BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘make fun’

Argument frame: X (make fun) of Y
Stimulus sentence: (M. did something very stupid. Now,) P. is making fun of M .
Predicate label Ru: издеваться
Argument frame Ru: X (издеваться) над Y -ом
Stimulus sentence Ru: (М. сделал(а) что-то очень глупое. Теперь) П. издевается над М .

Abaza laq̇ərdə́ č’pa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
zaréma rasúl laq̇ərdə́ də-l-č’p-ə́j-d
pn pn fun 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . erg -make- prs - dcl
‘Zarema is making fun of Rasul.’

Adyghe č̣ʼeneč̣ʼaλe ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pŝaŝe-m č̣ʼale-r č̣ʼeneč̣ʼaλe j-e-ṣ̂ə
девушка- obl парень- abs посмешище 3 sg . erg - dyn -делать
‘Девушка издевается над парнем.’

Aghul ihanat-ar aq’.a-

Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
X: ERG
Y: SUBCONT.ELAT
Locus: Y
aslan.a meʜemed.i-k-as ihanat-ar aq’.a-a
pn ( erg ) pn - sub / cont - elat mocking- pl do. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is making fun of Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic gaxəc

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
+Ašur gaxəc bi švav-u
pn laugh. prs with neighbour( m )- p .3 m
‘Ashur will make fun of his neighbor.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. The actual form of the verb stem in the example is [ɟaxət], most likely a dialect realization of gaxəc.

Bambara yɛ̀lɛ

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
Sékù bɛ́_kà yɛ̀lɛ Fántà mà
pn prog laugh pn to
‘Seku mocks Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese caçoar

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro caço-a de Miguel
pn ( m ) mock-3 sg . prs of pn ( m )
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’

Catalan burlar-se

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
en Pere es burl-a del Marc
def . sg . m pn ( m ) refl .3 sg mock-3 sg . prs . ind of. def . sg . m pn ( m )
‘Pere is making fun of Marc.’

Czech vysmívat se

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr se vysmívá Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr is making fun of Michal.’

Danish gøre grin

Valency pattern: SBJ_med
X: SBJ
Y: med
Locus: Y
Peter gør grin med Marie
pn make. prs fun( n ). sg with pn
‘Peter is making fun of Marie.’

Dutch beschimpen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet beschimp-t Marie
pn (С) make.fun-3 sg pn (С)
‘Piet is making fun of Marie.’

Eastern Maninka máɲàa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù yé Fántà máɲàa-la.
pn be pn mock- inf . la
‘Seku teases Fanta.’

English make fun

Valency pattern: SBJ_of
X: SBJ
Y: of
Locus: Y
Peter is making fun of Mary.

Estonian nalja tegema

Valency pattern: NOM_GENule
X: NOM
Y: GENule
Locus: Y
Peeter tee-b Mareti üle nalja
pn . sg . nom make- prs .3 sg pn . sg . gen over joke. sg . part
‘Peeter is making fun of Maret.’

Finnish pilkata

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka pilkka-a Matti-a
pn . nom make.fun- prs .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka is making fun of Matti.’

Forest Enets piʃizi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ vasʲa-da piʃiza
i man- nom . sg .1 sg pn - obl . sg .3 sg ridicule( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is making fun of Vasja’.

French se moquer

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul se moque de Michel
pn ( m ) refl mock. prs .3 sg of pn ( m )
‘Paul is making fun of Michel.’

Georgian Ø-e-k'aip-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø mašo-s Ø-e-k'aip-eb-a
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -make_fun- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is making fun of Masho.’

German sich lustig machen

Valency pattern: NOM_uberACC
X: NOM
Y: uberACC
Locus: Y
Karl mach-t sich über Marie lustig
pn [ nom . sg ] make- prs .3 sg refl over pn [ acc . sg ] funny
‘Karl is making fun of Marie.’

Irish cráigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Tá Pól ag crá Mháire.
be. prs pn at make_fun. nmlz gs / pn
‘Pól is making fun of Máire.’
Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Italian schernire

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo schernisc-e Maria
pn ( m ) mock-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Leo is making fun of Maria.’

Kalderash Romani asal

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a asa-l kata Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg laugh- prs .3 sg from pn - nom . sg
‘Murša is making fun of Marijka.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

Kazakh kemsit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï kemsіt-tі
pn pn - acc consider_insignificant- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya is making fun of Masha.’

Kazym Khanty ńŏsǝrλǝti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petr-en waśa-j-ǝλ ńŏsǝrλ-ǝλ
pn - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg make_fun- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is making fun of Vasja.’
Note: The basic meaning of the verb is ‘to furrow’.

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
učitel łas-so c'aldoq'an-ƛ'o
учитель издеваться- prs ученик- super
‘Учитель издевается над учеником.’
Note: Этого глагола нет в словаре.

