‘help’
| Argument frame: |
X
(help)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(M. didn’t manage to do her homework by herself.)
P.
helped
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
помочь
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(помогать)
Y
-у
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(М. не могла сама сделать домашнее задание).
П.
помог
М
.
|
Abaza
[c-]qraʕa
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| l-an |
zaréma |
də-l-c-qráʕa-d |
|
3
sg
.
f
.
io
-mother
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
com
-help(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Mother helped Zarema.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
qə-d-je-ʔe
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_COM.DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM.DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| bzəλfəʁe–halelə-r |
pŝaŝe-m |
qə-d-je-ʔa-ʁ |
|
woman–generous-
abs
|
girl-
obl
|
csl
-
com
-
dat
-touch-
pst
|
| ‘The kind woman helped the girl.’ |
Aghul
kümek q’.u-
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a |
meʜemed.i-s |
kümek |
q’.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
pn
-
dat
|
help
|
do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan helped Muhammad’ |
Alik Kryz
kumak aric
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan-ir |
rasul-uz |
kumak |
ar-ic |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
help
|
do.
pfv
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan helped Rasul.’ |
Archi
kumak a-as
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| paša-mu |
marin-ni-s |
kumak |
a<b>u |
|
pn
-
obl
.
m
(
erg
)
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
help
|
<3>do.
pfv
|
| ‘Pasha helped Marina.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
avəd comac
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ka
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur |
comac |
vəd-lə |
ka |
+xor-u |
|
pn
|
help(
f
)
|
do.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
to
|
friend(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Ashur helped his friend.’ |
Avar
kumek habize
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali-ca |
marjam-ije |
kumek |
ha-b-una |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
help
|
do-
n
-
aor
|
| ‘Ali helped Ahmad.’ |
Azerbaijani
kömək etmək
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DATLAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DATLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Aslan |
Rǝsul-a |
kömǝk |
et-di |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
lat
|
help
|
do-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan helped Rasul.’ |
Bafut
kwɛ́tə̂
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| àmbɛ́ |
à |
kɨ̀ |
kwɛ́tə̂ |
sùù |
|
pn
|
sm
|
p
2
|
help
|
pn
|
| ‘Ambe helped Suh.’ |
Bambara
dɛ̀mɛ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
Fántà |
dɛ̀mɛ |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
help
|
| ‘Seku helped Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ajudar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ajud-ou |
Miguel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
help-3
sg
.
pst
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro helped Miguel.’ |
Budugh
kumok süʔü
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan-ır |
rosul-uz |
kumok |
süʔür-cü |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
help(
a
)
|
a
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan helped Rasul.’ |
Catalan
ajudar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
ajud-ar |
en |
Marc |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
help-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere helped Marc.’ |
Chirag
kumag b-arq’i
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPER
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| ʡa̰li-le |
rasul-l-i |
kumag |
b-arq’-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
|
help(
abs
)
|
n
.
sg
-do:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
| ‘Ali helped Rasul.’ |
Czech
pomoci
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
Michal-ovi |
pomoh-l |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
help(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr helped Michal.’ |
Danish
hjælpe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
hjalp |
Marie |
|
pn
|
help.
pst
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter helped Marie.’ |
Dutch
helpen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
Marie |
ge-holp-en |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
ptcp
-help-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet helped Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dɛ̀mɛn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
kà |
Fántà |
dɛ̀mɛn. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
pn
|
help
|
| ‘Seku helped Fanta.’ |
English
help
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
aitama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
aita-s |
Mareti-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
help-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter helped Maret.’ |
Finnish
auttaa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
autt-oi |
Matti-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
help-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka helped Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
pɛrezi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
vasʲa-da |
pɛrezie-za |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
pn
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
help(
pfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend helped Vasja’. |
French
aider
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
aidé |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
help.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul helped Marie.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-e-xmar-eb-a (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
mašo-s |
da-Ø-e-xmar-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
:downward-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-help-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre helped Masho.’ |
| Note: da-Ø-e-xmar-a with PRV:downward da- means that the help was provided by a superior to an inferior. When both the provider and the recepient are on an equal ground, PRV:PROX mo- is used. |
German
helfen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
hilf-t |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
help-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is helping Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
kpɔ̀ŋmáà tɛ̌ɣɛ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bha |
| Locus: Y |
| Pépèe |
àá |
kpɔ̀ŋmáà |
tɛ̀ɣɛ |
Hɛ́ni |
ɓâ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
help
|
give
|
pn
|
on1
|
| ‘Pepee helped Heni.’ |
Icari Dargwa
kumek b=arq'-uj
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_SUPLAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-il |
Nadir-rij |
kumek |
b=aˤrq'-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
suplat
|
help.
