‘dream (sleeping)’
| Argument frame: |
X
(dream) about
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. sleeps)
P.
dreams about
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
сниться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
-у (сниться)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
снится
М
.
|
Abaza
aj.pχəz
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| murád |
zaréma |
d-l-áj.pχəz-əj-ṭ |
|
pn
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-dream-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad dreams about Zarema.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
pčʼəhəṗ-ew λeʁʷə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
pŝaŝe-r |
pčʼəhəṗ-ew |
j-e-λeʁʷə |
|
guy-
obl
|
girl-
abs
|
dream-
adv
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-see
|
| ‘The guy dreams about the girl.’ |
Aghul
agʷ.a- ʡemk’.e-k-as
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s |
meʜemed |
agʷ.a-a |
ʡemk’.e-k-as |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
see.
ipf
-
prs
|
dream-
sub
/
cont
-
elat
|
| ‘Aslan dreams about Muhammad.’ |
Alik Kryz
axuraʕar itqhayc
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| terlan-iz |
leyla |
axur-aʕar |
iurqhvar-yu |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
dream-
inel
|
f
.see.
ipfv
-
prs
.
f
|
| ‘Terlan dreams about Leyla.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| paša-s |
marin |
mikʼir |
d-akːu-r-ši |
d-i |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
in.the.dream
|
2-see-
ipfv
-
cvb
.
ipfv
|
2-be
|
| ‘Pasha dreams about Marina.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
xazə bi xulma
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| +avvo |
yala |
bi |
xulm-u |
xəzy-a-l |
baxt-u |
|
dem
3.
m
|
boy(
m
)
|
with
|
dream(
m
)-
p
.3
m
|
see.
pst
-
ss
.3
f
-
ls
.3
m
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘This guy dreams about his wife.’ |
Avar
maƛ’iɬ bixize
|
Valency pattern:
LOC_NOM
|
| X: LOC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕali-da |
maƛ’i-ɬ |
marjam |
j-ix-ule-j |
j-igo |
|
pn
-
loc
|
sleep.
obl
-
inter
|
pn
|
f
-see-
ipf
.
ptcp
-
f
|
f
-
cop
|
| ‘Ali dreams about Marjam.’ |
Azerbaijani
yuxuda görmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
yuxu-da |
Leyla-nı |
gör-ür |
|
pn
|
sleep-
loc
|
pn
-
acc
|
see-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan dreams about Leyla.’ |
Bambara
sùgo
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
sùgo-ra |
Fántà |
lá |
|
pn
|
dream-
pfv
.
intr
|
pn
|
in
|
| ‘Seku dreamt of Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
sonhar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
sonh-a |
com |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
dream-3
sg
.
prs
|
with
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’ |
Catalan
somiar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_amb
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: amb |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
somi-a |
amb |
la |
Maria |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
dream-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
with
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere dreams about Maria.’ |
Chirag
majar ej
|
Valency pattern:
SUPER_ABS
|
| X: SUPER |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| ʡa̰li-l-i |
aˤ-la |
datːe |
majar |
ag-ur |
|
pn
-
obl
-
super
|
you.
sg
-
gen
|
father(
abs
)
|
dream
|
go:
pf
-
aor
.3
|
| ‘Ali had a dream about your father.’ |
Czech
zdát se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr-ovi |
se |
zdá |
o |
Michal-ovi |
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
refl
.
acc
|
dream(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr dreams about Michal.’ |
Danish
drømme
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_om
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: om |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
drømme-r |
om |
Marie |
|
pn
|
dream-
prs
|
about
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter dreams about Marie.’ |
Dutch
dromen
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Marie |
droom-t |
over |
Piet |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
dream-3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
c
)
|
| ‘Marie dreams about Piet.’ |
Eastern Maninka
sìbo
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
yé |
sìbo-la |
Fántà |
la. |
|
pn
|
be
|
dream-
inf
.
la
|
pn
|
at
|
| ‘Seku dreamed of Fanta.’ |
English
dream
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_about
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: about |
| Locus: Y |
Estonian
und nägema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
näe-b |
Mareti-st |
und |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
see-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
ela
|
dream.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter dreams about Maret.’ |
Finnish
nähdä unta
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
näk-ee |
un-ta |
Mati-sta |
|
pn
.
nom
|
see-
prs
.3
sg
|
dream-
part
|
pn
-
ela
|
| ‘Pekka dreams about Matti.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲukoneda mɔdee
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
dʲu-kone-da |
ese-da |
mɔdee-ubi |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
dream-
loc
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
father-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
see(
ipfv
)-
hab
.3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend dreams about his father’. |
French
rêver
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
rêve |
de |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
dream.
