BivalTyp

‘dream (sleeping)’

Argument frame: X (dream) about Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. sleeps) P. dreams about M .
Predicate label Ru: сниться
Argument frame Ru: X -у (сниться) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. снится М .

Abaza aj.pχəz

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
murád zaréma d-l-áj.pχəz-əj-ṭ
pn pn 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io -dream- prs - dcl
‘Murad dreams about Zarema.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) pčʼəhəṗ-ew λeʁʷə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m pŝaŝe-r pčʼəhəṗ-ew j-e-λeʁʷə
guy- obl girl- abs dream- adv 3 sg . erg - dyn -see
‘The guy dreams about the girl.’

Aghul agʷ.a- ʡemk’.e-k-as

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s meʜemed agʷ.a-a ʡemk’.e-k-as
pn - dat pn see. ipf - prs dream- sub / cont - elat
‘Aslan dreams about Muhammad.’

Akhvakh (Northern) miƛ’ƛ’eƛƛi bičunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa madina miƛ’ƛ’e-ƛƛi j-ič-ene gidi
pn - dat pn dream- inter f -find- simul f . cop
‘Patahi dreams about Madina.’

Andi (Zilo) motɬ’i-tɬi ha-ʔ.o-r

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pat’imati-<j>o motɬ’i-tɬi haʔ.o-r marjam
pn - aff < f > dream- inter see. pst - prog pn [ f ][ nom ]
‘Patimat dreams of Mariam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ḥələm

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Aḥmad yəḥlam b=Salwa
pn dream. ipf .3 m in= pn
‘Ahmad dreams about Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ḥ.l.m

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
Shadi biḥlam bi-Reem
pn dream. prs .3 m . sg in- pn
‘Shadi dreams about Reem.’

Arabic (standard) raɁā fī l-manāmi

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un yarā Maryam-a fī manām-i=hi
pn - nom see. ipf .3 m pn - acc in dream- gen = p .3 m . sg
‘Badr dreams about Maryam.’

Archi mikʼir -akːus

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
paša-s marin mikʼir d-akːu-r-ši d-i
pn - dat pn in.the.dream 2-see- ipfv - advz 2-be
‘Pasha dreams about Marina.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic xazə bi xulma

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+avvo yala bi xulm-u xəzy-a-l baxt-u
dem 3. m boy( m ) with dream( m )- p .3 m see. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This guy dreams about his wife.’

Avar maƛ’iɬ bixize

Valency pattern: LOC_NOM
X: LOC
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-da maƛ’i-ɬ marjam j-ix-ule-j j-igo
pn - loc sleep. obl - inter pn f -see- ipf . ptcp - f f - cop
‘Ali dreams about Marjam.’

Azerbaijani yuxuda görmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan yuxu-da Leyla-nı gör-ür
pn sleep- loc pn - acc see- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

Bafut ndzə̂-lɛ̀

Valency pattern: SBJ_mbi7i
X: SBJ
Y: mbi7i
Locus: Y
ndzə̂-lɛ̀ àmbɛ́ mbᵼ́ʔᵼ́ sùù
dream-sleep pn about pn
‘Ambe dreams about Suh.’

Bambara sùgo

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù sùgo-ra Fántà lá
pn dream- pfv . intr pn in
‘Seku dreamt of Fanta.’

Belarusian snicca

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Alies-ju sn-ic-ca Alien-a
pn - dat . sg dream( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl pn - nom . sg
‘Ales dreams about Alena.’

Budugh neq'ircik irqhi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-ız neq'ir-cik leyla' ürqhü-rü
pn - dat dream- obl . sub pn ( a ) a .see. ipf - prs
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

Bulgarian сънувам

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър сънува Мария
pn see_in_dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn
‘Petar dreams about Maria.’

Catalan somiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_amb
X: SBJ
Y: amb
Locus: Y
en Pere somi-a amb la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) dream-3 sg . prs . ind with def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere dreams about Maria.’

Chechen ghienahw go

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Madina-na Islam ghienahw go
pn - dat pn . abs dream. loc see. prs
‘Madina dreams about Islam.’