abs
|
n
=do:
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Islam helped Nadir.’ |
Irish
cabhraigh
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Do=chabhraigh |
Pól |
le |
Máire. |
|
pst
=help
|
pn
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól helped Máire.’ |
Italian
aiutare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
aiutato |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
help.
pst
.
ptcp
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo helped Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
kumek CL-ar-es / CL-ir-es
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| meħamad-li |
kumek |
b-ar-ib |
ʡaˤšura-s |
|
pn
-
erg
|
help
|
n
-do.
pfv
-
pret
|
pn
-
dat
|
| ‘Muhammad helped Ashura.’ |
Kalderash Romani
aźutil
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
aźuti-sarď-a |
la |
Marijk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
[
m
]-
nom
.
sg
|
help-
prs
-3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
[
f
]-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša helped Marijka.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| fatima-ji |
dada.ji-z |
kmek |
ʁ-ap’-nu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
mother-
dat
|
help
|
pf
-do-
pst
|
| ‘Fatima helped (her) mother.’ |
Karata
kumak gahaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali-l |
marjam-ja |
kumak |
geh-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
help
|
do-
pf
|
| ‘Ali helped Marjam.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
kumek barara
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DATLAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DATLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| petja-l |
kumek |
b-ar-iv |
maša-j |
|
pn
-
erg
|
help
|
n
-do.
pf
-
aor
|
pn
-
datlat
|
| ‘Petja helped Misha.’ |
Kazakh
kömekte-s
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša-ɣa |
kömekte-s-tі |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
help-
rec
-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya helped Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
ńɔtti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-en-a |
ńɔt-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
-
dat
|
help-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja helped Maša.’ |
| Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb. |
Khoekhoe
hui
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s-a |
ge |
hui |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
pst
|
help
|
| ‘Peter helped Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
j/uwa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| učitel-i |
kumak |
b-uj-ja |
c'aldoq'ane-l |
|
teacher-
erg
|
help(
iii
)
|
iii
-make-
pst
.
w
|
pupil-
dat
|
| ‘The teacher helped the pupil.’ |
Kina Rutul
kumag hɨɁɨra
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a |
nadir-ɨ-s |
kumag |
hɨɁɨ-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
help(
nom
)
|
4.do.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul helped Nadir.’ |
Kumyk
kömek etmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| musa |
patimat-ʁa |
kömek |
et-d-i |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
help
|
do-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Musa helped Patimat.’ |
Latin
juvo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Titian-um |
et |
Cels-um |
nox |
juv-it |
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
and
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
night(
f
).
nom
.
sg
|
help[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘The night helped Titian and Celsus.’ |
| Note: (Tac. Hist. II, 44, 12) |
Laz
o-švel-u
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i-k |
Fatma-s |
n-u-švel-am-s |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-help-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim helps Fatma.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
bāngzhù
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
bāngzhù |
le |
Lǐsì |
|
pn
|
help
|
pfv
|
pn
|
| ‘Zhangsan helped Lisi.’ |
Mano
gbṵ̄
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mo
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mo |
| Locus: Y |
| āà |
gbṵ̄ |
ŋ̄ |
mɔ̀ |
|
3
sg
.
pst
|
unite
|
1
sg
|
on
|
| ‘S/he helped me.’ |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-ini |
Nadir-li-s |
kumak |
b-aq'-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
help
|
n
-do:
pfv
-
pst
|
| ‘Islam helped Nadir.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-xvar-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-k |
anučia-s |
m-Ø-e-xvar-(u) |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-help-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo helped Anuchia.’ |
| Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
azar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
azar |
le |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
help[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
to
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas helped Menachem.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
kümeg hıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a |
q'urban-ı-s |
kümeg |
hıʔı-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
help
|
n
.do.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad helped Kurban.’ |
Nanai
bələči-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
Maša-du |
bələči-xə-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
help-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia helped Masha.’ |
Nivkh
rоd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
+ |
rо-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
help-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik helped Ajsana.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
komoki guruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pataħi-de |
madina-ƛa |
komoki |
gweri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
help
|
do.
aor
|
| ‘Patahi helped Madina.’ |
Northern Mansi
n‘oti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| n’āwram |
n’ōt-i |
ɕān’-e-n |
|
child
|
help-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
-
lat
|
| ‘The child helps his/her mother.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
čambī=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ |
mǝ |
čаmbī-m |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
aff
|
help-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien helped Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å hjelpe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
hjalp |
Ola |
|
pn
|
help.
pst
|
pn
|
| ‘Per helped Ola.’ |
Polish
pomóc
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Stanisław |
pomóg-ł |
Roman-owi |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
help\
pst
:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Stanisław helped Roman.’ |
Russian
pomočʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
pomog |
Maš-e |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
help(
pfv
).