prs
.3
sg
|
of
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul dreams about Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-sizmr-eb-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
mašo-Ø |
Ø-e-sizmr-eb-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-dream-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre dreams about Masho.’ |
German
träumen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_vonDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: vonDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
träum-t |
von |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
dream-
prs
.3
sg
|
of
|
pn
[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl dreams about Marie.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
hḭ̀îŋ ɓó
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: a |
| Locus: Y |
| Hèhee |
káa |
hḭ̀ḭ́ŋ |
mò-í |
à |
Hɛ́ni |
|
pn
|
cop
|
dream
|
implement-
inf
|
with
|
pn
|
| ‘Hehee is dreaming of Heni.’ |
Icari Dargwa
mižer-k-eːrcː-araj
|
Valency pattern:
SUPLAT_ABS
|
| X: SUPLAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| Islam |
Madina-lij |
mižer-k-eːrcː-ar |
|
pn
.
abs
|
pn
-
suplat
|
dream-
down
-become:
ipf
-
hab
|
| ‘Madina dreams about Islam.’ |
Irish
taibhrigh
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mar.gheall.ar |
| Locus: Y |
| Tá |
Máire |
ag |
taibhreamh |
mar_gheall_air |
Peter. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
dream.
nmlz
|
with.respect.to
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól dreams about Máire.’ |
| Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
sognare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
sogn-a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
dream-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo is dreaming of Maria.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
rasul |
mue-l-ze |
ke-0-jʔ-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pn
|
dream-
obl
-
in
|
on
-
m
-see.
ipfv
-
th
|
| ‘Muhammad dreams about Rasul.’ |
Kalderash Romani
sykaďol ando suno
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ə |
Marijk-a |
sykaďo-l |
le |
Murš-askə |
and-o |
sun-o |
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
appear-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
m
.
obl
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
in-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
dream-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša dreams about Marijka.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| fatima.ji-z |
ʁul |
nimk’.u-k-ǯi |
raˁ>b>q-uˁra |
|
pn
-
dat
|
village(
abs
)
|
dream-
cont
-
dir
|
<
n
.
sg
>see-
prs
|
| ‘Fatima dreams about the village’. |
Karata
maƛ’ƛ’u-ƛi haʔaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ʕalja |
maƛ’ƛ’u-ƛi |
marjam |
haʔ-indja |
|
pn
.
dat
|
dream-
inter
|
pn
|
see-
ipf
|
| ‘Ali dreams about Marjam.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
miržerkic:ara
|
Valency pattern:
DATLAT_NOM
|
| X: DATLAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| petja-j |
maša |
mižer-karic:-ur |
|
pn
-
datlat
|
pn
|
dream-
f
.rise.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Petja dreams about Masha.’ |
Kazakh
tüs-і-ne kіr
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-ɣa |
Maša |
tüs-і-ne |
kіr-edі |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
dream-
poss
3-
dat
|
enter-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya dreams about Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǫλmiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-ǝλ |
wǫλmi-s |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
see_in_dream-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja dreams about Maša.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǁhapo
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_xa
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: xa |
| Locus: Y |
| Petru-b |
ge |
Maria-s-a |
xa |
ra |
ǁhapo |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
by
|
ipfv
|
dream
|
| ‘Peter dreams about Maria.’ |
Khwarshi
małła-ł ak'a
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| šamil |
małła-ł |
ak'a-ha |
išate-l |
|
pn
|
dream(
v
)-
inter
|
[
i
]go-
prs
|
mother.
o
-
dat
|
| ‘Shamil’s mother dreams about him.’ |
Kina Rutul
neq’ʲe ʁarurgara
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-u-s |
neq’ʲ-e |
ʁa-ru-rga-r=a |
asijet |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
dream.
obl
-
in
|
pv
-2-see.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
| ‘Rasul dreams about Asijat.’ |
Kumyk
tüšünde görmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| patimat |
musa-nɨ |
tüš-ün-de |
gör-e |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
dream-3
sg
-
loc
|
see-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat dreams about Musa.’ |
Latin
somnio
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| proxim-a |
noct-e |
somnia-v-it |
speci-em |
Fortun-ae |
|
previous-
abl
.
sg
.
