‘be surprised’
Argument frame: |
X
(be surprised) at
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(M. made P. an expensive gift.)
P.
was surprised at
this gift
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
удивляться
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(удивляться)
Y
-у
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(М. сделала П. дорогой подарок).
П.
удивился
этому подарку
.
|
Abaza
ǯ’a-š’a
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
murád |
awə́j |
a-sawʕá |
ǯ’a-j-š’á-ṭ |
pn
|
dist
|
def
-gift
|
loc
-3
sg
.
erg
-wonder(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘Murad was surprised with this gift.’ |
Adyghe
ʁe.ṣ̂eʁʷe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
č̣ʼale-m |
ṣ̂ʷəhaftənə-r |
ə-ʁe-ṣ̂eʁʷa-ʁ |
парень-
obl
|
подарок-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
caus
-чудо-
pst
|
‘Парень удивился этому подарку.’ |
Aghul
ʡalamat x.u-
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
ʡalamat |
x.u-ne |
[uč.i-s |
aq’.u |
peškeš.i-l] |
pn
|
amazing
|
become.
pf
-
aor
|
self-
dat
|
do.
pf
(
ptcp
)
|
gift-
super
|
‘Aslan was surprised at this gift that he received.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+aǧǧəb
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bi
|
X: SBJ |
Y: bi |
Locus: Y |
ana |
+uǧǧəb-li |
b |
d-a |
pəštəš |
i
|
be_surprised.
pst
-
ls
.1
sg
|
with
|
obl
-
dem
1.
sg
|
gift(
f
)
|
‘I was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: pəštaš is a dialect realization of pašcaš or pəšcaš. |
Bambara
kábakoya
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
kábakoya-ra |
sàma` |
lá |
pn
|
surprise-
pfv
.
intr
|
gift\
art
|
in
|
‘Seku was surprised by this gift.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ficar surpreso
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
X: SBJ |
Y: com |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
fic-ou |
surpres-o |
com |
ess-e |
presente |
pn
(
m
)
|
get-3
sg
.
pst
|
surprised-
m
|
with
|
dem
.
med
-
m
|
gift(
m
)
|
‘Pedro got surprised at this gift.’ |
Catalan
quedar sorprès
Valency pattern:
SBJ_per
|
X: SBJ |
Y: per |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
va |
qued-ar |
sorprès |
pel |
regal |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
remain-
inf
|
surprised.
m
|
for.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
gift(
m
)
|
‘Pere was surprised at this gift.’ |
Czech
překvapit
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-a |
ten |
dárek |
překvapi-l |
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
this.
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
gift(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
surprise(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
‘Petr was surprised at this gift.’ |
Danish
blive overrasket
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
X: SBJ |
Y: over |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
blev |
overraske-t |
over |
denne |
gave |
pn
|
become.
pst
|
surprise-
ptcp
.
pst
.
sg
|
over
|
dem
.
sg
|
gift(
c
)
|
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Dutch
verbaasd zijn
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
X: SBJ |
Y: met |
Locus: Y |
Piet |
is |
verbaas-d |
met |
het |
cadeau |
pn
(
c
)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
be.surprised-
ptcp
|
with
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
gift(
n
)
|
‘Piet was surprised at the gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Eastern Maninka
bàra
Valency pattern:
do(POST)_SBJ
|
X: do(POST) |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Í |
lá |
físiri |
bára |
bàra |
ń |
dɔ́. |
2
sg
|
poss
|
gift\
art
|
prf
|
surprise
|
1
sg
|
in
|
‘I'm surprised with your gift.’ |
English
be surprised
Valency pattern:
SBJ_with
|
X: SBJ |
Y: with |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
was |
surprised |
at |
this |
gift. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: Passive. |
Estonian
üllatunud olema
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENule
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENule |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
ol-i |
selle |
kingituse |
üle |
üllatu-nud |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be-
pst
.3
sg
|
dem
.
sg
.
gen
|
gift.
sg
.
gen
|
over
|
be_surprised-
act
.
pst
.
ptcp
|
‘Peeter was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Finnish
yllättyä
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
X: NOM |
Y: ELA |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
yllätty-i |
tä-stä |
lahja-sta |
pn
.
nom
|
be.surprised-
pst
.3
sg
|
this-
ela
|
gift-
ela
|
‘Pekka was surprised at this gift.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔke
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
mɛzesi-xozo-da |
dʲɔkee |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
gift-
abl
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
be_surprised(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend was surprised at the gift’. |
French
être surpris
Valency pattern:
SBJ_par
|
X: SBJ |
Y: par |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
a |
été |
surpris |
par |
ce |
cadeau |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
be.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
surprise.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
by
|
this.
