‘dream (sleeping)’
Argument frame: |
X
(dream) about
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. sleeps)
P.
dreams about
M
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
сниться
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
-у (сниться)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
снится
М
.
|
Abaza
aj.pχəz
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
X: ABS |
Y: IO |
Locus: Y |
murád |
zaréma |
d-l-áj.pχəz-əj-ṭ |
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-dream-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Murad dreams about Zarema.’ |
Adyghe
pč̣ʼəhew λeʁʷə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
č̣ʼale-m |
pŝaŝe-r |
pčʼəhəṗ-ew |
j-e-λeʁʷə |
парень-
obl
|
девушка-
abs
|
сон-
adv
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-видеть
|
‘Девушка снится парню.’ |
Aghul
agʷ.a- ʡemk’.e-k-as
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
aslan.a-s |
meʜemed |
agʷ.a-a |
ʡemk’.e-k-as |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
see.
ipf
-
prs
|
dream-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
‘Aslan dreams about Muhammad.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
xazə bi xulma
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
+avvo |
yala |
bi |
xulm-u |
xəzy-a-l |
baxt-u |
dem
3.
m
|
boy(
m
)
|
with
|
dream(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
see.
pst
-
ss
.3
f
-
ls
.3
m
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
‘This guy dreams about his wife.’ |
Bambara
sùgo
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
sùgo-ra |
Fántà |
lá |
pn
|
dream-
pfv
.
intr
|
pn
|
in
|
‘Seku dreamt of Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
sonhar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
X: SBJ |
Y: com |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
sonh-a |
com |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
dream-3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’ |
Catalan
somiar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
X: SBJ |
Y: amb |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
somi-a |
amb |
la |
Maria |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
dream-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Pere dreams about Maria.’ |
Czech
zdát se
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: oLOC |
Locus: Y |
Petr-ovi |
se |
zdá |
o |
Michal-ovi |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
refl
.
acc
|
dream(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
‘Petr dreams about Michal.’ |
Danish
drømme
Valency pattern:
SBJ_om
|
X: SBJ |
Y: om |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
drømme-r |
om |
Marie |
pn
|
dream-
prs
|
about
|
pn
|
‘Peter dreams about Marie.’ |
Dutch
dromen
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
X: SBJ |
Y: over |
Locus: Y |
Marie |
droom-t |
over |
Piet |
pn
(
c
)
|
dream-3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
c
)
|
‘Marie dreams about Piet.’ |
Eastern Maninka
sìbo
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
yé |
sìbo-la |
Fántà |
la. |
pn
|
be
|
dream-
inf
.
la
|
pn
|
at
|
‘Seku dreamed of Fanta.’ |
English
dream
Valency pattern:
SBJ_about
|
X: SBJ |
Y: about |
Locus: Y |
Estonian
und nägema
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
X: NOM |
Y: ELA |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
näe-b |
Mareti-st |
und |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
see-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
ela
|
dream.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter dreams about Maret.’ |
Finnish
nähdä unta
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
X: NOM |
Y: ELA |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
näk-ee |
un-ta |
Mati-sta |
pn
.
nom
|
see-
prs
.3
sg
|
dream-
part
|
pn
-
ela
|
‘Pekka dreams about Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲukoneda mɔdee
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
dʲu-kone-da |
ese-da |
mɔdee-ubi |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
dream-
loc
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
father-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
see(
ipfv
)-
hab
.3
sg
.
s
|
‘My friend dreams about his father’. |
French
rêver
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
X: SBJ |
Y: de |
Locus: Y |
Paul |
rêve |
de |
Marie |
pn
(
m
)
|
dream.
prs
.3
sg
|
of
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Paul dreams about Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-sizmr-eb-a (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
p'et're-s |
mašo-Ø |
Ø-e-sizmr-eb-a |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-dream-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Petre dreams about Masho.’ |
German
träumen
Valency pattern:
NOM_vonDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: vonDAT |
Locus: Y |
Karl |
träum-t |
von |
Marie |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
dream-
prs
.3
sg
|
of
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl dreams about Marie.’ |
Irish
taibhrigh
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mar.gheall.ar |
Locus: Y |
Tá |
Máire |
ag |
taibhreamh |
mar_gheall_air |
Peter. |
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
dream.
nmlz
|
with.respect.to
|
pn
|
‘Pól dreams about Máire.’ |
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
sognare
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
sogn-a |
Maria |
pn
(
m
)
|
dream-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
‘Leo is dreaming of Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
sykaďol ando suno
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ə |
Marijk-a |
sykaďo-l |
le |
Murš-askə |
and-o |
sun-o |
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
appear-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
m
.
obl
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
in-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
dream-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Murša dreams about Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
tüs-і-ne kіr
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-ɣa |
Maša |
tüs-і-ne |
kіr-edі |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
dream-
poss
3-
dat
|
enter-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya dreams about Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǫλmiti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-ǝλ |
wǫλmi-s |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
see_in_dream-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
šamil |
małła-ł |
ak'a-ha |
išate-l |
pn
|
сон(
v
)-
inter
|
[
i
]идти-
prs
|
мать.
o
-
dat
|
‘Шамиль снится матери.’ |
Note: Букв. Шамиль приходит во сне матери. |
Kina Rutul
neq’ʲe ʁarurgara
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
rasul-u-s |
neq’ʲ-e |
ʁa-ru-rga-r=a |
asijet |
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
dream.
obl
-
in
|
pv
-2-see.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
‘Rasul dreams about Asijat.’ |
Latin
somnio
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
proxim-a |
noct-e |
somnia-v-it |
speci-em |
Fortun-ae |
previous-
abl
.