f
|
night(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
dream-
prf
-
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
face(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Previous night he dreamt of Fortuna’s face.’ |
| Note: (Suet. Gal. 18, 2) |
Laz
izmoǯe-s o-ʒir-u
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i-k |
izmoǯe-s |
Fatma-Ø |
Ø-ʒi(r)-um-s |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
dream-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
do
3-see-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Käzim sees Fatma in his dream(s).’ |
Mandarin Chinese
mèng-jiàn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
mèng-jiàn |
le |
Lǐsì |
|
pn
|
dream-see
|
pfv
|
pn
|
| ‘Zhangsan dreams about Lisi.’ |
Mano
mɛ̀ŋ̀ zɛ̄
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ka
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ka |
| Locus: Y |
| lɛ́ɛ̀ |
mɛ̀ŋ̀ |
zɛ̄ |
wìì |
ká |
|
3
sg
.
ipfv
|
dream
|
kill:
ipfv
|
meat
|
with
|
| ‘S/he dreams about meat.’ |
| Note: The Mano sentence contains a complex predicate, which includes a nominal and a verbal part (see Grammar notes above). |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
CONT.LAT_NOM
|
| X: CONT.LAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Islam |
muʔer-li-ze-w |
irgʷ-an |
Madina-ze |
|
pn
|
dream-
obl
-
cont
-
m
(
ess
)
|
see:
ipfv
-
hab
|
pn
-
cont
(
lat
)
|
| ‘Islam dreams about Madina.’ |
Mingrelian
gi-Ø-a-ʒir-u(n)-Ø (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ERG
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ERG |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
anučia-Ø |
gi-Ø-a-ʒir-u(n)-Ø |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-see-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo dreams about Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
χolem-et
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
χolem |
al |
Mirjam |
|
pn
|
dream[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
on
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas dreams about Miriam.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
neq'ixde hagun
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-s |
majram |
neq'i-xde |
hargva-ra |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
sleep.
obl
-
sub
|
f
.see.
ipf
-
hab
|
| ‘Murad dreams about Majram.’ |
Nanai
tolkiči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
Maša-wa |
tolki.či-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
dream.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia dreams about Masha.’ |
Nivkh
tʰəid
|
Valency pattern:
DAT/ADD_SBJ
|
| X: DAT/ADD |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana-rоχ |
tʰəi-d |
|
pn
|
pn
-
dat
/
add
|
dream-
ind
|
| ‘Ajsana dreams about Kaskazik.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
miƛ’ƛ’eƛƛi bičunuƛa
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pataħi-ƛa |
madina |
miƛ’ƛ’e-ƛƛi |
j-ič-ene |
gidi |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
dream-
inter
|
f
-find-
simul
|
f
.
cop
|
| ‘Patahi dreams about Madina.’ |
Northern Mansi
ulmajas
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| am |
ulmaj-as-um |
am-ki |
iškōla-m |
|
1
sg
|
dream-
pst
-1
sg
|
1
sg
-
emph
|
school-
poss
.1
sg
|
| ‘I dreamt about my school.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
nuŋnīnˈ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ |
nuŋnī-nˈ-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
pn
|
dream-
prop
-
tr
-
of
.3.
sg
|
| ‘Semien dreams about Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å drømme
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_om
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: om |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
drømme-r |
om |
Kari |
|
pn
|
dream-
prs
|
about
|
pn
|
| ‘Per dreams about Kari.’ |
Polish
śnić się
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Roman-owi |
śni |
się |
Matk-a |
Bosk-a |
|
pn
-
dat
.
sg
|
dream:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
mother-
nom
.
sg
|
god’s-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Roman dreams about Virgin Mary.’ |
Russian
snitʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Pet-e |
sn-it-sja |
Maš-a |
|
pn
(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
see_in_a_dream(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
pn
(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja dreams about Maša.’ |
Serbian
sanjati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
sanja |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
see_in_dream.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar dreams about Maria.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
neq'j-a hagu-n
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| basir-ɨs |
neq'j-a |
hargva-r |
a |
peri |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dream.
obl
-
super
|
f
.see.
ipf
-
simul
|
exist
|
pn
|
| ‘Basir dreams about Peri.’ |
Shughni
xūδm-and wīntow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim |
Lola |
xu |
xūδm-and |
wīn-t |
|
pn
|
pn
|
refl
|
dream-
loc
|
see-3
sg
|
| ‘Azim dreams about Lola.’ |
Skolt Saami
niõǥǥeed
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Mäʹrjj |
niõǥǥad |
Peâtt-ast |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
dream.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
loc
|
| ‘Maria dreams about Pete’ |
Slovak
snívať
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_oLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: oLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
sníva |
o |
Mári-i |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
dream(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
about
|
pn
(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter dreams about Maria.’ |
Slovenian
sanjati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
sanja-l |
Devic-o |
Marij-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
dream:
ipfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
virgin-
acc
.
