BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘dream (sleeping)’

Argument frame: X (dream) about Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. sleeps) P. dreams about M .
Predicate label Ru: сниться
Argument frame Ru: X -у (сниться) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. снится М .

Abaza aj.pχəz

Valency pattern: ABS_IO
X: ABS
Y: IO
Locus: Y
murád zaréma d-l-áj.pχəz-əj-ṭ
pn pn 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . f . io -dream- prs - dcl
‘Murad dreams about Zarema.’

Adyghe pč̣ʼəhew λeʁʷə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m pŝaŝe-r pčʼəhəṗ-ew j-e-λeʁʷə
парень- obl девушка- abs сон- adv 3 sg . erg - dyn -видеть
‘Девушка снится парню.’

Aghul agʷ.a- ʡemk’.e-k-as

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s meʜemed agʷ.a-a ʡemk’.e-k-as
pn - dat pn see. ipf - prs dream- sub / cont - elat
‘Aslan dreams about Muhammad.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic xazə bi xulma

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+avvo yala bi xulm-u xəzy-a-l baxt-u
dem 3. m boy( m ) with dream( m )- p .3 m see. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This guy dreams about his wife.’

Bambara sùgo

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù sùgo-ra Fántà lá
pn dream- pfv . intr pn in
‘Seku dreamt of Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese sonhar

Valency pattern: SBJ_com
X: SBJ
Y: com
Locus: Y
Pedro sonh-a com Maria
pn ( m ) dream-3 sg . prs with pn ( f )
‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’

Catalan somiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_amb
X: SBJ
Y: amb
Locus: Y
en Pere somi-a amb la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) dream-3 sg . prs . ind with def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere dreams about Maria.’

Czech zdát se

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Petr-ovi se zdá o Michal-ovi
pn ( m )- dat . sg refl . acc dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about pn ( m )- loc . sg
‘Petr dreams about Michal.’

Danish drømme

Valency pattern: SBJ_om
X: SBJ
Y: om
Locus: Y
Peter drømme-r om Marie
pn dream- prs about pn
‘Peter dreams about Marie.’

Dutch dromen

Valency pattern: SBJ_over
X: SBJ
Y: over
Locus: Y
Marie droom-t over Piet
pn ( c ) dream-3 sg about pn ( c )
‘Marie dreams about Piet.’

Eastern Maninka sìbo

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù yé sìbo-la Fántà la.
pn be dream- inf . la pn at
‘Seku dreamed of Fanta.’

English dream

Valency pattern: SBJ_about
X: SBJ
Y: about
Locus: Y
Peter dreams about Mary.

Estonian und nägema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Peeter näe-b Mareti-st und
pn . sg . nom see- prs .3 sg pn - ela dream. sg . part
‘Peeter dreams about Maret.’

Finnish nähdä unta

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
Pekka näk-ee un-ta Mati-sta
pn . nom see- prs .3 sg dream- part pn - ela
‘Pekka dreams about Matti.’

Forest Enets dʲukoneda mɔdee

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ dʲu-kone-da ese-da mɔdee-ubi
i man- nom . sg .1 sg dream- loc . sg - obl . sg .3 sg father- obl . sg .3 sg see( ipfv )- hab .3 sg . s
‘My friend dreams about his father’.

French rêver

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul rêve de Marie
pn ( m ) dream. prs .3 sg of pn ( f )
‘Paul dreams about Marie.’

Georgian Ø-e-sizmr-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s mašo-Ø Ø-e-sizmr-eb-a
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : r -dream- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre dreams about Masho.’

German träumen

Valency pattern: NOM_vonDAT
X: NOM
Y: vonDAT
Locus: Y
Karl träum-t von Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] dream- prs .3 sg of pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl dreams about Marie.’

Irish taibhrigh

Valency pattern: SBJ_mar.gheall.ar
X: SBJ
Y: mar.gheall.ar
Locus: Y
Máire ag taibhreamh mar_gheall_air Peter.
be. prs pn at dream. nmlz with.respect.to pn
‘Pól dreams about Máire.’
Note: The verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction.

Italian sognare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo sogn-a Maria
pn ( m ) dream-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Leo is dreaming of Maria.’

Kalderash Romani sykaďol ando suno

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ə Marijk-a sykaďo-l le Murš-askə and-o sun-o
art . f . dir . sg pn - nom . sg appear- prs .3 sg art . m . obl pn - dat . sg in- art . m . dir . sg dream- nom . sg
‘Murša dreams about Marijka.’

Kazakh tüs-і-ne kіr

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-ɣa Maša tüs-і-ne kіr-edі
pn - dat pn dream- poss 3- dat enter- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya dreams about Masha.’

Kazym Khanty wǫλmiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ wǫλmi-s
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg see_in_dream- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
šamil małła-ł ak'a-ha išate-l
pn сон( v )- inter [ i ]идти- prs мать. o - dat
‘Шамиль снится матери.’
Note: Букв. Шамиль приходит во сне матери.

Kina Rutul neq’ʲe ʁarurgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-u-s neq’ʲ-e ʁa-ru-rga-r=a asijet
pn - obl - dat dream. obl - in pv -2-see. ipfv - cvb =be pn ( nom )
‘Rasul dreams about Asijat.’

