‘help’
| Argument frame: | X (help) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (M. didn’t manage to do her homework by herself.) P. helped M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | помочь |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (помогать) Y -у |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (М. не могла сама сделать домашнее задание). П. помог М . |
Abaza [c-]qraʕa
| Valency pattern: ABS_COM |
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| l-an | zaréma | də-l-c-qráʕa-d |
| 3 sg . f . io -mother | pn | 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io - com -help( aor )- dcl |
| ‘Mother helped Zarema.’ | ||
Adyghe (West Circassian) qə-d-je-ʔe
| Valency pattern: ABS_COM.DAT |
| X: ABS |
| Y: COM.DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| bzəλfəʁe–halelə-r | pŝaŝe-m | qə-d-je-ʔa-ʁ |
| woman–generous- abs | girl- obl | csl - com - dat -touch- pst |
| ‘The kind woman helped the girl.’ | ||
Aghul kümek q’.u-
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan.a | meʜemed.i-s | kümek | q’.u-ne |
| pn ( erg ) | pn - dat | help | do. pf - aor |
| ‘Aslan helped Muhammad’ | |||
Alik Kryz kumak ar-ic
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| terlan-ir | rasul-uz | kumak | ar-ic |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | help | do. pf - aor . n |
| ‘Terlan helped Rasul.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| paša-mu | marin-ni-s | kumak | a<b>u |
| pn - obl ( erg ) | pn - obl - dat | help | <3>do. pfv |
| ‘Паша помог Марине.’ | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic avəd comac
| Valency pattern: SBJ_ka |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur | comac | vəd-lə | ka | +xor-u |
| pn | help( f ) | do. pst - ls .3 m | to | friend( m )- p .3 m |
| ‘Ashur helped his friend.’ | ||||
Azerbaijani kömək etmək
| Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DATLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Aslan | Rǝsul-a | kömǝk | et-di |
| pn | pn - dat / lat | help | do- pst (3) |
| ‘Aslan helped Rasul.’ | |||
Bambara dɛ̀mɛ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù | ye | Fántà | dɛ̀mɛ |
| pn | pfv . tr | pn | help |
| ‘Seku helped Fanta.’ | |||
Brazilian Portuguese ajudar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ajud-ou | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | help-3 sg . pst | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro helped Miguel.’ | ||
Catalan ajudar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | ajud-ar | en | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | help- inf | def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere helped Marc.’ | |||||
Czech pomoci
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | Michal-ovi | pomoh-l |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | pn ( m )- dat . sg | help( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] |
| ‘Petr helped Michal.’ | ||
Danish hjælpe
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | hjalp | Marie |
| pn | help. pst | pn |
| ‘Peter helped Marie.’ | ||
Dutch helpen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | heeft | Marie | ge-holp-en |
| pn ( c ) | have.3 sg | pn ( c ) | ptcp -help- ptcp |
| ‘Piet helped Marie.’ | |||
Eastern Maninka dɛ̀mɛn
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù | kà | Fántà | dɛ̀mɛn. |
| pn | aor . tr | pn | help |
| ‘Seku helped Fanta.’ | |||
English help
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | helped | Mary. |
Estonian aitama
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | aita-s | Mareti-t |
| pn . sg . nom | help- pst .3 sg | pn - sg . part |
| ‘Peeter helped Maret.’ | ||
Finnish auttaa
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | autt-oi | Matti-a |
| pn . nom | help- pst .3 sg | pn - part |
| ‘Pekka helped Matti.’ | ||
Forest Enets pɛrezi
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | vasʲa-da | pɛrezie-za |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | pn - obl . sg .3 sg | help( pfv )-3 sg . so sg |
| ‘My friend helped Vasja’. | |||
French aider
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul | a | aidé | Marie |
| pn ( m ) | have. prs .3 sg | help. pst . ptcp . m | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Paul helped Marie.’ | |||
Georgian da-Ø-e-xmar-eb-a (FUT)
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø | mašo-s | da-Ø-e-xmar-a |
| pn - nom | pn - dat | prv :downward- io 3- ver : r -help- s 3 sg . pst |
| ‘Petre helped Masho.’ | ||
| Note: da-Ø-e-xmar-a with PRV:downward da- means that the help was provided by a superior to an inferior. When both the provider and the recepient are on an equal ground, PRV:PROX mo- is used. | ||
German helfen