sg
.
m
|
gift(
m
)
|
‘Paul was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Passive construction. |
Georgian
ga-Ø-u-k'vir-d-eb-a
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-s |
mašo-s-gan |
aset-i |
sačukar-i |
ga-Ø-k'vir-d-a |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
gen
-
pstp
:
abl
|
adj
.
dem
.
prox
-
nom
|
gift-
nom
|
prv
:outward-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-be_surprised-
intr
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre was surprised by such a gift from Masho.’ |
German
überrascht werden
Valency pattern:
NOM_vonDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: vonDAT |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
wurde |
von |
dem |
Geschenk |
überrascht |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
become.
pst
.3
sg
|
of
|
def
.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
gift[
dat
.
sg
]
|
surprise.
ptcp
2
|
‘Karl was surprised with a gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Irish
bí iontas
Valency pattern:
ar_mar.gheall.air
|
X: ar |
Y: mar.gheall.air |
Locus: XY |
Bhí |
iontas |
air |
Phól |
mar_gheall_air |
an |
mbronntanas. |
be.
pst
|
surprise
|
on
|
pn
|
with.respect.to
|
def
|
gift
|
‘Pól was surprised at the gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
rimanere sorpreso
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
|
X: SBJ |
Y: da |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
è |
rimast-o |
sorpres-o |
dal |
regal-o |
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
|
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
surprise.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
by.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
gift-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo got surprised at the gift.’ |
Kalderash Romani
udivilpe
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
o |
Murš-a |
udivi-sajl-o |
kata |
padark-a |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
be_surprised-
pst
.
refl
-3
sg
.
m
|
from
|
gift-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša was surprised at this gift.’ |
Kazakh
taŋɣal
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
osï |
sïylïq-qa |
taŋɣal-dï |
pn
|
this
|
gift-
dat
|
be_surprised-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya was surprised at this gift.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.TRANS
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER.TRANS |
Locus: Y |
fatima |
аžajb-łа-ja |
padarka-ƛ'o-jža |
pn
|
изумленный-
vblz
-
pst
.
w
|
подарок-
super
-
trans
|
‘Фатима удивилась подарку.’ |
Kina Rutul
taˤʔǯib jišira
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
taˤʔǯib |
jiši-r=a |
ha-d |
amanat-a-s |
hɨwɨ-d |
saʔat-a |
pn
(
nom
)
|
amazed
|
1.become.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
this-
attr
|
gift-
obl
-
dat
|
4.give.
pfv
-
attr
|
watch-
obl
(
sup
)
|
‘Rasul was surprised at the watch that was given to him as a present.’ |
Latin
miror
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(host-is) |
dum |
mira-tur |
subit-um |
advent-um |
enemy(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
as_long_as
|
be_surprised[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
sudden-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
advance(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘... while (the enemy) was surprised by the sudden advance.’ |
Note: (Liv. XXXIX, 30, 10) |
Mandarin Chinese
jīngyà
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Zhāngsān |
shōudào |
zhè-ge |
lǐwù |
hěn |
jīngyà |
pn
|
receive
|
this-
clf
|
gift
|
very
|
surprised
|
‘Zhangsan received this gift and was very surprised.’ |
Note: Not included in the dataset because Y is embedded in a complement clause. |
Mingrelian
g-Ø-u-k'vird-un-Ø (FUT)
Valency pattern:
DAT_ERG
|
X: DAT |
Y: ERG |
Locus: X |
čelo-s |
te |
sačukar-k |
g-Ø-u-k'vird-(u). |
pn
-
dat
|
dem
.
prox
|
gift-
erg
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-get_surprised-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo got surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
hufta
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mi |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
hufta |
me |
ha |
matana |
ha |
z-o |
pn
|
be.surprised[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
def
|
gift
|
def
|
this-
sg
.
f
|
‘Pinchas was surprised at this gift.’ |
Nanai
ərdəŋgə baa-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
əj |
daŋsa-wa |
ərdəŋgə |
baa-xa-ni |
pn
|
this
|
book-
obl
|
wonderful
|
find-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia was surprised at this book.’ |
Nivkh
fəskəd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DAT/ADD |
Locus: Y |
Kaskazik |
hu |
+ |
pоdarоk-rоχ |
fəskə-d |
pn
|
close
.