Latin somnio

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
proxim-a noct-e somnia-v-it speci-em Fortun-ae
previous- abl . sg . f night( f )- abl . sg dream- prf - ind . act .3 sg face( f )- acc . sg pn ( f )- gen . sg
‘Previous night he dreamt of Fortuna’s face.’
Note: (Suet. Gal. 18, 2)

Mandarin Chinese mèng-jiàn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān mèng-jiàn le Lǐsì
pn dream-see pfv pn
‘Zhangsan dreams about Lisi.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-sizmar-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ERG
X: DAT
Y: ERG
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø Ø-o-sizmar-u(n)-Ø.
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -dream- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo dreams about Anuchia.’
Note: This verb is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew χolem-et

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
Pinχas χolem al Mirjam
pn dream[ ptcp . sg . m ] on pn
‘Pinchas dreams about Miriam.’

Nanai tolkiči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa tolki.či-ni
pn pn - obl dream. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia dreams about Masha.’

Nivkh tʰəid

Valency pattern: DAT/ADD_SBJ
X: DAT/ADD
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ tʰəi-d
pn pn - dat / add dream- ind
‘Ajsana dreams about Kaskazik.’

Northern Mansi ulmajas

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am ulmaj-as-um am-ki iškōla-m
1 sg dream- pst -1 sg 1 sg - emph school- poss .1 sg
‘I dreamt about my school.’

Northern Yukaghir nуŋnīnˈ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ nuŋnī-nˈ-mǝ-lǝ
pn pn dream- prop - tr - of .3. sg
‘Semien dreams about Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å drømme

Valency pattern: SBJ_om
X: SBJ
Y: om
Locus: Y
Per drømme-r om Kari
pn dream- prs about pn
‘Per dreams about Kari.’

Polish śnić się

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Roman-owi śni się Matk-a Bosk-a
pn - dat . sg dream: ipfv . prs .3 sg refl mother- nom . sg god’s- f . nom . sg
‘Roman dreams about Virgin Mary.’

Russian snitʹsja

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pet-e sn-it-sja Maš-a
pn ( m )- dat . sg see_in_a_dream( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl pn ( f )- nom . sg
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’

Serbian sanjati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar sanja Marij-u
pn . nom . sg see_in_dream. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar dreams about Maria.’

Shughni xūδm-and wīntow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim Lola xu xūδm-and wīn-t
pn pn refl dream- loc see-3 sg
‘Azim dreams about Lola.’

Skolt Saami niõǥǥeed

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Mäʹrjj niõǥǥad Peâtt-ast
pn . sg . nom dream. prs .3 sg pn - sg . loc
‘Maria dreams about Pete’

Slovak snívať

Valency pattern: NOM_oLOC
X: NOM
Y: oLOC
Locus: Y
Peter sníva o Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] dream( ipfv ). prs .3 sg about pn ( f )- loc . sg
‘Peter dreams about Maria.’

Slovenian sanjati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je sanja-l Devic-o Marij-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg dream: ipfv - lpt [ m . sg ] virgin- acc . sg pn - acc . sg
‘Peter dreams about Virgin Mary.’

Sorani Kurdish xewin dîtin

Valency pattern: SBJ_be.we
X: SBJ
Y: be.we
Locus: Y
Hîwa xewn be Perî-î-we de-bîn-ê
pn dream to pn - obl -to ind -see. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa dreams about Pari.’

Spanish soñar

Valency pattern: SBJ_con
X: SBJ
Y: con
Locus: Y
Pedro sueñ-a con María
pn [ sg . m ] dream- prs .3 sg with pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro is dreaming about Maria.’

Swedish att drömma

Valency pattern: SBJ_om
X: SBJ
Y: om
Locus: Y
Maja drömm-er om Björn
pn dream- prs about pn
‘Maja dreams about Björn.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Na-pa~panaginip-an ni Pedro si Maria
potpv . ipfv ~dream- lv pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro dreams about Maria.’
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here?

Telugu kalalu kanu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLgurinci
X: NOM
Y: OBLgurinci
Locus: Y
pravīṇ nidra-lō madhuri guriṁci kala-lu kaṁtunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom sleep( n ). sg . obl - loc pn ( f ). sg . obl about dream( n )- pl . nom perceive. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen dreams about Madhuri.’

Turkish rüyasında görmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet rüya-sı-nda Filiz-i gör-üyor
pn dream- p .3- loc pn - acc see- prs
‘Mehmet dreams about Filiz.’

Ulcha tolčiči-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
bi əj piktə-wə sup tolči-č-i-ji
i this child- acc all_the_time dream- iter - prs -3 sg
‘I dream about this boy all the time.’

Uzbek tušiga kirmoq

Valency pattern: GEN_NOM
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Petya-niŋ tuš-i-ga Maša kir-di
pn - gen dream- poss .3 sg - dat pn enter- pst .3 sg
‘Petja dreams about Maša.’
Note: The experiencer NP has some properties of a clause-level constituent.

West Central Oromo abdʒata

Valency pattern: NOM_waa7eeGEN
X: NOM
Y: waa7eeGEN
Locus: Y
obsaa-n waaʔee boontuu abdʒat-a
pn - nom about pn . gen dream-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa deams about Bontu.’

Zilo Andi motɬ’i-tɬi ha-ʔ.o-r

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pat’imati-<j>o motɬ’i-tɬi haʔ.o-r marjam
pn - aff < f > dream- inter see. pst - prog pn [ f ][ nom ]
‘Patimat dreams of Mariam.’