‘pour’
| Argument frame: |
X
(pour)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
poured
the sugar
(into the cup).
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
сыпать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(сыпать)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
насыпал
сахар
(в чашку).
|
Abaza
ta-psa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| á-č’ḳʷən |
fač’ə́ʕʷ |
ʕa-ta-j-psá-ṭ |
|
def
-boy
|
sugar
|
cisl
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-pour(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy poured some sugar.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
jə-teqʷe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
ŝʷewə.šʼəʁʷə-r |
čʼaške-m |
r-jə-teqʷa-ʁ |
|
guy-
obl
|
sugar-
abs
|
cup-
obl
|
loc
:
cont
-3
sg
.
erg
-pour.
lat
-
pst
|
| ‘The guy poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Aghul
aq.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
pusuk’ |
aq.u-ne |
kuruškː.i-ʔ |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
sugar
|
{
in
}pour.
pf
-
aor
|
mug-
in
|
| ‘Aslan poured the sugar into the mug.’ |
Alik Kryz
ʕayts'ayc
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
çeşka-ca |
pasuk' |
ʕayts'a-du |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup-
obl
.
in
|
sugar(
f
)
|
put_in.
pfv
-
aor
.
f
|
| ‘Terlan poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| paša-mu |
pisokʼ |
a<b>ču |
|
pn
-
obl
(
erg
)
|
sugar
|
<3>throw.
pfv
|
| ‘Pasha poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
darə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| baxta |
dri-la |
šacar |
gu |
mana |
|
woman(
f
)
|
pour.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
sugar(
m
)
|
in
|
vessel(
m
)
|
| ‘The woman poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Avar
baze
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-ca |
čakar |
b-a-na |
čaška-jaɬ-u-b-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar
|
n
-cover-
aor
|
cup-
obl
-
loc
-
n
-
lat
|
| ‘Ali poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Azerbaijani
tökmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
şǝkǝr-i |
fincan-a |
tök-dü |
|
pn
|
sugar-
acc
|
cup-
dat
/
lat
|
pour-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Bambara
kɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
súkaromugu` |
kɛ́ |
tàbali` |
kàn |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
sugar_powder\
art
|
do
|
table\
art
|
on
|
| ‘Seku poured some sugar on the table.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
colocar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
coloc-a |
açúcar |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
place-3
sg
.
prs
|
sugar(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro poured some sugar.’ |
Catalan
abocar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
aboc-ar |
el |
sucre |
a |
la |
tassa |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
pour-
inf
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
sugar(
m
)
|
to
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
cup(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere poured the sugar (into the cup).’ |
Chirag
kašʷi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ʡa̰li-le |
kruškːa-l-i |
pisuk’ |
ka-x-ub |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup-
obl
-
super
|
sugar(
abs
)
|
down
-throw:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
| ‘Ali poured the sugar in the cup.’ |
Czech
dát
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
da-l |
cukr |
do |
sklenic-e |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
put(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
sugar(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
in
|
glass(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr poured the sugar in the glass.’ |
Danish
putte i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
putte-de |
sukker |
i |
kopp-en |
|
pn
|
put-
pst
|
sugar(
n
)
|
in
|
cup(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter poured the sugar.’ |
Dutch
doen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
deed |
suiker |
in |
het |
kopje |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
do.
pst
|
sugar(
c
)
|
in
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
cup(
n
)
|
| ‘Piet poured sugar into the cup.’ |
Eastern Maninka
lábɔ̀n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bára |
súkara` |
lábɔ̀n |
tàbali` |
kàn. |
|
pn
|
prf
|
sugar\
art
|
spill
|
table\
art
|
on
|
| ‘Seku spilled sugar on the table.’ |
English
pour
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
poured |
the |
sugar |
into |
the |
cup. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
valama
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
vala-s |
suhkru-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
pour-
pst
.3
sg
|
sugar-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter poured sugar.’ |
Finnish
kaataa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
kaat-oi |
sokeri-n |
kuppi-in |
|
pn
.