Chinese (Mandarin) mèng-jiàn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān mèng-jiàn le Lǐsì
pn dream-see pfv pn
‘Zhangsan dreams about Lisi.’

Chirag majar ej

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i aˤ-la datːe majar ag-ur
pn - obl - super you. sg - gen father( abs ) dream go: pf - aor .3
‘Ali had a dream about your father.’

Croatian sanjati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o sanja Marij-u
pn - nom . sg see_in_dream. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Pero dreams about Marija.’

Czech zdát se

Valency pattern: DAT_oLOC
X: DAT
Y: oLOC
Locus: XY
Petr-ovi se zdá o Michal-ovi
pn ( m )- dat . sg refl . acc dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Petr dreams about Michal.’

Danish drømme

Valency pattern: SBJ_om
X: SBJ
Y: om
Locus: Y
Peter drømme-r om Marie
pn dream- prs about pn
‘Peter dreams about Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) mižer-ka-B-ircː-araj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam Madina-li-j mižer-k-eːrcː-ar
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super ( lat ) dream- down -stand_up. ipfv - prs . hab
‘Madina dreams about Islam.’

Dargwa (Kadar) mue-l-ze ke-CL-a-es / ki-CL-i-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li rasul mue-l-ze ke-0-jʔ-u
pn - erg pn dream- obl - in on - m -see. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad dreams about Rasul.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) mižerkic:ara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM
X: DATLAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petja-j Maša mižer-karic:-ur
pn - datlat pn dream- f .rise. pf - aor (3)
‘Petja dreams about Masha.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
gal-i aba mužeta-j d-icː-ul=saj
boy- dat mother dream. pl - dat npl -get. pfv - pret = cop . m (3)
‘The boy dreamed his mother.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) merlicːe-b če-b-až-iz/če-b-iž-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
uršːi-z neš mer-li-cːe-r če-r-až-ib
boy- dat mother dream- obl - inter - f . ess on - f -see. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy has dreamed about his mother.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) muger b-ic:-i / b-ilc:-i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
durħaˤ-j tatːi muger w-ic:-ur
boy- dat father dream m -appear. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy has dreamed about his father.’

Dutch dromen

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Marie droom-t over Piet
pn ( c ) dream-3 sg about pn ( c )
‘Marie dreams about Piet.’

Enets (Forest) dʲukoneda mɔdee

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ dʲu-kone-da ese-da mɔdee-ubi
i man- nom . sg .1 sg dream- loc . sg - obl . sg .3 sg father- obl . sg .3 sg see( ipfv )- hab .3 sg . s
‘My friend dreams about his father’.

English dream

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter dreams about Mary.

Estonian und nägema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter näe-b Mareti-st und
pn . sg . nom see- prs .3 sg pn - ela dream. sg . part
‘Peeter dreams about Maret.’

Finnish nähdä unta

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pekka näk-ee un-ta Mati-sta
pn . nom see- prs .3 sg dream- part pn - ela
‘Pekka dreams about Matti.’

French rêver

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul rêve de Marie
pn ( m ) dream. prs .3 sg of pn ( f )
‘Paul dreams about Marie.’

Gban yà̰ kṵ̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye
X: SBJ
Y: ye
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ∅ yà̰ kṵ̀ Mɔ̰̈bì yɛ̋
pn 3 sg dream ipfv \catch pn with
‘Zan dreams about Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-e-sizmr-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s mašo-Ø Ø-e-sizmr-eb-a
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : r -dream- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre dreams about Masho.’

German träumen

Valency pattern: NOM_vonDAT
X: NOM
Y: vonDAT
Locus: Y
Karl träum-t von Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] dream- prs .3 sg of pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl dreams about Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) χolem-et

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
Pinχas χolem al Mirjam
pn dream[ ptcp . sg . m ] on pn
‘Pinchas dreams about Miriam.’

Hindi sapne dekhnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLke.bare.me
X: ERG
Y: OBLke.bare.me
Locus: Y
Mīnakṣī Pratīk ke bāre meṁ sapne dekh-t-ī hɛ
pn ( f ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl adjz . m . sg . obl about in dream( m ). pl . dir see- ipfv - f prs .3 sg
‘Meenakshi dreams about Prateek.’

