‘make fun’
| Argument frame: |
X
(make fun) of
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(M. did something very stupid. Now,)
P.
is making fun of
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
издеваться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(издеваться) над
Y
-ом
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(М. сделал(а) что-то очень глупое. Теперь)
П.
издевается над
М
.
|
Abaza
laq̇ərdə́ č’pa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| zaréma |
rasúl |
laq̇ərdə́ |
də-l-č’p-ə́j-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
fun
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-make-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Zarema is making fun of Rasul.’ |
Aghul
ihanat-ar aq’.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a |
meʜemed.i-k-as |
ihanat-ar |
aq’.a-a |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
mocking-
pl
|
do.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is making fun of Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
gaxəc
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bi |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur |
gaxəc |
bi |
švav-u |
|
pn
|
laugh.
prs
|
with
|
neighbour(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Ashur will make fun of his neighbor.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. The actual form of the verb stem in the example is [ɟaxət], most likely a dialect realization of gaxəc. |
Brazilian Portuguese
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
caçoa |
de |
Miguel |
|
| ‘Педру издевается над Мигелом.’ |
Czech
vysmívat se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
vysmívá |
Michal-ovi |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
make_fun(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is making fun of Michal.’ |
Finnish
pilkata
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
pilkka-a |
Matti-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
make.fun-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is making fun of Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
piʃizi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-da |
piʃiza |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
ridicule(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is making fun of Vasja’. |
Latin
derideo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| deride-a-mus |
haruspic-es, |
van-os |
esse |
dic-a-mus |
|
ridicule-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.1
pl
|
haruspex(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
unreliable-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
be.
prs
.
inf
.
act
|
say-
prs
.
sbjv
-
act
.1
pl
|
| ‘Let us ridicule haruspices, let us say they are unreliable.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Div. 1, 36) |
Modern Hebrew
maknit
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
maknit |
et |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
tease[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas is making fun of Menachem.’ |
Nanai
siŋgərə-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
Maša-wa |
siŋgərə-j-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
иmake_fun-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å gjøre narr
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_av
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: av |
| Locus: Y |
| nå |
gjø-r |
Per |
narr |
av |
Ola |
|
now
|
make-
prs
|
pn
|
fool
|
of
|
pn
|
| ‘Now Per is making fun of Ola.’ |
Polish
drwić
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Mefistofeles |
drwi |
z |
Bog-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
make_fun:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
god-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Mephistopheles is making fun of God.’ |
Russian
izdevatʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_nadINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: nadINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
izdeva-et-sja |
nad |
Maš-ej |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
make_fun(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
above
|
pn
(
f
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’ |
Rutul
jiʁ laɢara
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUP
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a |
ramazan-ɨ |
jiʁ |
laɢa-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
(
sup
)
|
mock
|
lv
.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is making fun of Ramazan.’ |
Skolt Saami
luânnjad
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
luânnj |
Määʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
make.fun.of.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete is making fun of Maria’ |
Slovenian
norčevati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_izGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: izGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
norčuje |
iz |
Pavl-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
make_fun:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
pn
-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is making fun of Pavel.’ |
Swedish
att göra narr
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_av
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: av |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
gör |
narr |
av |
Maja |
|
now
|
make.
prs
|
fool
|
of
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn is making fun of Maja.’ |
Turkish
alay etmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-le |
alay |
ed-ıyor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
com
|
mockery
|
make-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is making fun of Filiz.’ |
Ulcha
siŋgərəkəči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə |
piktə |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
siŋgərə-kəč-i-n |
|
male
|
child
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
jeer-
imit
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy is making fun of the girl.’ |
Zilo Andi
<j>-eɬː-o
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati |
muħammadi-ʔa |
j-eɬː-o |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
pn
-
super
|
f
-laugh-
hab
|
| ‘Patimat is laughing at Muhammad.’ |