dem
|
+
|
gift-
dat
/
add
|
be.surprised-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik was surprised at this gift.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
mа̄lijуori=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
tu-ŋ |
nǝlǝčǝ-lǝ |
mǝ |
mа̄li-j-uo-ri-m |
pn
|
prxm
-
at
|
gift-
acc
|
aff
|
get_surprised-
pf
-
res
-
appl
-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien was surprised at this gift.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å bli overrasket
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
X: SBJ |
Y: over |
Locus: Y |
Per |
ble |
overraske-t |
over |
gav-en |
pn
|
become.
pst
|
surprise-
ptcp
|
over
|
gift-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
‘Per was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Polish
zdziwić się
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Michał |
zdziwi-ł |
się |
tym |
prezent-em |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
surprise:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
refl
|
this.
m
.
ins
.
sg
|
gift-
ins
.
sg
|
‘Michał was surprised at this gift.’ |
Russian
udivitʹsja
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
udivi-l-sja |
èt-omu |
podark-u |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
surprise(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
|
this-
m
.
dat
.
sg
|
gift(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’ |
Serbian
iznenaditi se
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
se |
iznenadi-o |
t-om |
poklon-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
surprise-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
this-
dat
.
sg
.
m
|
gift-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petar was surprised at this gift.’ |
Shughni
ayrůn rêdow
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Azim |
wi |
padarka=qati |
ayrůn |
red |
pn
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
gift=
ins
|
surprised
|
remain.
pst
|
‘Azim was surprised at the gift.’ |
Skolt Saami
õõmtõõššâd
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENdiott
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENdiott |
Locus: Y |
Peâtt |
õõmtõõžž-i |
sǩiâŋk |
diõtt |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.surprized-
pst
.3
sg
|
gift.
sg
.
gen
|
because.of
|
‘Pete was surprised at the gift.’ |
Slovak
prekvapený + COP
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: zGEN |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
bo-l |
z |
darček-a |
prekvapen-ý |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
from
|
gift(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
surprised-
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Slovenian
začuditi
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
X: ACC |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petr-a |
je |
začudi-l-o |
daril-o |
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
surprise:
pfv
-
lpt
-
n
.
sg
|
gift-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Peter was surprised at this gift.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ser sur̂man
Valency pattern:
EXT_le
|
X: EXT |
Y: le |
Locus: XY |
Hîwa |
le-ew |
diyarî-e |
ser=î |
sur̂ma |
bû-Ø |
pn
|
from-this
|
gift-
dem
|
head=3
sg
.
pc
|
spinning
|
be-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Hiwa was surprised at this gift.’ |
Spanish
sorprender
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
|
X: DO |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
a |
Pedro |
lo/le |
ha |
sorprendi-do |
el |
regalo |
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
aux
.3
sg
|
surprise-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
gift[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘This gift surprised Pedro.’ |
Note: |
Swedish
att bli överraskad
Valency pattern:
SBJ_av
|
X: SBJ |
Y: av |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
blev |
överraska-d |
av |
present-en |
pn
|
become.
pst
|
surprise-
ptcp
.
c
.
sg
|
of
|
gift-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
‘Björn was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
UND_LOC
|
X: UND |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
Na-gulat |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
regalo |
sa |
kaniya |
statpv
.
pfv
-shock
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
gift
|
dat
|
3.
sg
.
dat
|
‘Pedro was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Can you change the voice and turn this gift into the subject here? |
Telugu
āšcaryapōvu
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
pravīṇ |
ā |
bahumati-ni |
cūsi |
āšcaryapōyāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
dem
.
dist
|
gift(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
see.
cvb
.
ant
|
get_surprised.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause. |
Turkish
şaşmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
bu |
hediye-ye |
şaş-tı |
pn
|
this
|
gift-
dat
|
be_surprised-
pst
|
‘Mehmet was surprised at this gift.’ |
Ulcha
pəskə-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
min |
daru-wa-j |
kət |
pəskə-xə-n |
father
|
my
|
gift-
acc
-1
sg
|
very
|
wonder-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Father was surprised at my gift.’ |
Uzbek
hayron bo’lmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
bu |
sovɣa-ga |
hayron |
bo’l-di |
pn
|
this
|
present-
dat
|
surprised
|
be-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja was surprised at this gift.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
West Central Oromo
adʒaaʔibsiisata
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
kennaa |
kana |
adʒaaʔib-siif-at-e |
pn
-
nom
|
gift.
abs
|
this.
abs
|
surprise-
caus
-
mid
-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa was surprised at this gift.’ |
Zilo Andi
tamaʃa-ɬ.i
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
pat’imati |
tamaʃa-ɬ.i |
he-de-b |
padarkal-ʔa |
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
amazement-
inch
.
pst
(
aor
)
|
dem
-
sl
-
inan
1
|
gift.
obl
-
super
|
‘Patimat was surprised by this gift.’ |