‘be surprised’
| Argument frame: |
X
(be surprised) at
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(M. made P. an expensive gift.)
P.
was surprised at
this gift
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
удивляться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(удивляться)
Y
-у
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(М. сделала П. дорогой подарок).
П.
удивился
этому подарку
.
|
Abaza
ǯ’a-š’a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| murád |
awə́j |
a-sawʕá |
ǯ’a-j-š’á-ṭ |
|
pn
|
dist
|
def
-gift
|
loc
-3
sg
.
erg
-wonder(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad was surprised with this gift.’ |
Adyghe
ʁe.ṣ̂eʁʷe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
ṣ̂ʷəhaftənə-r |
ə-ʁe-ṣ̂eʁʷa-ʁ |
|
парень-
obl
|
подарок-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
caus
-чудо-
pst
|
| ‘Парень удивился этому подарку.’ |
Aghul
ʡalamat x.u-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
ʡalamat |
x.u-ne |
[uč.i-s |
aq’.u |
peškeš.i-l] |
|
pn
|
amazing
|
become.
pf
-
aor
|
self-
dat
|
do.
pf
(
ptcp
)
|
gift-
super
|
| ‘Aslan was surprised at this gift that he received.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+aǧǧəb
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bi |
| Locus: Y |
| ana |
+uǧǧəb-li |
b |
d-a |
pəštəš |
|
i
|
be_surprised.
pst
-
ls
.1
sg
|
with
|
obl
-
dem
1.
sg
|
gift(
f
)
|
| ‘I was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: pəštaš is a dialect realization of pašcaš or pəšcaš. |
Bambara
kábakoya
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
kábakoya-ra |
sàma` |
lá |
|
pn
|
surprise-
pfv
.
intr
|
gift\
art
|
in
|
| ‘Seku was surprised by this gift.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ficar surpreso
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
fic-ou |
surpres-o |
com |
ess-e |
presente |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
get-3
sg
.
pst
|
surprised-
m
|
with
|
dem
.
med
-
m
|
gift(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro got surprised at this gift.’ |
Catalan
quedar sorprès
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_per
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: per |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
va |
qued-ar |
sorprès |
pel |
regal |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
remain-
inf
|
surprised.
m
|
for.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
gift(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere was surprised at this gift.’ |
Czech
překvapit
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-a |
ten |
dárek |
překvapi-l |
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
this.
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
gift(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
surprise(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr was surprised at this gift.’ |
Danish
blive overrasket
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
blev |
overraske-t |
over |
denne |
gave |
|
pn
|
become.
pst
|
surprise-
ptcp
.
pst
.
sg
|
over
|
dem
.
sg
|
gift(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Dutch
verbaasd zijn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
is |
verbaas-d |
met |
het |
cadeau |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
be.surprised-
ptcp
|
with
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
gift(
n
)
|
| ‘Piet was surprised at the gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Eastern Maninka
bàra
|
Valency pattern:
do(POST)_SBJ
|
| X: do(POST) |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Í |
lá |
físiri |
bára |
bàra |
ń |
dɔ́. |
|
2
sg
|
poss
|
gift\
art
|
prf
|
surprise
|
1
sg
|
in
|
| ‘I'm surprised with your gift.’ |
English
be surprised
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: with |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
was |
surprised |
at |
this |
gift. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Note: Passive. |
Estonian
üllatunud olema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENule
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENule |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
ol-i |
selle |
kingituse |
üle |
üllatu-nud |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be-
pst
.3
sg
|
dem
.
sg
.
gen
|
gift.
sg
.
gen
|
over
|
be_surprised-
act
.
pst
.
ptcp
|
| ‘Peeter was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Finnish
yllättyä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
yllätty-i |
tä-stä |
lahja-sta |
|
pn
.
nom
|
be.surprised-
pst
.3
sg
|
this-
ela
|
gift-
ela
|
| ‘Pekka was surprised at this gift.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔke
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
mɛzesi-xozo-da |
dʲɔkee |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
gift-
abl
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
be_surprised(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend was surprised at the gift’. |
French
être surpris
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_par
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: par |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
a |
été |
surpris |
par |
ce |
cadeau |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
be.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
surprise.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
by
|
this.
