‘make fun’
| Argument frame: | X (make fun) of Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (M. did something very stupid. Now,) P. is making fun of M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | издеваться |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (издеваться) над Y -ом |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (М. сделал(а) что-то очень глупое. Теперь) П. издевается над М . |
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| zaréma | rasúl | laq̇ərdə́ | də-l-č’p-ə́j-d |
| pn | pn | fun | 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . erg -make- prs - dcl |
| ‘Zarema is making fun of Rasul.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | meʜemed.i-k-as | ihanat-ar | aq’.a-a |
| pn ( erg ) | pn - sub / cont - elat | mocking- pl | do. ipf - prs |
| ‘Aslan is making fun of Muhammad.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: SBJ_bi |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bi |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur | gaxəc | bi | švav-u |
| pn | laugh. prs | with | neighbour( m )- p .3 m |
| ‘Ashur will make fun of his neighbor.’ | |||
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. The actual form of the verb stem in the example is [ɟaxət], most likely a dialect realization of gaxəc. | |||
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | vasʲa-da | piʃiza |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | pn - obl . sg .3 sg | ridicule( ipfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend is making fun of Vasja’. | |||
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | maknit | et | Menaχem |
| pn | tease[ ptcp . sg . m ] | do | pn |
| ‘Pinchas is making fun of Menachem.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: SBJ_av |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: av |
| Locus: Y |
| nå | gjø-r | Per | narr | av | Ola |
| now | make- prs | pn | fool | of | pn |
| ‘Now Per is making fun of Ola.’ | |||||
| Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: nadINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | izdeva-et-sja | nad | Maš-ej |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | make_fun( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl | above | pn ( f )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUP |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | ramazan-ɨ | jiʁ | laɢa-r=a |
| pn - erg | pn - obl ( sup ) | mock | lv . ipfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul is making fun of Ramazan.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | luânnj | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | make.fun.of. prs .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete is making fun of Maria’ | ||
| Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: izGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | se | norčuje | iz | Pavl-a |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | rfl | make_fun: ipfv . prs .3 sg | from | pn - gen . sg |
| ‘Peter is making fun of Pavel.’ | ||||
| Valency pattern: NOM_COM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Filiz-le | alay | ed-ıyor |
| pn | pn - com | mockery | make- prs |
| ‘Mehmet is making fun of Filiz.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati | muħammadi-ʔa | j-eɬː-o |
| pn [ f ][ nom ] | pn - super | f -laugh- hab |
| ‘Patimat is laughing at Muhammad.’ | ||