Indonesian (standard) ber-mimpi

Valency pattern: SBJ_tentang
X: SBJ
Y: tentang
Locus: Y
Ahmad ber-mimpi tentang Siti
pn ber -dream about pn
‘Ahmad dreams about Miriam.’

Irish taibhrigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
X: SBJ
Y: mar.gheall.ar
Locus: Y
Tá Máire ag taibhreamh mar_gheall_air Peter.
be. prs pn at dream. nmlz with.respect.to pn
‘Pól dreams about Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Italian sognare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo sogn-a Maria
pn ( m ) dream-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Leo dreams of Maria.’

Karata maƛ’ƛ’u-ƛi haʔaɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕalja maƛ’ƛ’u-ƛi marjam haʔ-indja
pn . dat dream- inter pn see- ipf
‘Ali dreams about Marjam.’

Kazakh tüs-і-ne kіr

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa Maša tüs-і-ne kіr-edі
pn - dat pn dream- poss 3- dat enter- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya dreams about Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) wǫλmiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ wǫλmi-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg see_in_dream- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǁhapo

Valency pattern: SBJ_xa
X: SBJ
Y: xa
Locus: Y
Petru-b ge Maria-s xa ra ǁhapo
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg by ipfv dream
‘Peter dreams about Maria.’

Khwarshi małła-ł ak'a

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
šamil małła-ł ak'a-ha išate-l
pn dream( v )- inter [ i ]go- prs mother. o - dat
‘Shamil’s mother dreams about him.’

Kpelle (Guinean) hḭ̀îŋ ɓó

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Hèhee káa hḭ̀ḭ́ŋ mò-í à Hɛ́ni
pn cop dream implement- inf with pn
‘Hehee is dreaming of Heni.’

Kryz (Alik) axuraʕar ipqhayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz leyla axur-aʕar iurqhvar-yu
pn - dat pn dream- inel f .see. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan dreams about Leyla.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) naq'ira ipqhac

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-iz naq'ir-a leyla ipqho-du
pn - dat sleep. obl - iness pn f .see. pf - aor . f
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’

Kryz (proper) ipqhac

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
aslan-is leyla neq'iraş-kir
pn - dat pn dream. obl - subel f .see. pf - perf . f
‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’
Note: WRONG, check

Kumyk tüšünde görmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat musa-nɨ tüš-ün-de gör-e
pn pn - acc dream-3 sg - loc see-3 sg
‘Patimat dreams about Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) xewin dîtin

Valency pattern: SBJ.TR_be.we
X: SBJ.TR
Y: be.we
Locus: Y
Hîwa xewin be Perî-î-we de-bîn-ê
pn dream to pn - obl -to ind -see. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa dreams about Pari.’
Note: In the past tense, a pronominal clitic would be used to index the X argument.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) xewn-ên xwe de dîtin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam jin-ê di xewn-ên xwe de di-bîn-e
man woman- obl . f in dream- ez . pl self inside prs -see. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man dreams about the woman.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Maħammad-lu-n mak'ra kːak-la-j ur Rasul
pn - obl - dat asleep see- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn
‘Mohammad dreams about Ashura.’

Latin somnio

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
proxim-a noct-e somnia-v-it speci-em Fortun-ae
previous- abl . sg . f night( f )- abl . sg dream- prf - ind . act .3 sg face( f )- acc . sg pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Previous night he dreamt of Fortuna’s face.’
Note: (Suet. Gal. 18, 2)

Laz izmoǯe-s o-ʒir-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k izmoǯe-s Fatma-Ø Ø-ʒi(r)-um-s
pn - b - erg dream- dat pn - nom do 3-see- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim sees Fatma in his dream(s).’

Lezgian (Yargun) axvaraa akkvan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Sahib-a-z Lale akkva-zva axvar-aa
pn - obl - dat pn see. ipfv - prs sleep- inel
‎‎‎‘Sahib dreams about Lale.’

Macedonian se sonuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì se sonuva na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat refl dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar dreams about Maja.’

