‘make fun’
| Argument frame: | X (make fun) of Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (M. did something very stupid. Now,) P. is making fun of M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | издеваться |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (издеваться) над Y -ом |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (М. сделал(а) что-то очень глупое. Теперь) П. издевается над М . |
Abaza laq̇ərdə́ č’pa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| zaréma | rasúl | laq̇ərdə́ | də-l-č’p-ə́j-d |
| pn | pn | fun | 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . erg -make- prs - dcl |
| ‘Zarema is making fun of Rasul.’ | |||
Aghul ihanat-ar aq’.a-
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUBCONT.ELAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUBCONT.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | meʜemed.i-k-as | ihanat-ar | aq’.a-a |
| pn ( erg ) | pn - sub / cont - elat | mocking- pl | do. ipf - prs |
| ‘Aslan is making fun of Muhammad.’ | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic gaxəc
| Valency pattern: SBJ_bi |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bi |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur | gaxəc | bi | švav-u |
| pn | laugh. prs | with | neighbour( m )- p .3 m |
| ‘Ashur will make fun of his neighbor.’ | |||
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. The actual form of the verb stem in the example is [ɟaxət], most likely a dialect realization of gaxəc. | |||
Brazilian Portuguese caçoar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_de |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | caço-a | de | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | mock-3 sg . prs | of | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro is making fun of Miguel.’ | |||
Catalan burlar-se
| Valency pattern: SBJ_de |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| en | Pere | es | burl-a | del | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | refl .3 sg | mock-3 sg . prs . ind | of. def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere is making fun of Marc.’ | |||||
Czech vysmívat se
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | se | vysmívá | Michal-ovi |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | refl . acc | make_fun( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | pn ( m )- dat . sg |
| ‘Petr is making fun of Michal.’ | |||
Danish gøre grin
| Valency pattern: SBJ_med |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: med |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | gør | grin | med | Marie |
| pn | make. prs | fun( n ). sg | with | pn |
| ‘Peter is making fun of Marie.’ | ||||
Dutch beschimpen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | beschimp-t | Marie |
| pn (С) | make.fun-3 sg | pn (С) |
| ‘Piet is making fun of Marie.’ | ||
Estonian nalja tegema
| Valency pattern: NOM_GENule |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENule |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | tee-b | Mareti | üle | nalja |
| pn . sg . nom | make- prs .3 sg | pn . sg . gen | over | joke. sg . part |
| ‘Peeter is making fun of Maret.’ | ||||
Finnish pilkata
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | pilkka-a | Matti-a |
| pn . nom | make.fun- prs .3 sg | pn - part |
| ‘Pekka is making fun of Matti.’ | ||
Forest Enets piʃizi
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | vasʲa-da | piʃiza |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | pn - obl . sg .3 sg | ridicule( ipfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend is making fun of Vasja’. | |||
German sich lustig machen
| Valency pattern: NOM_uberACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: uberACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | mach-t | sich | über | Marie | lustig |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | make- prs .3 sg | refl | over | pn [ acc . sg ] | funny |
| ‘Karl is making fun of Marie.’ | |||||
Italian schernire
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | schernisc-e | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | mock-3 sg . prs | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo is making fun of Maria.’ | ||
Kazakh kemsit
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | Maša-nï | kemsіt-tі |
| pn | pn - acc | consider_insignificant- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya is making fun of Masha.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty ńŏsǝrλǝti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| petr-en | waśa-j-ǝλ | ńŏsǝrλ-ǝλ |
| pn - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .3 sg | make_fun- npst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja is making fun of Vasja.’ | ||
| Note: The basic meaning of the verb is ‘to furrow’. | ||
Latin derideo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| deride-a-mus | haruspic-es, | van-os | esse | dic-a-mus |
| ridicule- prs . sbjv - act .1 pl | haruspex( m )- acc . pl | unreliable- acc . pl . m | be. prs . inf . act | say- prs . sbjv - act .1 pl |
| ‘Let us ridicule haruspices, let us say they are unreliable.’ | ||||
| Note: (Cic. Div. 1, 36) | ||||
Modern Hebrew maknit
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | maknit | et | Menaχem |
| pn | tease[ ptcp . sg . m ] | do | pn |
| ‘Pinchas is making fun of Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai siŋgərə-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | Maša-wa | siŋgərə-j-ni |
| pn | pn - obl | make_fun- npst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia is making fun of Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh *
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
| * |
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Norwegian Bokmål å gjøre narr
| Valency pattern: SBJ_av |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: av |
| Locus: Y |
| nå | gjø-r | Per | narr | av | Ola |
| now | make- prs | pn | fool | of | pn |
| ‘Now Per is making fun of Ola.’ | |||||
Polish drwić
| Valency pattern: NOM_zGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Mefistofeles | drwi | z | Bog-a |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | make_fun: ipfv . prs .3 sg | from | god- gen . sg |
| ‘Mephistopheles is making fun of God.’ | |||
Russian izdevatʹsja
| Valency pattern: NOM_nadINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: nadINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | izdeva-et-sja | nad | Maš-ej |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | make_fun( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl | above | pn ( f )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petja is making fun of Maša.’ | |||
Rutul jiʁ laɢara
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUP |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | ramazan-ɨ | jiʁ | laɢa-r=a |
| pn - erg | pn - obl ( sup ) | mock | lv . ipfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul is making fun of Ramazan.’ | |||
Serbian maltretira
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | maltretira | Marij-u |
| pn . nom . sg | издеваться. prs .3 sg | pn - acc . sg |
| ‘Петар издевается над Марией.’ | ||
Shughni qīn čīdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_EL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmed | as | Saida | qīn | kix̌-t |
| pn | el | pn | difficult | do-3 sg |
| ‘Ahmed is making fun of Saida.’ | ||||
Skolt Saami luânnjad
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | luânnj | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | make.fun.of. prs .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete is making fun of Maria’ | ||
Slovenian norčevati se
| Valency pattern: NOM_izGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: izGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | se | norčuje | iz | Pavl-a |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | rfl | make_fun: ipfv . prs .3 sg | from | pn - gen . sg |
| ‘Peter is making fun of Pavel.’ | ||||
Spanish burlarse
| Valency pattern: SBJ_de |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | se | burl-a | de | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | refl .3 sg | make_fun- prs .3 sg | from | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro is making fun of Maria.’ | ||||
Swedish att göra narr
| Valency pattern: SBJ_av |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: av |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn | gör | narr | av | Maja |
| now | make. prs | fool | of | pn |
| ‘Björn is making fun of Maja.’ | ||||
Turkish alay etmek
| Valency pattern: NOM_COM |
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Filiz-le | alay | ed-ıyor |
| pn | pn - com | mockery | make- prs |
| ‘Mehmet is making fun of Filiz.’ | |||
Ulcha siŋgərəkəči-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə | piktə | əktə | piktə-wə | siŋgərə-kəč-i-n |
| male | child | female | child- acc | jeer- imit - prs -3 sg |
| ‘The boy is making fun of the girl.’ | ||||
Zilo Andi <j>-eɬː-o
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati | muħammadi-ʔa | j-eɬː-o |
| pn [ f ][ nom ] | pn - super | f -laugh- hab |
| ‘Patimat is laughing at Muhammad.’ | ||