sg
.
f
|
night(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
dream-
prf
-
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
face(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Previous night he dreamt of Fortuna’s face.’ |
Note: (Suet. Gal. 18, 2) |
Mandarin Chinese
mèng-jiàn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
mèng-jiàn |
le |
Lǐsì |
pn
|
dream-see
|
pfv
|
pn
|
‘Zhangsan dreams about Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-sizmar-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_ERG
|
X: DAT |
Y: ERG |
Locus: X |
čelo-s |
anučia-Ø |
Ø-o-sizmar-u(n)-Ø. |
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-dream-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo dreams about Anuchia.’ |
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
χolem-et
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
χolem |
al |
Mirjam |
pn
|
dream[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
on
|
pn
|
‘Pinchas dreams about Miriam.’ |
Nanai
tolkiči-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
Maša-wa |
tolki.či-ni |
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
dream.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia dreams about Masha.’ |
Nivkh
tʰəid
Valency pattern:
DAT/ADD_SBJ
|
X: DAT/ADD |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Kaskazik |
Ajsana-rоχ |
tʰəi-d |
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
add
|
dream-
ind
|
‘Ajsana dreams about Kaskazik.’ |
Northern Mansi
ulmajas
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
am |
ulmaj-as-um |
am-ki |
iškōla-m |
1
sg
|
dream-
pst
-1
sg
|
1
sg
-
emph
|
school-
poss
.1
sg
|
‘I dreamt about my school.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
nуŋnīnˈ=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ |
nuŋnī-nˈ-mǝ-lǝ |
pn
|
pn
|
dream-
prop
-
tr
-
of
.3.
sg
|
‘Semien dreams about Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å drømme
Valency pattern:
SBJ_om
|
X: SBJ |
Y: om |
Locus: Y |
Per |
drømme-r |
om |
Kari |
pn
|
dream-
prs
|
about
|
pn
|
‘Per dreams about Kari.’ |
Polish
śnić się
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Roman-owi |
śni |
się |
Matk-a |
Bosk-a |
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
dream:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
mother-
nom
.
sg
|
god’s-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
‘Roman dreams about Virgin Mary.’ |
Russian
snitʹsja
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Pet-e |
sn-it-sja |
Maš-a |
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
see_in_a_dream(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’ |
Serbian
sanjati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
sanja |
Marij-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
see_in_dream.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar dreams about Maria.’ |
Shughni
xūδm-and wīntow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Azim |
Lola |
xu |
xūδm-and |
wīn-t |
pn
|
pn
|
refl
|
dream-
loc
|
see-3
sg
|
‘Azim dreams about Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
niõǥǥeed
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
Mäʹrjj |
niõǥǥad |
Peâtt-ast |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
dream.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
loc
|
‘Maria dreams about Pete’ |
Slovak
snívať
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: oLOC |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
sníva |
o |
Mári-i |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
dream(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
|
‘Peter dreams about Maria.’ |
Slovenian
sanjati
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
sanja-l |
Devic-o |
Marij-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
dream:
ipfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
virgin-
acc
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter dreams about Virgin Mary.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
xewin dîtin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be.we
|
X: SBJ |
Y: be.we |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
xewn |
be |
Perî-î-we |
de-bîn-ê |
pn
|
dream
|
to
|
pn
-
obl
-to
|
ind
-see.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa dreams about Pari.’ |
Spanish
soñar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
X: SBJ |
Y: con |
Locus: Y |
Pedro |
sueñ-a |
con |
María |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
dream-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’ |
Swedish
att drömma
Valency pattern:
SBJ_om
|
X: SBJ |
Y: om |
Locus: Y |
Maja |
drömm-er |
om |
Björn |
pn
|
dream-
prs
|
about
|
pn
|
‘Maja dreams about Björn.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
Na-pa~panaginip-an |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Maria |
potpv
.
ipfv
~dream-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
‘Pedro dreams about Maria.’ |
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
kalalu kanu
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLgurinci
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLgurinci |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
nidra-lō |
madhuri |
guriṁci |
kala-lu |
kaṁtunnāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
sleep(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
loc
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
about
|
dream(
n
)-
pl
.
nom
|
perceive.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen dreams about Madhuri.’ |
Turkish
rüyasında görmek
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
rüya-sı-nda |
Filiz-i |
gör-üyor |
pn
|
dream-
p
.3-
loc
|
pn
-
acc
|
see-
prs
|
‘Mehmet dreams about Filiz.’ |
Ulcha
tolčiči-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
bi |
əj |
piktə-wə |
sup |
tolči-č-i-ji |
i
|
this
|
child-
acc
|
all_the_time
|
dream-
iter
-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘I dream about this boy all the time.’ |
Uzbek
tušiga kirmoq
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
X: GEN |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
Petya-niŋ |
tuš-i-ga |
Maša |
kir-di |
pn
-
gen
|
dream-
poss
.3
sg
-
dat
|
pn
|
enter-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’ |
Note: The experiencer NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent. |
West Central Oromo
abdʒata
Valency pattern:
NOM_waa7eeGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: waa7eeGEN |
Locus: Y |
obsaa-n |
waaʔee |
boontuu |
abdʒat-a |
pn
-
nom
|
about
|
pn
.
gen
|
dream-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘Obsa deams about Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
motɬ’i-tɬi ha-ʔ.o-r
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
X: AFF |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pat’imati-<j>o |
motɬ’i-tɬi |
haʔ.o-r |
marjam |
pn
-
aff
<
f
>
|
dream-
inter
|
see.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
‘Patimat dreams of Mariam.’ |