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter dreams about Virgin Mary.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
xewin dîtin
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be.we
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be.we |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
xewin |
be |
Perî-î-we |
de-bîn-ê |
|
pn
|
dream
|
to
|
pn
-
obl
-to
|
ind
-see.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa dreams about Pari.’ |
Southern Rutul
neq'ixhde ğagun
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-s |
ayten |
neq'ixhde |
ğaragva-r |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
pn
|
in_dreams
|
f
.see.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad dreams about Ayten.’ |
Spanish
soñar
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_con
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: con |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
sueñ-a |
con |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
dream-
prs
.3
sg
|
with
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’ |
Standard Arabic
raɁā fī l-manāmi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
yarā |
Maryam-a |
fī |
manām-i-hi |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
see.
ipf
.3
m
|
pn
-
acc
|
in
|
dream-
gen
-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Badr dreams about Maryam.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| maizer-s |
lile-Ø x-eː-cnäw |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
| ‘Maizer dreams about Lile.’ |
Swedish
att drömma
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_om
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: om |
| Locus: Y |
| Maja |
drömm-er |
om |
Björn |
|
pn
|
dream-
prs
|
about
|
pn
|
| ‘Maja dreams about Björn.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Na-pa~panaginip-an |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Maria |
|
pot
.
pv
.
ipfv
~dream-
lv
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro dreams about Maria.’ |
| Note: Ask Sergey. The GEN encoding of Y is possible in the AV construction, hence ACT_UND. |
Telugu
kalalu kanu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLgurinci
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLgurinci |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
nidra-lō |
madhuri |
guriṁci |
kala-lu |
kaṁtunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
sleep(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
loc
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
|
about
|
dream(
n
)-
pl
.
nom
|
perceive.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen dreams about Madhuri.’ |
Tsakhur
nik’e q:adžiy
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| murad-ı-k’le |
nik’e |
xunašše |
q:ajdže |
|
pn
-
obl
-
aff
|
dream.
in
|
wife
|
f
.see.
ipf
|
| ‘Murad dreams about his wife.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
merlicːe-b če-b-až-iz/če-b-iž-iz
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| uršːi-z |
neš |
mer-li-cːe-r |
če-r-až-ib |
|
boy-
dat
|
mother
|
dream-
obl
-
inter
-
f
.
ess
|
on
-
f
-see.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy has dreamed about his mother.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
muger b-ic:-i / b-ilc:-i
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| durħaˤ-j |
tatːi |
muger |
w-ic:-ur |
|
boy-
dat
|
father
|
dream
|
m
-appear.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy has dreamed about his father.’ |
Turkish
rüyasında görmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
rüya-sı-nda |
Filiz-i |
gör-üyor |
|
pn
|
dream-
p
.3-
loc
|
pn
-
acc
|
see-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet dreams about Filiz.’ |
Turoyo
ḥoləm
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_m
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: m |
| Locus: Y |
| Gabriyel |
ko-ḥoləm |
me |
Maryam |
|
pn
|
prs
-dream.
ipfv
.3
m
|
from
|
pn
|
| ‘Gabriyel dreams about Maryam’. |
Ulcha
tolčiči-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| bi |
əj |
piktə-wə |
sup |
tolči-č-i-ji |
|
i
|
this
|
child-
acc
|
all_the_time
|
dream-
iter
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘I dream about this boy all the time.’ |
Uzbek
tušiga kirmoq
|
Valency pattern:
GEN_NOM
|
| X: GEN |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Petya-niŋ |
tuš-i-ga |
Maša |
kir-di |
|
pn
-
gen
|
dream-
poss
.3
sg
-
dat
|
pn
|
enter-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja dreams about Maša.’ |
| Note: The experiencer NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent. |
West Central Oromo
abdʒata
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_waa7eeGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: waa7eeGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
waaʔee |
boontuu |
abdʒat-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
about
|
pn
.
gen
|
dream-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa deams about Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
motɬ’i-tɬi ha-ʔ.o-r
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pat’imati-<j>o |
motɬ’i-tɬi |
haʔ.o-r |
marjam |
|
pn
-
aff
<
f
>
|
dream-
inter
|
see.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat dreams of Mariam.’ |