Kina Rutul jiʁ laɢara

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP
X: ERG
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
rasul-a ramazan-ɨ jiʁ laɢa-r=a
pn - erg pn - obl ( sup ) mock lv . ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is making fun of Ramazan.’

Latin derideo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
deride-a-mus haruspic-es, van-os esse dic-a-mus
ridicule- prs . sbjv - act .1 pl haruspex( m )- acc . pl unreliable- acc . pl . m be. prs . inf . act say- prs . sbjv - act .1 pl
‘Let us ridicule haruspices, let us say they are unreliable.’
Note: (Cic. Div. 1, 36)

Mandarin Chinese kāiwánxiào

Valency pattern: SBJ_na
X: SBJ
Y: na
Locus: Y
Zhāngsān zài ná Lǐsì kāiwánxiào
pn prog with pn joke
‘Zhangsan is making fun of Lisi.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-cigan-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-o-cigan-(un)-Ø.
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -kid- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is making fun of Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew maknit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas maknit et Menaχem
pn tease[ ptcp . sg . m ] do pn
‘Pinchas is making fun of Menachem.’

Nanai siŋgərə-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa siŋgərə-j-ni
pn pn - obl make_fun- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Yukaghir jуgуlwǝs=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ jugulwǝ-s-nu-m
pn pn - acc suffer- caus - ipf - tr .3 sg
‘Semien is making fun of Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å gjøre narr

Valency pattern: SBJ_av
X: SBJ
Y: av
Locus: Y
nå gjø-r Per narr av Ola
now make- prs pn fool of pn
‘Now Per is making fun of Ola.’

Polish drwić

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Mefistofeles drwi z Bog-a
pn [ nom . sg ] make_fun: ipfv . prs .3 sg from god- gen . sg
‘Mephistopheles is making fun of God.’

Russian izdevatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS
X: NOM
Y: nadINS
Locus: Y
Pet-ja izdeva-et-sja nad Maš-ej
pn ( m )- nom . sg make_fun( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl above pn ( f )- ins . sg
‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’

Serbian maltretirati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar maltretira Marij-u
pn . nom . sg make.fun. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar is making fun of Maria.’

Shughni qīn čīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Ahmed as Saida qīn kix̌-t
pn el pn difficult do-3 sg
‘Ahmed is making fun of Saida.’

Skolt Saami luânnjad

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt luânnj Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom make.fun.of. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete is making fun of Maria’

Slovak robiť si žarty

Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN
X: NOM
Y: zGEN
Locus: Y
Peter si z Mark-a teraz robí žart-y
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . dat from pn ( m )- gen . sg now make( ipfv ). prs .3 sg joke( m )- acc . pl
‘Peter is now making fun of Marek.’

Slovenian norčevati se

Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN
X: NOM
Y: izGEN
Locus: Y
Peter se norčuje iz Pavl-a
pn [ nom . sg ] rfl make_fun: ipfv . prs .3 sg from pn - gen . sg
‘Peter is making fun of Pavel.’

Sorani Kurdish fiʂe pêkirdin

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
Hîwa fiʂe be Ferhad-î de-k-a
pn fun to pn - obl ind -do. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa is making fun of Ferhad.’
Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here.

Spanish burlarse

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro se burl-a de María
pn [ sg . m ] refl .3 sg make_fun- prs .3 sg from pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is making fun of Maria.’

Swedish att göra narr

Valency pattern: SBJ_av
X: SBJ
Y: av
Locus: Y
Björn gör narr av Maja
now make. prs fool of pn
‘Björn is making fun of Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
P<in>ag-ta~tawan-an ni Pedro si Miguel
caus < pv > ipfv ~laugh- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

Telugu vekkiriṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ maheṣ-ni vekkiristunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( m ). sg . obl - acc ridicule. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is making fun of Mahesh.’

Turkish alay etmek

Valency pattern: NOM_COM
X: NOM
Y: COM
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-le alay ed-ıyor
pn pn - com mockery make- prs
‘Mehmet is making fun of Filiz.’

Ulcha siŋgərəkəči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə əktə piktə-wə siŋgərə-kəč-i-n
male child female child- acc jeer- imit - prs -3 sg
‘The boy is making fun of the girl.’

Uzbek kulmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ACCustidan
X: NOM
Y: ACCustidan
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ni ustidan kul-yab-ti
pn pn - acc over laugh- prs 1-3 sg
‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’

West Central Oromo k'oosa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
obsaa-n tolaa-tti k'oos-aa dʒir-a
pn - nom pn - loc make_fun- prog aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is making fun of Tola.’

Zilo Andi <j>-eɬː-o

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
pat’imati muħammadi-ʔa j-eɬː-o
pn [ f ][ nom ] pn - super f -laugh- hab
‘Patimat is laughing at Muhammad.’