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja helped Maša.’ |
Serbian
pomoći
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
je |
pomoga-o |
Marij-i |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
help-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar helped Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
kumag vɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| basir |
kumag |
vɨ-r |
karam-ɨs |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
help
|
give.
pf
-
aor
|
pn
-
dat
|
| ‘Basir helped Karam.’ |
Shughni
yordam čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Šamil=i |
Lola-yard |
yordam |
čūd |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
pn
-
lat
|
help
|
do.
pst
|
| ‘Shamil helped Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
vieʹǩǩted
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
vieʹǩǩt-i |
Määʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
help-
pst
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete helped Maria’ |
Slovak
pomôcť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
pomoho-l |
Mári-i |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
help(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter helped Maria.’ |
Slovenian
pomagati
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
je |
pomaga-l |
An-i |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
help:
pfv
/
ipfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter helped Ana.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
yarmetî dan
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Hîwa |
yarmet-î |
Kamran=î |
da-Ø |
|
pn
|
help-
izf
|
pn
=3
sg
.
pc
|
give.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa helped Kamran.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Southern Rutul
xıl yıˤxıˤn
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a |
aydın-ı-s |
xıl |
yıˤvxıˤ-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
hand(
a
)
|
a
.strike.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad helped Aydin.’ |
Spanish
ayudar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ayud-ó |
a |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
help-
aor
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro helped Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
sāʕada
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-un |
sāʕada |
Maryam-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
help.
pf
.3
m
|
pn
-
acc
|
| ‘Badr helped Maryam.’ |
Svan
x-o-murǯ-i (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-d |
gegi-s |
lo-x-murǯ-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
prv
:
slightly
.
ver
:
o
-
io
3-help-
pst
|
| ‘Maizer helped Gegi.’ |
Swedish
att hjälpa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
hjälp-te |
Maja |
|
pn
|
help-
pst
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn helped Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| t<in>u~lung-an |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Miguel |
|
<
pfv
>
pfv
~help-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro helped Miguel.’ |
Telugu
sahāyamu cēyu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
maheṣ-ki |
sahāyamu |
cēsāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
help(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
do.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen helped Mahesh.’ |
Tsakhur
kumag haʔıy
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-ee |
rasul-us |
kumag |
haʔu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
dat
|
help(
n
)
|
n
.do.
pf
|
| ‘Murad helped Rasul.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
iq'al b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz
|
Valency pattern:
ERG/LOC(LAT)_DAT
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi-le |
juldaš-i-z |
iq'al |
b-arq'-ib |
|
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
friend-
obl
-
dat
|
help
|
n
-do.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy helped his friend.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
kumek b-arq'-i / b-irq'-i
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ-li |
šːi-j |
kumek |
b-arq'-ib |
|
boy-
erg
|
village-
dat
|
help
|
n
-do.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy helped the village.’ |
Turkish
yardım etmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-e |
yardım |
et-ti |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
help
|
make-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet helped Filiz.’ |
Turoyo
mʕawən
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
mʕawal-le |
Maryam |
|
pn
|
help.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
pn
|
| ‘Gabriyel helped Maryam.’ |
Twi
boa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kofi |
boa-a |
nanabarima |
|
pn
|
help-
pst
|
grandfather
|
| ‘Kofi helped grandfather.’ |
Ulcha
bələči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ti |
asi-n |
... |
ti |
ən-bə-n |
bələč-i, |
mama-wa |
bələč-i |
|
that
|
wife-3
sg
|
...
|
that
|
mother-
acc
-3
sg
|
help-
prs
|
old_woman-
acc
|
help-
prs
|
| ‘This wife of his helps his mother, helps the old woman.’ |
| Note: This example is taken from natural texts. |
Uzbek
yordam bermoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
Maša-ga |
yordam |
ber-di |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
|
help
|
give-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja helped Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
gargaara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
boontuu |
gargaar-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
help-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa helped Bontu.’ |
Wolof
dimmali
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBJ |
| Locus: TR |
| dem-al |
dimmali |
sa |
yaay |
|
go-
imp
.
sg
|
help
|
poss
:2
sg
|
mother(
j
)
|
| ‘Go help your mother!’ |
Yargun Lezgian
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Sahib-a |
Eldar-a-z |
kümek-na |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
help-
aor
|
| ‘Sahib helped Eldar.’ |
Zazaki
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.TR_de.PSTP
|
| X: SBJ.TR |
| Y: de.PSTP |
| Locus: Y |
| oxɨr-i |
ajɛ=də |
ardɨm.kɛrd |
|
pn
-
m
.
obl
|
3
sg
.
f
.
obl
=at
|
help.do.
pst
|
| ‘Oxir helped her.’ |
Zilo Andi
kumeki dʒid.i
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati-di |
marjamu-ɬu |
kumeki |
dʒid.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
.
obl
-
dat
|
help[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
make.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Patimat helped Mariam.’ |