	se	norčuje	iz	Pavl-a
pn [ nom . sg ]	rfl	make_fun: ipfv . prs .3 sg	from	pn - gen . sg
‘Peter is making fun of Pavel.’

Spanish burlarse

Valency pattern: SBJ_de

X: SBJ

Y: de

Locus: Y

Pedro	se	burl-a	de	María
pn [ sg . m ]	refl .3 sg	make_fun- prs .3 sg	from	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is making fun of Maria.’

Svan x-e-lgac-äːl (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

maizer-Ø	gegi-s	x-e-lgac-äːl
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : r -joke- vpl
‘Maizer is making fun of Gegi.’

Swedish att göra narr

Valency pattern: SBJ_av

X: SBJ

Y: av

Locus: Y

Björn	gör	narr	av	Maja
now	make. prs	fool	of	pn
‘Björn is making fun of Maja.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

fatima	maˁhaˁmad.ʔ-in	aˁlq-uˁra
pn ( abs )	pn - super	( h . sg )laugh- prs
‘Fatima is making fun of Mahamad.’

Tagalog pagtawanan

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

p<in>ag-ta~tawan-an	ni	Pedro	si	Miguel
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~laugh- lv	pers . gen	pn	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’

Telugu vekkiriṁcu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	maheṣ-ni	vekkiristunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc	ridicule. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is making fun of Mahesh.’

Tsakhur maxsara havʔıy

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

Murad-ee	Rasul	maxsara	haʔu
pn - erg	pn ( m )	fun	m .do. pf
‘Murad is making fun of Rasul.’

Tswana tshega

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

o-se-ka	wa-ba-tsheg-a
s i :2 sg - neg - pot	s i :2 sg -o i :cl2-make.fun- fv
‘You would do better not to make fun of them.’

Turkish alay etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM

X: NOM

Y: COM

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-le	alay	ed-ıyor
pn	pn - com	mockery	make- prs
‘Mehmet is making fun of Filiz.’

Turoyo goḥək

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_7al

X: SBJ.SS

Y: 7al

Locus: Y

Gabriyel	ko-goḥək	ʕal	Yuḥanən
pn	prs -laugh. ipfv .3 m	on	pn
‘Gabriyel makes fun of Yuḥanən’ (lit. ‘Gabriyel laughs at Yuḥanən’).

Twi di fεw

Valency pattern: SBJ_ho

X: SBJ

Y: ho

Locus: Y

Kofi	re-di	nana	ho	fεw
pn	prog -eat	grandfather	inner_self	mockery
‘Kofi is making fun of grangfather.’
Note: The word "ho" functions as a nominal head. Since it is grammaticalized and appears in combinations with specific verbs, it is tentatively interpreted as an argument-encoding device.

Udi lağ-a=ne haq'

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Gena-n	Ruslan-a	lağa=ne	haq'-sa
pn - erg	pn - dat	mockery=3 sg	take- prs
‘Gena is making fun of Ruslan.’

Udmurt •

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

•

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Ukrainian znuščatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN

X: NOM

Y: zGEN

Locus: Y

Petr-o	znuščaj-et’-sja	z	Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make_fun( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	above	pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro is making fun of Mariya.’

Ulcha siŋgərəkəči-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

xusə	piktə	əktə	piktə-wə	siŋgərə-kəč-i-n
male	child	female	child- acc	jeer- imit - prs -3 sg
‘The boy is making fun of the girl.’

Uzbek kulmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ACCustidan

X: NOM

Y: ACCustidan

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ni	ustidan	kul-yab-ti
pn	pn - acc	over	laugh- prs 1-3 sg
‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’

Wolof ree

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: OBJ

Locus: TR

k-u	nekk	ci	xare	war-ul-a	ree	k-u	ñu	jam
cl k - rel	be	loc	battle( b )	must- prf . neg .s i :3 sg - aux	make.fun	cl k - rel	s i :3 pl	wound
‘A person engaged in a battle should not make fun of a person who has been wounded.’

Yukaghir (Northern) jugulwǝs=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ	jugulwǝ-s-nu-m
pn	pn - acc	suffer- caus - ipf - tr .3 sg
‘Semien is making fun of Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_pe.PREP

X: SBJ.TR

Y: pe.PREP

Locus: Y

hɛsɛn	lɛq-an-e	xo	pe=mɨ	k-ɛn-o
pn	fun- pl . obl - ez . pl	refl	with=1 sg . obl	do. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Hesen is making fun of me,’ lit. ‘Hesen is doing his funs with me.’