‘help’
| Argument frame: | X (help) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (M. didn’t manage to do her homework by herself.) P. helped M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | помочь |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (помогать) Y -у |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (М. не могла сама сделать домашнее задание). П. помог М . |
Abaza [c-]qraʕa
| Valency pattern: ABS_COM |
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| l-an | zaréma | də-l-c-qráʕa-d |
| 3 sg . f . io -mother | pn | 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io - com -help( aor )- dcl |
| ‘Mother helped Zarema.’ | ||
Aghul kümek q’.u-
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | meʜemed.i-s | kümek | q’.u-ne |
| pn ( erg ) | pn - dat | help | do. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan helped Muhammad’ | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic avəd comac
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ka |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur | comac | vəd-lə | ka | +xor-u |
| pn | help( f ) | do. pst - ls .3 m | to | friend( m )- p .3 m |
| ‘Ashur helped his friend.’ | ||||
Brazilian Portuguese ajudar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ajud-ou | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | help-3 sg . pst | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro helped Miguel.’ | ||
Catalan ajudar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | ajud-ar | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | help- inf | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere helped Marc.’ | |||||
Czech pomoci
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | Michal-ovi | pomoh-l |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | pn ( m )- dat . sg | help( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] |
| ‘Petr helped Michal.’ | ||
Danish hjælpe
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | hjalp | Marie |
| pn | help. pst | pn |
| ‘Peter helped Marie.’ | ||
Dutch helpen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | Marie | ge-holp-en |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | pn ( c ) | ptcp -help- ptcp |
| ‘Piet helped Marie.’ | |||
Estonian aitama
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | aita-s | Mareti-t |
| pn . sg . nom | help- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . part |
| ‘Peeter helped Maret.’ | ||
Finnish auttaa
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | autt-oi | Matti-a |
| pn . nom | help- pst .3 sg | pn - part |
| ‘Pekka helped Matti.’ | ||
Forest Enets pɛrezi
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | vasʲa-da | pɛrezie-za |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | pn - obl . sg .3 sg | help( pfv )-3 sg . so sg |
| ‘My friend helped Vasja’. | |||
German helfen
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | hilf-t | Marie |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | help- prs .3 sg | pn [ dat . sg ] |
| ‘Karl helps Marie.’ | ||
Italian aiutare
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | aiutato | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | help. pst . ptcp | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo helped Maria.’ | |||
Kazakh kömekte-s
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-ɣa | kömekte-s-tі |
| pn | pn - dat | help- rec - pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya helped Masha.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty ńɔtti
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | maša-j-en-a | ńɔt-ǝs |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat | help- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja helped Maša.’ | ||
| Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb. | ||
Latin juvo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Titian-um | et | Cels-um | nox | juv-it |
| pn ( m )- acc . sg | and | pn ( m )- acc . sg | night( f ). nom . sg | help[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg |
| ‘The night helped Titian and Celsus.’ | ||||
| Note: (Tac. Hist. II, 44, 12) | ||||
Modern Hebrew azar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_le |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | azar | le | Menaχem |
| pn | help[ pst .3 sg . m ] | to | pn |
| ‘Pinchas helped Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai bələči-
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | Maša-du | bələči-xə-ni |
| pn | pn - dat | help- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia helped Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh rоd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana | + | rо-d |
| pn | pn | + | help- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik helped Ajsana.’ | |||
Norwegian Bokmål å hjelpe
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | hjalp | Ola |
| pn | help. pst | pn |
| ‘Per helped Ola.’ | ||
Polish pomóc
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Stanisław | pomóg-ł | Roman-owi |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | help\ pst : pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Stanisław helped Roman.’ | ||
Russian pomočʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | pomog | Maš-e |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | help( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( f )- dat . sg |
| ‘Petja helped Maša.’ | ||
Rutul kumag hɨɁɨra
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | nadir-ɨ-s | kumag | hɨɁɨ-r=a |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - dat | help( nom ) | 4.do. pfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul helped Nadir.’ | |||
Serbian pomagao
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | je | pomoga-o | Marij-i |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | помочь- part . perf .М. sg | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Петар помог Марии.’ | |||
Shughni yordam čīdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Šamil=i | Lola-yard | yordam | čūd |
| pn =3 sg | pn - lat | help | do. pst |
| ‘Shamil helped Lola.’ | |||
Skolt Saami vieʹǩǩted
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | vieʹǩǩt-i | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | help- pst .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete helped Maria’ | ||
Slovenian pomagati
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | je | pomaga-l | An-i |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | help: pfv / ipfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Peter helped Ana.’ | |||
Spanish ayudar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ayud-ó | a | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | help- aor .3 sg | dir . obj . anm | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro helped Maria.’ | |||
Swedish att hjälpa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | hjälp-te | Maja |
| pn | help- pst | pn |
| ‘Björn helped Maja.’ | ||
Turkish yardım etmek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Filiz-e | yardım | et-ti |
| pn | pn - dat | help | make- pst |
| ‘Mehmet helped Filiz.’ | |||
Ulcha bələči-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ti | asi-n | ... | ti | ən-bə-n | bələč-i, | mama-wa | bələč-i |
| that | wife-3 sg | ... | that | mother- acc -3 sg | help- prs | old_woman- acc | help- prs |
| ‘This wife of his helps his mother, helps the old woman.’ | |||||||
| Note: This example is taken from natural texts. | |||||||
Zilo Andi kumeki dʒid.i
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati-di | marjamu-ɬu | kumeki | dʒid.i |
| pn - erg | pn . obl - dat | help[ inan 1][ nom ] | make. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Patimat helped Mariam.’ | |||