nom
|
pour-
pst
.3
sg
|
sugar-
gen
|
cup-
ill
|
| ‘Pekka poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Forest Enets
bata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
dʲaasa-da |
dʲizi |
mi-ʔ |
bata-bi-za |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
flour-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
cauldron
|
inside-
dat
|
pour_out(
pfv
)-
prf
-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend poured the flour into the bucket’. |
French
verser
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
versé |
du |
sucre |
dans |
la |
casserole |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
pour.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
sugar(
m
)
|
inside
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
saucepan(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul poured sugar into the pan.’ |
| Note: The use of the preposition "de" is triggered by the partitive meaning, not by the argument frame of the verb. |
Georgian
ča-Ø-i-q'r-i-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
č'ika-ši |
šakar-i |
ča-Ø-i-q'ar-a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
glass-
pstp
:
iness
|
sugar-
nom
|
prv
:downward+inward-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-cast-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre poured the sugar into the glass.’ |
German
schütten
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
schütte-t |
Zucker |
in |
die |
Tasse |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
pour-
prs
.3
sg
|
sugar[
acc
.
sg
]
|
in
|
def
.
f
.
acc
.
sg
|
cup[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl pours sugar into the cup.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
pú
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hɛ́ni |
àá |
lɔ̀ɔ |
kwélê |
pú |
ŋwɔ̀ |
kpèle |
kɔɣɔ̂ |
hù |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
prf
|
wine
|
white
|
pour
|
3
sg
.
poss
|
drink
|
cup\
l
|
in
|
| ‘Heni poured some white wine to her cup.’ |
Icari Dargwa
b=iː-ka=b=ix-uj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
čakar |
b=iː-ka=b=ix-ub |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar.
abs
|
n
=together-
on
=
n
=throw:
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Islam poured the sugar.’ |
Irish
doirt
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Dhoirt |
Pól |
an |
siúcra |
isteach |
a’ |
gcupa. |
|
pst
/pour
|
pn
|
def
|
sugar
|
inside
|
def
|
cup
|
| ‘Pól poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Italian
versare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
versato |
lo |
zuccher-o |
in |
una |
tazz-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
pour.
pst
.
ptcp
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
sugar-
sg
.
m
|
in
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
cup-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo poured the sugar into a cup.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
šeker |
b-uš-ib |
šaška-l-ze |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar
|
n
-add.
pfv
-
pret
|
cup-
obl
-
in
|
| ‘Muhammad poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Kalderash Romani
śorəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
śor-ď-a |
zar-o |
ande |
kuć-i |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
pour-
pst
-3
sg
|
sugar-
acc
.
sg
|
in
|
cup-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša poured the sugar into the mug.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| fatima-ji |
šakar |
čaška.ji-ʔ |
a<b>x-nu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar(
abs
)
|
cup-
in
|
<
n
.
sg
>pour-
pst
|
| ‘Fatima poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Karata
t’amaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-l |
kuruška-j-r |
čakar |
t’am-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
mug-
obl
-
lat
|
sugar
|
throw-
pf
|
| ‘Ali poured the sugar into the mug.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
kaq’ara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| petja-l |
č:akar |
kaq’-iv |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar
|
pour.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Petja poured the sugar.’ |
Kazakh
sal
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
qant-tï |
sal-dï |
|
pn
|
sugar-
acc
|
put-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya poured sugar.’ |
Kazym Khanty
pǒnti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
an-λ-a |
sakkar |
pǒn-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
cup-
poss
.3
sg
-
dat
|
sugar
|
put-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Khoekhoe
tsoro
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
dai-i-a |
go |
tsoro |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
milk-3
c
.
sg
.
obl
|
rpst
|
pour
|
| ‘Peter poured the milk.’ |
Khwarshi
j/aha
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| šamil-i |
pisok |
b-ajša |
istakan-ma |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sand(
iv
)
|
iv
-rise\
pst
.
w
|
glass(
v
)-
in
|
| ‘Shamil poured the sugar into the glass.’ |
Kina Rutul
kiɁɨraj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
pisuk’ |
ki-Ɂɨ-r=a-j |
istek’an-e |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar(
nom
)
|
pv
-4.add.