Maninka (Eastern) sìbo

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù yé sìbo-la Fántà la.
pn be dream- inf . la pn at
‘Seku dreamed of Fanta.’

Mano mɛ̀ŋ̀ zɛ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
lɛ́ɛ̀ mɛ̀ŋ̀ zɛ̄ wìì ká
3 sg . ipfv dream kill: ipfv meat with
‘S/he dreams about meat.’
Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above).

Mansi (Northern) ulmajas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am ulmaj-as-um am-ki iškōla-m
1 sg dream- pst -1 sg 1 sg - emph school- poss .1 sg
‘I dreamt about my school.’

Mehweb muʔerlize- gʷes

Valency pattern: CONT.LAT_NOM
X: CONT.LAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Madina muʔer-li-ze-w irgʷ-an Islam-ize
pn dream- obl - cont - m ( ess ) see: ipfv - hab pn - cont ( lat )
‘Islam dreams about Madina.’

Mingrelian gi-Ø-a-ʒir-u(n)-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø gi-Ø-a-ʒir-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat pn - nom prv - io 3- ver : r -see- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo dreams about Anuchia.’

Nanai tolkiči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa tolki.či-ni
pn pn - obl dream. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dreams about Masha.’

Nivkh tʰəid

Valency pattern: DAT/ADD_SBJ
X: DAT/ADD
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ tʰəi-d
pn pn - dat / add dream- ind
‘Ajsana dreams about Kaskazik.’

Norwegian Bokmål å drømme

Valency pattern: SBJ_om
X: SBJ
Y: om
Locus: Y
Per drømme-r om Kari
pn dream- prs about pn
‘Per dreams about Kari.’

Oromo (West Central) abdʒata

Valency pattern: NOM_waa7eeGEN
X: NOM
Y: waa7eeGEN
Locus: Y
obsaa-n waaʔee boontuu abdʒat-a
pn - nom about pn . gen dream-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa deams about Bontu.’

Persian xāb dīdan

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ahmad xāb-e mariam-rā mī-bīn-ad
pn dream- izaf pn - acc cont -see. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad dreams about Mariam.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Polish śnić się

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Roman-owi śni się Matk-a Bosk-a
pn - dat . sg dream: ipfv . prs .3 sg refl mother- nom . sg god’s- f . nom . sg
‘Roman dreams about Virgin Mary.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) sonhar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro sonh-a com Maria
pn ( m ) dream-3 sg . prs with pn ( f )
‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’

Romani (Kalderash) sykaďol ando suno

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ə Marijk-a sykaďo-l le Murš-askə and-o sun-o
art . f . dir . sg pn - nom . sg appear- prs .3 sg art . m . obl pn - dat . sg in- art . m . dir . sg dream- nom . sg
‘Murša dreams about Marijka.’

Russian snitʹsja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet-e sn-it-sja Maš-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg see_in_a_dream( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl pn ( f )- nom . sg
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) neq’ʲe ʁarurgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-u-s neq’ʲ-e ʁa-ru-rga-r=a asijet
pn - obl - dat dream. obl - in pv -2-see. ipfv - cvb =be pn ( nom )
‘Rasul dreams about Asijat.’

Rutul (Mukhad) neq'ixde hagun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s majram neq'i-xde hargva-ra
pn - obl - dat pn sleep. obl - sub f .see. ipf - hab
‘Murad dreams about Majram.’

Rutul (Shinaz) neq'j-a hagu-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs neq'j-a hargva-r a peri
pn - dat dream. obl - super f .see. ipf - simul exist pn
‘Basir dreams about Peri.’

Rutul (Southern) neq'ixhde ğagun

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s ayten neq'ixhde ğaragva-r
pn - obl - dat pn in_dreams f .see. ipf - prs
‘Murad dreams about Ayten.’

Saami (Skolt) niõǥǥeed

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Mäʹrjj niõǥǥad Peâtt-ast
pn . sg . nom dream. prs .3 sg pn - sg . loc
‘Maria dreams about Pete’

Serbian sanjati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sanja Marij-u
pn . nom . sg see_in_dream. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar dreams about Maria.’

