‘look for’
| Argument frame: |
X
(look for)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
is looking for
his keys
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
искать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(искать)
Y
(-а)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
ищет
ключи
.
|
Abaza
[zə-]pšʕa
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| á-č’ḳʷən |
a-c̣apχaṭə́ga |
d-a-zə́-pšʕ-əj-d |
|
def
-boy
|
def
-key
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-
ben
-look_for-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy is looking for the key.’ |
Adyghe
λə-χʷə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.AFTER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOC.AFTER |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-r |
ʔʷənč̣ʼəbze-xe-m |
a-λ-e-χʷə |
|
парень-
abs
|
ключ-
pl
-
obl
|
3
pl
.
io
-
loc
:
after
-
dyn
-искать
|
| ‘Парень ищет ключи.’ |
Aghul
aruc.a-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_POST.LAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: POST.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
güleg-ar.i-q-tːi |
aruc.a-a |
|
pn
|
key-
pl
-
post
-
lat
|
walk.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is looking for his keys.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṭavvə
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bar |
| Locus: Y |
| baxta |
+ṭavvuy=la |
+bar |
kdilə |
|
woman(
f
)
|
seek.
prog
=3
f
|
after
|
key(
m
).
pl
|
| ‘The woman is looking for her keys.’ |
Bambara
ɲíni
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
kónɲin` |
ɲíni |
|
pn
|
prog
|
key\
art
|
search
|
| ‘Seku is looking for a key.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
procurar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
está |
procur-ando |
a-s |
chave-s |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
cop
_
prog
.3
sg
.
prs
|
seek-
prog
|
def
.
f
-
pl
|
key(
f
)-
pl
|
| ‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’ |
Catalan
buscar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
està |
busc-ant |
les |
seves |
clau-s |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
seek-
ger
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
poss
.3.
f
.
pl
|
key.(
f
)-
pl
|
| ‘Pere is looking for his keys.’ |
Czech
hledat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
hledá |
klíč-e |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
look_for(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petr is looking for his keys.’ |
Danish
lede
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_efter
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: efter |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
lede-r |
efter |
sin-e |
nøgle-r |
|
pn
|
search-
prs
|
after
|
poss
.
refl
.
c
-
pl
|
key(
c
)-
pl
|
| ‘Peter is looking for his keys.’ |
Dutch
zoeken
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
zoek-t |
de |
sleutel-s |
|
pn
(С)
|
look.for-3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
key(С)-
pl
|
| ‘Piet is looking for the keys.’ |
Eastern Maninka
ɲínin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
yé |
kóɲin` |
ɲínin-na. |
|
pn
|
be
|
key\
art
|
seek-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Seku looks for a key.’ |
English
look
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
looking |
for |
his |
keys. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
otsima
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
otsi-b |
oma |
võtme-id |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
search-
prs
.3
sg
|
poss
.
refl
|
key-
pl
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter is searching for his keys.’ |
Finnish
etsiä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
etsi-i |
avaim-ia-an |
|
pn
.
nom
|
look.for-
prs
.3
sg
|
key-
part
.
pl
-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pekka is looking for his keys.’ |
Forest Enets
per
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
poga-da |
peŋa |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
fishing_net-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
look_for(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is looking for his fishing net’. |
French
chercher
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
cherche |
ses |
clef-s |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
look_for.
prs
.3
sg
|
one’s.
pl
|
key(
f
)-
pl
|
| ‘Paul is looking for his keys.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-ʒeb-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
gasaγeb-s |
Ø-e-ʒeb-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
key-
dat
|
do
3-
ver
:
r
-look_for-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is looking for his keys.’ |
German
suchen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
such-t |
sein-en |
Schlüssel |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
search-
prs
.3
sg
|
his-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
key[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is looking for his key.’ |
Irish
lorg
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
lorg |
a |
eochr-acha. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
look_for.
nmlz
|
poss
.3
sg
.
m
|
key-
gp
|
| ‘Pól is looking for his keys.’ |
| Note: The Y argument is in the GP-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
cercare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
cerc-a |
le |
chiav-i |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
look_for-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
pl
.
f
|
key-
pl
.
f
|
| ‘Leo is looking for the keys.’ |
Kalderash Romani
rodel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
rod-el |
le |
te-i |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look_for-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
pl
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Murša is looking for his keys.’ |
Kazakh
izde
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kіlt |
іzde-p |
žür |
|
pn
|
key
|
search-
cvb
|
go.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is looking for keys.’ |
Kazym Khanty
kǎnti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
tǒman-λ-aλ |
kǎn-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
key-
pl
-
poss
.3
sg
|
look_for-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is looking for his keys.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| šamil-i |
k'we-ho |
leka-ba |
|
pn
-
erg
|
искать-
prs
|
ключ(
iii
)-
pl
.
abs
|
| ‘Шамиль ищет ключи..’ |
Kina Rutul
aramiš haɁara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
güleg-mar |
aramiš |
haɁa-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
key-
pl
(
nom
)
|
seek
|
npl
.do.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is looking for his keys.’ |
Latin
quaero
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| haed-us |
fratr-um |
vestigi-a |
quaer-it |
|
goatling(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
brother(
m
)-
gen
.