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | hilf-t | Marie |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | help- prs .3 sg | pn [ dat . sg ] |
| ‘Karl is helping Marie.’ | ||
Icari Dargwa кумек AGR=яркь-иб
| Valency pattern: ERG_SUPLAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: SUPLAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam-il | Nadir-rij | kumek b=aˤrq'-ib |
| pn - ergpn - suplat | help. abs | n =do: pf - aor |
| ‘Islam helped Nadir.’ | ||
Irish cabhraigh
| Valency pattern: SBJ_le |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Do=chabhraigh | Pól | le | Máire. |
| pst =help | pn | with | pn |
| ‘Pól helped Máire.’ | |||
Italian aiutare
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | aiutato | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | help. pst . ptcp | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo helped Maria.’ | |||
Kalderash Romani aźutil
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o | Murš-a | aźuti-sarď-a | la | Marijk-a |
| art . m . dir . sg | pn [ m ]- nom . sg | help- prs -3 sg | art . f . obl . sg | pn [ f ]- acc . sg |
| ‘Murša helped Marijka.’ | ||||
Kazakh kömekte-s
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-ɣa | kömekte-s-tі |
| pn | pn - dat | help- rec - pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya helped Masha.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty ńɔtti
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | maša-j-en-a | ńɔt-ǝs |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat | help- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja helped Maša.’ | ||
| Note: The transitive pattern is also possible with this verb. | ||
Khwarshi j/uwa
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| učitel-i | kumak | b-uj-ja | c'aldoq'ane-l |
| teacher- erg | help( iii ) | iii -make- pst . w | pupil- dat |
| ‘The teacher helped the pupil.’ | |||
Kina Rutul kumag hɨɁɨra
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul-a | nadir-ɨ-s | kumag | hɨɁɨ-r=a |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - dat | help( nom ) | 4.do. pfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul helped Nadir.’ | |||
Kumyk kömek etmek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| musa | patimat-ʁa | kömek | et-d-i |
| pn | pn - dat | help | do- pst -3 sg |
| ‘Musa helped Patimat.’ | |||
Latin juvo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Titian-um | et | Cels-um | nox | juv-it |
| pn ( m )- acc . sg | and | pn ( m )- acc . sg | night( f ). nom . sg | help[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg |
| ‘The night helped Titian and Celsus.’ | ||||
| Note: (Tac. Hist. II, 44, 12) | ||||
Laz o-švel-u
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i-k | Fatma-s | n-u-švel-am-s. |
| pn - b - erg | pn - dat | io 3- ver : o -help- sm - s 3 sg |
| ‘Käzim helps Fatma.’ | ||
Mandarin Chinese bāngzhù
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān | bāngzhù | le | Lǐsì |
| pn | help | pfv | pn |
| ‘Zhangsan helped Lisi.’ | |||
Mano gbṵ̄
| Valency pattern: NOM_mo |
| X: NOM |
| Y: mo |
| Locus: Y |
| āà | gbṵ̄ | ŋ̄ | mɔ̀ |
| 3 sg . pst | unite | 1 sg | on |
| ‘She helped me.’ | |||
Mingrelian Ø-o-xvar-un-Ø (PRS)
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-k | anučia-s | m-Ø-e-xvar-(u) |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | prv - io 3- ver : r -help- s 3 sg . pst |
| ‘Chelo helped Anuchia.’ | ||
| Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. | ||
Modern Hebrew azar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_le |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | azar | le | Menaχem |
| pn | help[ pst .3 sg . m ] | to | pn |
| ‘Pinchas helped Menachem.’ | |||
Mukhad Rutul kümeg hıʔın
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a | q'urban-ı-s | kümeg | hıʔı-ri |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - dat | help | n .do. pf - aor |
| ‘Murad helped Kurban.’ | |||
Nanai bələči-
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | Maša-du | bələči-xə-ni |
| pn | pn - dat | help- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia helped Masha.’ | ||
Nivkh rоd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana | + | rо-d |
| pn | pn | + | help- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik helped Ajsana.’ | |||
Northern Mansi n‘oti
| Valency pattern: NOM_LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| n’āwram | n’ōt-i | ɕān’-e-n |
| child | help- npst [3 sg ] | mother- poss .3 sg - lat |
| ‘The child helps his/her mother.’ | ||
Northern Yukaghir čambī=
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn | Əkulˈǝ-ŋinˈ | mǝ | čаmbī-m |
| pn | pn - dat | aff | help- tr .3 sg |
| ‘Semien helped Akulina.’ | |||