Shughni xūδm-and wīntow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim Lola xu xūδm-and wīn-t
pn pn refl dream- loc see-3 sg
‘Azim dreams about Lola.’

Slovak snívať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter sníva o Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about pn ( f )- loc . sg
‘Peter dreams about Maria.’

Slovenian sanjati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je sanja-l Devic-o Marij-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg dream: ipfv - lpt [ m . sg ] virgin- acc . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Peter dreams about Virgin Mary.’

Spanish soñar

Valency pattern: SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Pedro sueñ-a con María
pn [ sg . m ] dream- prs .3 sg with pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’

Svan x-eː-cn-äw (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lile-Ø x-eː-cn-äw
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : r -dream- sm
‘Maizer dreams about Lile.’

Swedish att drömma

Valency pattern: SBJ_om
X: SBJ
Y: om
Locus: Y
Maja drömm-er om Björn
pn dream- prs about pn
‘Maja dreams about Björn.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
fatima.ji-z ʁul nimk’.u-k-ǯi raˁ>b>q-uˁra
pn - dat village( abs ) dream- cont - dir < n . sg >see- prs
‘Fatima dreams about the village’.

Tagalog mapanaginipan

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
na-pa~panaginip-an ni Pedro si Maria
pot . ipfv - ipfv ~dream- pv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro dreams about Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND.

Telugu kalalu kanu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci
X: NOM
Y: OBLgurinci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ nidra-lō madhuri guriṁci kala-lu kaṁtunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom sleep( n ). sg . obl - loc pn ( f ). sg . obl about dream( n )- pl . nom perceive. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen dreams about Madhuri.’

Tsakhur nik’e q:adžiy

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-k’le nik’e xunašše q:ajdže
pn - obl - aff dream. in wife f .see. ipf
‘Murad dreams about his wife.’

Tswana lora

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ke-lor-il-e Ø-mme
s i :1 sg -dream- prf - fv sg -mother(1).adp i :1 sg
‘I dreamed about my mother.’

Turkish rüyasında görmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet rüya-sı-nda Filiz-i gör-üyor
pn dream- p .3- loc pn - acc see- prs
‘Mehmet dreams about Filiz.’

Turoyo ḥoləm

Valency pattern: SBJ_m
X: SBJ
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-ḥoləm me Maryam
pn prs -dream. ipfv .3 m from pn
‘Gabriyel dreams about Maryam’.

Twi so daeε

Valency pattern: SBJ_ho
X: SBJ
Y: ho
Locus: Y
Kofi so nana ho daeε
pn reach grandfather inner_self dream
‘Kofi dreams about grandfather.’
Note: The word "ho" functions as a nominal head. Since it is grammaticalized and appears in combinations with specific verbs, it is tentatively interpreted as an argument-encoding device.

Udmurt vötani̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a Maša-jez vöta-z
pn . nom pn - acc dream_about- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dreamed of Masha.’

Ukrainian snytysja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Marij-i sn-yt’-sja Petr-o
pn ( f )- dat . sg see_in_a_dream( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl pn ( m )- nom . sg
‘Mariya dreams about Petro.’

Ulcha tolčiči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
bi əj piktə-wə sup tolči-č-i-ji
i this child- acc all_the_time dream- iter - prs -3 sg
‘I dream about this boy all the time.’

Uzbek tušiga kirmoq

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-niŋ tuš-i-ga Maša kir-di
pn - gen dream- poss .3 sg - dat pn enter- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’
Note: The experiencer NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent.

Wolof gént

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
biig gént naa sama yaay
last.night dream prf .s i :1 sg poss :1 sg mother( j )
‘Last night I dreamed about my mother.’

Yukaghir (Northern) nuŋnīnˈ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ nuŋnī-nˈ-mǝ-lǝ
pn pn dream- prop - tr - of .3. sg
‘Semien dreams about Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
oxɨr hɛwn-e xo=dɛ dɛw-a xo vin-ɛn-o
pn dream- ez . m refl = loc village- ez . f refl see. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir dreams about his village.’