pl
|
trace(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
seek[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
| ‘The goatling searches for the traces of his brothers.’ |
| Note: (Man. Astronomica. V, 312) |
Mandarin Chinese
zhǎo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zài |
zhǎo |
tā-de |
yàoshi |
|
pn
|
prog
|
look_for
|
he-
de
|
key
|
| ‘Zhangsan is looking for his key(s).’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-gor-un-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-Ø |
muš |
k'ila-s |
Ø-gor-un-s=u. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
refl
.
poss
|
key-
dat
|
do
3-look_for-
sm
-
s
3
sg
=
ev
|
| ‘Chelo is looking for his keys.’ |
Modern Hebrew
meχapes
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
meχapes |
et |
ha |
mafteχ-ot |
ʃel-o |
|
pn
|
search[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
key-
pl
|
poss
-3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Pinchas is looking for his keys.’ |
Nanai
gələgu-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
anako-wa |
gələ-gu-j-ni |
|
pn
|
key-
obl
|
ask-
rep
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is looking for his keys.’ |
Nivkh
ŋanɣt
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ |
+ |
ŋanɣ-t |
|
pn
|
book
|
+
|
look.for-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is looking for the book.’ |
Northern Mansi
kinsi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| am |
kins-ēj-um |
mil |
lōx |
|
i
|
look_for-
npst
-1
sg
|
deep
|
backwater
|
| ‘I am looking for deep backwater.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
waŋči=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
mа̄čǝ-lǝ |
wаnči-nu-m-lǝ |
|
pn
|
lasso-
acc
|
look_for-
ipf
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is looking for his lasso.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å lete
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_etter
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: etter |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
lete-r |
etter |
nøkl-ene |
|
pn
|
seek-
prs
|
after
|
key-
def
.
pl
|
| ‘Per is looking for his keys.’ |
Polish
szukać
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Sylwi-a |
szuka |
klucz-y |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look_for:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
key-
gen
.
pl
|
| ‘Sylwia is looking for her keys.’ |
Russian
iskatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
išč-et |
ključ-i |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
look_for(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petja is looking for his keys.’ |
Serbian
tražiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
traži |
ključ-eve |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
look.for.
prs
.3
sg
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petar is looking for his keys.’ |
Shughni
x̌ikīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim |
xu |
wix̌īӡ-en |
x̌ikīr-t |
|
pn
|
refl
|
key-
pl
|
look.for-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim is looking for his keys.’ |
Skolt Saami
ooccâd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
lij |
oocc-men |
suu |
lokkčouddj-id |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
seek-
prog
.
ptcp
|
3
sg
.
gen
|
key-
pl
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete is looking for his keys.’ |
Slovak
hľadať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
hľadá |
svoj-e |
kľúč-e |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
look_for(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
one's-
acc
.
pl
|
key(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Peter is looking for his keys.’ |
Slovenian
iskati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
išče |
ključ-e |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
look_for:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
key-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘Ana is looking for her keys.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ger̂an
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
le |
kilîl-ek-an=î |
de-ger̂-ê |
|
pn
|
from
|
key-
def
-
pl
=3
sg
.
pc
|
ind
-search.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is looking for his keys.’ |
| Note: The exact nature of the OBL.3SG marker is not clear (ambiguous). |
Spanish
buscar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
busc-a |
la-s |
llave-s |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
look_for-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
f
-
pl
|
key[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
| ‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’ |
Swedish
att leta
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_efter
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: efter |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
leta-r |
efter |
sina |
nyckl-ar |
|
pn
|
seek-
prs
|
after
|
poss
.
refl
.
pl
|
key-
pl
|
| ‘Björn is looking for his keys.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| H<in>a~hanap |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
kaniya-ng |
susi |
|
<
pv
>
ipfv
~find
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
3.
sg
.
dat
|
keys
|
| ‘Pedro is looking for his keys.’ |
Telugu
vetuku
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLkosamu
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLkosamu |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
tāḷaṁcēvu-la |
kōsamu |
vetukutunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
key(
n
)-
pl
.
obl
|
for
|
search.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is looking for the keys.’ |
Turkish
aramak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
anahtar-lar-ı |
arı-yor |
|
pn
|
key-
pl
-
acc
|
search-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is looking for his keys’. |
Ulcha
gələǯu-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə |
piktə |
aŋaqo-wa |
gələ-ǯ-i-ni |
|
male
|
child
|
key-
acc
|
search-
rep
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy is looking for his key.’ |
Uzbek
qidirmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kalit |
qidir-yab-ti |
|
pn
|
key
|
search-
prs
1-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is looking for his keys.’ |
West Central Oromo
barbaada
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
furtuu-wwan |
isaa |
barbaad-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
key-
pl
.
abs
|
3
sg
.
m
.
poss
|
look_for-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is looking for his keys,’ |
Zilo Andi
kusd.i-r
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di |
kusd.i-r |
rek’ulol |
|
pn
-
erg
|
search.
pst
-
prog
|
key[
inan
2].
pl
[
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat is looking for the keys.’ |