pfv
-
cvb
=be-
pst
|
glass-
in
|
| ‘Rasul poured the sugar.’ |
Kumyk
tökmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
šeker-ni |
tök-d-ü |
čaška-ʁa |
|
pn
|
sugar-
acc
|
pour-
pst
-3
sg
|
cup-
dat
(
r
)
|
| ‘Basir poured the sugar in the cup.’ |
Latin
infundo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (Lateran-us) |
manipl-os |
solv-e-t |
et |
infund-e-t |
iument-is |
horde-a |
lass-is |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
sheaf(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
unbind-
fut
.
ind
-
act
.3
sg
|
and
|
pour-
fut
.
ind
-
act
.3
sg
|
cattle(
n
)-
dat
.
pl
|
barley(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
weary-
dat
.
pl
.
n
|
| ‘(Lateranus) will unbind the sheaves and pour the barley to his weary cattle.’ |
| Note: (Juv. 8, 153) |
Laz
o-bγ-u
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Käzim-i-k |
šeke(r)-i |
gel-Ø-u-bγ-u |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
sugar-
nom
|
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
o
-scatter-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Käzim poured the sugar.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
dào-rù
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ba
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ba |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
bǎ |
táng |
dào-rù |
bēi-zhōng |
|
pn
|
ba
|
sugar
|
pour-into
|
cup-middle
|
| ‘Zhangsan poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
| Note: The status of the "bǎ"-construction is controversial. |
Mano
káá
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| māà |
yíí |
káá |
|
1
sg
.
prf
|
water
|
pour
|
| ‘I have poured water.’ |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-ini |
aq'-ur |
čakar |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pour:
pfv
-
aor
|
sugar
|
| ‘Islam poured the sugar.’ |
Mingrelian
in-Ø-i-rγv-an-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
č'irka-ša |
šankar-(i) |
k-in-Ø-i-rγ-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
glass-
all
|
sugar-(
nom
)
|
aff
-
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-scatter-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ʃafaχ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
ʃafaχ |
et |
ha |
sukar |
|
pn
|
pour[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
def
|
sugar
|
| ‘Pinchas poured the sugar.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
kıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
pisuχ |
kıʔı-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar
|
(
n
)pour.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad poured the sugar.’ |
Nanai
nəə-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
seata-wa |
aleo-či |
nəə-xə-ni |
|
pn
|
sugar-
obl
|
tableware-
dir
|
put-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Nivkh
sid
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
ŋirŋ-dоχ |
sеta |
si-d |
|
pn
|
cup-
dat
/
add
|
sugar
|
put-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
ssussuruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pataħi-de |
čaka |
ssuss-ari |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar
|
pour-
aor
|
| ‘Patahi poured the sugar.’ |
Northern Mansi
tārtǝs
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ɕān’-um |
sākkar |
āni-n |
tārt-ǝs |
|
mother-
poss
.1
sg
|
sugar
|
cup-
lat
|
pour-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘My mother poured sugar into the cup.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
par=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
sаhаr-lǝ |
pаr-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
sugar-
acc
|
immerse-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien poured the sugar.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å strø
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
strød-de |
sukker |
i |
kopp-en |
|
pn
|
pour-
pst
|
sugar
|
in
|
cup-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Polish
wsypać
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Staszek |
wsypa-ł |
cukier |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
pour:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
sugar[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Staszek poured the sugar.’ |
Russian
nasypatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
nasypa-l |
saxar |
v |
čašk-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
pour(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
sugar(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
in
|
cup(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Serbian
staviti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
stavi-o |
šećer |
u |
šolj-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
put-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
sugar.
acc
.
sg
|
in
|
cup-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
ar kiʔɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
ar |
kiʔɨ-r |
šigar |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
in
|
(
n
)pour.
pf
-
aor
|
sugar
|
| ‘Basir poured the sugar.’ |
Shughni
čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Šamil=i |
qand |
ar |
xu |
čīni |
čūd |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
sugar
|
prep
.
down
|
refl
|
cup
|
do.