sg
.
m
|
gift(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Passive construction. |
Georgian
ga-Ø-u-k'vir-d-eb-a
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-s |
mašo-s-gan |
aset-i |
sačukar-i |
ga-Ø-k'vir-d-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
gen
-
pstp
:
abl
|
adj
.
dem
.
prox
-
nom
|
gift-
nom
|
prv
:outward-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-be_surprised-
intr
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre was surprised by such a gift from Masho.’ |
German
überrascht werden
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_vonDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: vonDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
wurde |
von |
dem |
Geschenk |
überrascht |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
become.
pst
.3
sg
|
of
|
def
.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
gift[
dat
.
sg
]
|
surprise.
ptcp
2
|
| ‘Karl was surprised with a gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Irish
bí iontas
|
Valency pattern:
ar_mar.gheall.air
|
| X: ar |
| Y: mar.gheall.air |
| Locus: XY |
| Bhí |
iontas |
air |
Phól |
mar_gheall_air |
an |
mbronntanas. |
|
be.
pst
|
surprise
|
on
|
pn
|
with.respect.to
|
def
|
gift
|
| ‘Pól was surprised at the gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
rimanere sorpreso
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: da |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
è |
rimast-o |
sorpres-o |
dal |
regal-o |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
|
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
surprise.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
by.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
gift-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo got surprised at the gift.’ |
Kalderash Romani
udivilpe
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
udivi-sajl-o |
kata |
padark-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be_surprised-
pst
.
refl
-3
sg
.
m
|
from
|
gift-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša was surprised at this gift.’ |
Kazakh
taŋɣal
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
osï |
sïylïq-qa |
taŋɣal-dï |
|
pn
|
this
|
gift-
dat
|
be_surprised-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya was surprised at this gift.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.TRANS
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER.TRANS |
| Locus: Y |
| fatima |
аžajb-łа-ja |
padarka-ƛ'o-jža |
|
pn
|
изумленный-
vblz
-
pst
.
w
|
подарок-
super
-
trans
|
| ‘Фатима удивилась подарку.’ |
Kina Rutul
taˤʔǯib jišira
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
taˤʔǯib |
jiši-r=a |
ha-d |
amanat-a-s |
hɨwɨ-d |
saʔat-a |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
amazed
|
1.become.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
this-
attr
|
gift-
obl
-
dat
|
4.give.
pfv
-
attr
|
watch-
obl
(
sup
)
|
| ‘Rasul was surprised at the watch that was given to him as a present.’ |
Latin
miror
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (host-is) |
dum |
mira-tur |
subit-um |
advent-um |
|
enemy(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
as_long_as
|
be_surprised[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
sudden-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
advance(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘... while (the enemy) was surprised by the sudden advance.’ |
| Note: (Liv. XXXIX, 30, 10) |
Mandarin Chinese
jīngyà
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Zhāngsān |
shōudào |
zhè-ge |
lǐwù |
hěn |
jīngyà |
|
pn
|
receive
|
this-
clf
|
gift
|
very
|
surprised
|
| ‘Zhangsan received this gift and was very surprised.’ |
| Note: Not included in the dataset because Y is embedded in a complement clause. |
Mingrelian
g-Ø-u-k'vird-un-Ø (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ERG
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ERG |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
te |
sačukar-k |
g-Ø-u-k'vird-(u). |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dem
.
prox
|
gift-
erg
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-get_surprised-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo got surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
hufta
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mi |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
hufta |
me |
ha |
matana |
ha |
z-o |
|
pn
|
be.surprised[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
def
|
gift
|
def
|
this-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Pinchas was surprised at this gift.’ |
Nanai
ərdəŋgə baa-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
əj |
daŋsa-wa |
ərdəŋgə |
baa-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
this
|
book-
obl
|
wonderful
|
find-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia was surprised at this book.’ |
Nivkh
fəskəd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT/ADD |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
hu |
+ |
pоdarоk-rоχ |
fəskə-d |
|
pn
|
close
.