Norwegian Bokmål å hjelpe
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | hjalp | Ola |
| pn | help. pst | pn |
| ‘Per helped Ola.’ | ||
Polish pomóc
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Stanisław | pomóg-ł | Roman-owi |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | help\ pst : pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Stanisław helped Roman.’ | ||
Russian pomočʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | pomog | Maš-e |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | help( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( f )- dat . sg |
| ‘Petja helped Maša.’ | ||
Serbian pomoći
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | je | pomoga-o | Marij-i |
| pn . nom . sg | be. prs .3 sg | help- part . perf . m . sg | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Petar helped Maria.’ | |||
Shughni yordam čīdow
| Valency pattern: NOM_LAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Šamil=i | Lola-yard | yordam | čūd |
| pn =3 sg | pn - lat | help | do. pst |
| ‘Shamil helped Lola.’ | |||
Skolt Saami vieʹǩǩted
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | vieʹǩǩt-i | Määʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | help- pst .3 sg | pn . sg . acc |
| ‘Pete helped Maria’ | ||
Slovak pomôcť
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | pomoho-l | Mári-i |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | help( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | pn ( m )- dat . sg |
| ‘Peter helped Maria.’ | ||
Slovenian pomagati
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter | je | pomaga-l | An-i |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | help: pfv / ipfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | pn - dat . sg |
| ‘Peter helped Ana.’ | |||
Sorani Kurdish yarmetî dan
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Hîwa | yarmet-î | Kamran=î | da-Ø |
| pn | help- izf | pn =3 sg . pc | give. pst -3 sg |
| ‘Hiwa helped Kamran.’ | |||
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. | |||
Southern Rutul xıl yıˤxıˤn
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| murad-a | aydın-ı-s | xıl | yıˤvxıˤ-r |
| pn - erg | pn - obl - dat | hand( a ) | a .strike. pf - indic |
| ‘Murad helped Aydin.’ | |||
Spanish ayudar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ayud-ó | a | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | help- aor .3 sg | dir . obj . anm | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro helped Maria.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-d | gegi-s | lo-x-murǯ-e |
| pn - erg | pn - dat | prv : slightly . ver : o - io 3-help- pst |
| ‘Maizer helped Gegi.’ | ||
Swedish att hjälpa
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | hjälp-te | Maja |
| pn | help- pst | pn |
| ‘Björn helped Maja.’ | ||
| Valency pattern: ACT_LOC |
| X: ACT |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| T<in>u~lung-an | ni | Pedro | si | Miguel |
| < pv > pfv ~help- lv | pers . gen | pn | pers . subj | pn |
| ‘Pedro helped Miguel.’ | ||||
| Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? | ||||
Telugu sahāyamu cēyu
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ | maheṣ-ki | sahāyamu | cēsāḍu |
| pn ( m ). sg . nom | pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat | help( n ). sg . nom | do. pst .3 sg . m |
| ‘Praveen helped Mahesh.’ | |||
Tsugni Dargwa kumek b-arq'-i / b-irq'-i
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ-li | šːi-j | kumek | b-arq'-ib |
| boy- erg | village- dat | help | n -do. pfv - pret (3) |
| ‘The boy helped the village.’ | |||
Turkish yardım etmek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Filiz-e | yardım | et-ti |
| pn | pn - dat | help | make- pst |
| ‘Mehmet helped Filiz.’ | |||
Ulcha bələči-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ti | asi-n | ... | ti | ən-bə-n | bələč-i, | mama-wa | bələč-i |
| that | wife-3 sg | ... | that | mother- acc -3 sg | help- prs | old_woman- acc | help- prs |
| ‘This wife of his helps his mother, helps the old woman.’ | |||||||
| Note: This example is taken from natural texts. | |||||||
Uzbek yordam bermoq
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-ga | yordam | ber-di |
| pn | pn - dat | help | give- pst .3 sg |
| ‘Petja helped Maša.’ | |||
West Central Oromo gargaara
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n | boontuu | gargaar-e |
| pn - nom | pn . abs | help-3 sg . m . pfv |
| ‘Obsa helped Bontu.’ | ||
Zilo Andi kumeki dʒid.i
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati-di | marjamu-ɬu | kumeki | dʒid.i |
| pn - erg | pn . obl - dat | help[ inan 1][ nom ] | make. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Patimat helped Mariam.’ | |||