pst
|
| ‘Shamil poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Skolt Saami
kâʹlvved
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
kõõʹlv-i |
säähhar |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
pour-
pst
.3
sg
|
sugar.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete poured the sugar (into the cup).’ |
Slovak
nasypať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
nasypa-l |
cukor |
do |
pohár-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
put(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
sugar(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
in
|
glass(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter poured the sugar in the glass.’ |
Slovenian
nasuti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
nasu-l |
sladkor |
v |
skodelic-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
pour:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
sugar[
acc
.
sg
]
|
in
|
cup-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
r̂iʂtin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
ʂekir-eke=î |
r̂iʂt-Ø |
|
pn
|
sugar-
def
=3
sg
.
pc
|
pour.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa poured the sugar.’ |
Southern Rutul
kıʔın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
pusux |
kıʔı-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar
|
(
n
)pour.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad poured the sugar.’ |
Spanish
echar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ech-ó |
azúcar |
a |
la |
taza |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
throw-
aor
.3
sg
|
sugar[
sg
.
m
]
|
to
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
cup[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro poured some sugar into the cup.’ |
Standard Arabic
waḍaʕa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
waḍaʕa |
s-sukkar-a |
fī |
l-finǧān-i |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
place.
pf
.3
m
|
def
-sugar-
acc
|
in
|
def
-cup-
gen
|
| ‘Badr poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_ALL.INESS
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ALL.INESS |
| Locus: Y |
| maizer-d |
č'ik-te-isga |
šakär-Ø |
äd-Ø-šid |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup-
all
-
iness
|
sugar-
nom
|
prv
:
dist
.
ver
:
s
-
do
3-scatter
|
| ‘Maizer poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Swedish
att hälla i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
häll-de |
i |
socker |
i |
kopp-en |
|
pn
|
pour-
pst
|
in
|
sugar
|
in
|
cup-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn poured sugar into the cup.’ |
| Note: Phrasal verb (the first i is not a flagging device). |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Nag-salin |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
asukal |
sa |
garapon |
|
av
.
pfv
-pour
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
sugar
|
dat
|
container
|
| ‘Pedro poured the sugar in a container.’ |
Telugu
pōyu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
paṁcadāra |
pōsāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
sugar(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
pour.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen poured the sugar.’ |
Tsakhur
k’yaʔiy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-ee |
k’olee-qha |
šakar |
k’yaʔu |
|
pn
-
erg
|
cup.
obl
-
lat
|
sugar
|
(
n
)pour.
pf
|
| ‘Murad poured the sugar.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
k-aq'-iz/k-alq'-iz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| uršːi-le |
čaj-li-c:e |
pisuk' |
k-aq'-ur |
|
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
tea-
obl
-
inter
(
lat
)
|
sweet
|
down
-pour.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
k-aq'-i / k-alq'-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
čaˤj-li-cːe |
mizi-dix |
k-aq'-ur |
|
boy-
erg
|
tea-
obl
-
inter
(
lat
)
|
sweet-
nmlz
|
down
-pour.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy poured the sugar into the cup.’ |
Turkish
dökmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
bardağ-a |
şeker |
dök-tü |
|
pn
|
glass-
dat
|
sugar
|
pour-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet poured sugar into the glass.’ |
Turoyo
maḥət
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
maḥat-le |
šakar |
b-u |
koso |
|
pn
|
put.
pfv
-
ls
.3
m
|
sugar(
m
)
|
in-
art
.
m
|
cup(
m
)
|
| ‘Gabriyel put the sugar in the cup.’ |
Ulcha
xūlu-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
seata-wa |
čaj=ban |
xūl-xə-ni |
|
father
|
sugar-
acc
|
tea=to
|
pour-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father poured the sugar into the tea.’ |
Uzbek
qo’ymoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
šakar-ni |
qo’y-di |
|
pn
|
sugar-
acc
|
put-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja poured the sugar.’ |
West Central Oromo
nak'a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
sukkaara |
burtʃ'uk'k'oo-tti |
nak'-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
sugar.
abs
|
glass-
loc
|
pour-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa poured sugar into a glass.’ |
Zilo Andi
t’inn.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di |
pisoki |
t’inn.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
sugar[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
pour.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Ali poured the sugar.’ |