dem
|
+
|
gift-
dat
/
add
|
be.surprised-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik was surprised at this gift.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
mа̄lijуori=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
tu-ŋ |
nǝlǝčǝ-lǝ |
mǝ |
mа̄li-j-uo-ri-m |
|
pn
|
prxm
-
at
|
gift-
acc
|
aff
|
get_surprised-
pf
-
res
-
appl
-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien was surprised at this gift.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å bli overrasket
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
ble |
overraske-t |
over |
gav-en |
|
pn
|
become.
pst
|
surprise-
ptcp
|
over
|
gift-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Polish
zdziwić się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Michał |
zdziwi-ł |
się |
tym |
prezent-em |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
surprise:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
refl
|
this.
m
.
ins
.
sg
|
gift-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Michał was surprised at this gift.’ |
Russian
udivitʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
udivi-l-sja |
èt-omu |
podark-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
surprise(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
|
this-
m
.
dat
.
sg
|
gift(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’ |
Serbian
iznenaditi se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
se |
iznenadi-o |
t-om |
poklon-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
surprise-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
this-
dat
.
sg
.
m
|
gift-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’ |
Shughni
ayrůn rêdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim |
wi |
padarka=qati |
ayrůn |
red |
|
pn
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
gift=
ins
|
surprised
|
remain.
pst
|
| ‘Azim was surprised at the gift.’ |
Skolt Saami
õõmtõõššâd
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENdiott
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENdiott |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
õõmtõõžž-i |
sǩiâŋk |
diõtt |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.surprized-
pst
.3
sg
|
gift.
sg
.
gen
|
because.of
|
| ‘Pete was surprised at the gift.’ |
Slovak
prekvapený + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
bo-l |
z |
darček-a |
prekvapen-ý |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
from
|
gift(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
surprised-
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Slovenian
začuditi
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petr-a |
je |
začudi-l-o |
daril-o |
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
surprise:
pfv
-
lpt
-
n
.
sg
|
gift-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ser sur̂man
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: le |
| Locus: XY |
| Hîwa |
le-ew |
diyarî-e |
ser=î |
sur̂ma |
bû-Ø |
|
pn
|
from-this
|
gift-
dem
|
head=3
sg
.
pc
|
spinning
|
be-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa was surprised at this gift.’ |
Spanish
sorprender
|
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
|
| X: DO |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Pedro |
lo/le |
ha |
sorprendi-do |
el |
regalo |
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
aux
.3
sg
|
surprise-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
gift[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘This gift surprised Pedro.’ |
| Note: |
Swedish
att bli överraskad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_av
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: av |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
blev |
överraska-d |
av |
present-en |
|
pn
|
become.
pst
|
surprise-
ptcp
.
c
.
sg
|
of
|
gift-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
UND_LOC
|
| X: UND |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Na-gulat |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
regalo |
sa |
kaniya |
|
statpv
.
pfv
-shock
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
gift
|
dat
|
3.
sg
.
dat
|
| ‘Pedro was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Can you change the voice and turn this gift into the subject here? |
Telugu
āšcaryapōvu
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| pravīṇ |
ā |
bahumati-ni |
cūsi |
āšcaryapōyāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
dem
.
dist
|
gift(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
see.
cvb
.
ant
|
get_surprised.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause. |
Turkish
şaşmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
bu |
hediye-ye |
şaş-tı |
|
pn
|
this
|
gift-
dat
|
be_surprised-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet was surprised at this gift.’ |
Ulcha
pəskə-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
min |
daru-wa-j |
kət |
pəskə-xə-n |
|
father
|
my
|
gift-
acc
-1
sg
|
very
|
wonder-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father was surprised at my gift.’ |
Uzbek
hayron bo’lmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
bu |
sovɣa-ga |
hayron |
bo’l-di |
|
pn
|
this
|
present-
dat
|
surprised
|
be-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
West Central Oromo
adʒaaʔibsiisata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
kennaa |
kana |
adʒaaʔib-siif-at-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
gift.
abs
|
this.
abs
|
surprise-
caus
-
mid
-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa was surprised at this gift.’ |
Zilo Andi
tamaʃa-ɬ.i
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati |
tamaʃa-ɬ.i |
he-de-b |
padarkal-ʔa |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
amazement-
inch
.
pst
(
aor
)
|
dem
-
sl
-
inan
1
|
gift.
obl
-
super
|
| ‘Patimat was surprised by this gift.’ |
