‘play (instrument)’
| Argument frame: |
X
(play)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(What is P. doing?)
P.
is playing
the guitar
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
играть
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(играть) на
Y
-е
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Что сейчас делает П.?)
П.
играет на
гитаре
.
|
Abaza
sə
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| fatíma |
gitára |
d-á-s-əj-d |
|
pn
|
guitar
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-hit-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Fatima is playing the guitar.’ |
Adyghe
je-we
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pŝaŝe-r |
gitare-m |
je-we |
|
девушка-
abs
|
гитара-
obl
|
3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-бить
|
| ‘Девушка играет на гитаре.’ |
Aghul
jarʜ.a-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
č’iʁan |
jarʜ.a-a |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
squeezebox
|
strike.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is playing the sqeezebox.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṭavəl
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: al |
| Locus: Y |
| +Ašur |
ṭavul=ələ |
+al |
zurna |
|
pn
|
play.
prog
=3
m
|
on
|
zurna(?)
|
| ‘Ashur is playing the zurna.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Bambara
fɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ́_kà |
nkòni` |
fɔ́ |
|
pn
|
prog
|
lute\
art
|
say
|
| ‘Seku is playing the lute.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
tocar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
toc-a |
violão |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
play-3
sg
.
prs
|
guitar(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’ |
Catalan
tocar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
està |
toc-ant |
la |
guitarra |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
play-
ger
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
guitar(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere is playing the guitar.’ |
Czech
hrát
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
hraje |
na |
kytar-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
play(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
guitar(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is playing the guitar.’ |
Danish
spille
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
spille-r |
guitar |
|
pn
|
play-
prs
|
guitar(
c
).
sg
|
| ‘Peter is playing the guitar.’ |
Dutch
spelen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
is |
gitaar |
aan |
het |
spel-en |
|
pn
(С)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
guitar(
c
)
|
on
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
play-
inf
|
| ‘Piet is playing the guitar.’ |
Eastern Maninka
fɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
yé |
kɔ̀nin |
fɔ́-la. |
|
pn
|
be
|
lute
|
say-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Seku is playing the lute.’ |
English
play
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
is |
playing |
the |
guitar. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
mängima
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
mängi-b |
kitarri |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
play-
prs
.3
sg
|
guitar.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter is playing the guitar.’ |
Finnish
soittaa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
soitt-aa |
kitara-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
play-
prs
.3
sg
|
guitar-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is playing the guitar.’ |
Forest Enets
sɛnoko
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
garmoʃka-xan |
sɛnokoɔ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
squeezebox-
loc
.
sg
|
play(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is playing the squeezebox’. |
French
jouer
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
joue |
de |
la |
guitare |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
play.
prs
.3
sg
|
of
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
guitar(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is playing the guitar.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-k'r-av-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT.SUPERESS
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT.SUPERESS |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
git'ara-ze |
melodia-s |
Ø-u-k'r-av-s |
|
pn
-
nom
|
guitar-
pstp
:
superess
|
melody-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-play-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre is playing a tune on the guitar.’ |
| Note: DAT IO omitted. |
German
spielen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_aufDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: aufDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
spiel-t |
auf |
der |
Gitarre |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
play-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
def
.
f
.
dat
.
sg
|
guitar[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is playing the guitar.’ |
Irish
seinn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Tá |
Pól |
ag |
seimint |
an |
guitar. |
|
be.
prs
|
pn
|
at
|
play.
nmlz
|
def
|
guitar(
gs
)
|
| ‘Pól is playing the guitar.’ |
| Note: The Y argument is in the GS-form because the verb is nominalized as part of the progressive construction. |
Italian
suonare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
suon-a |
la |
chitarr-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
play-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
guitar-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo is playing the guitar.’ |
Kalderash Romani
dilabal
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pe |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
dilaba-l |
pe |
gitar-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
sing-
prs
.3
sg
|
in
|
guitar-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is playing the guitar.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the pe + locative case (LOC) would be used. |
Kazakh
oyna
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
giytara-da |
oyna-ydï |
|
pn
|
guitar-
loc
|
play-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is playing the guitar.’ |
Kazym Khanty
jǒntti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
nars_jŭχ-ǝn |
jŏnt-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
nares_jux-
loc
|
play-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is playing the nares-jux.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| di-lo |
uža |
qwaja-ha |
gitara |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
son
\
erg
|
играть-
prs
|
гитара
|
| ‘Мой сын играет на гитаре.’ |
| Note: Alternative is “fatima-qo b-eq-qo gitara” [Фатима-cont iii-уметь-prs гитара] ‘Фатима умеет (играть на) гитаре’, where the model is CONT_ABS. |
Kina Rutul
wɨrɨˁχɨˁra
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
saz |
wɨ-rɨˁχɨˁ-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
saz(
nom
)
|
3-hit.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is playing the saz.’ |
Latin
modulor
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| pastor |
inaequal-i |
modula-tur |
harundin-e |
carmen |
|
shepherd(
m
).
nom
.
sg
|
unequal-
abl
.
sg
|
play-
prs
.
ind
.
act
.3
sg
|
reed(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
song(
n
).
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘A shepherd is playing a song his unequal reeds.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Rem. Am. 181) |
Mandarin Chinese
tán
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zài |
tán |
jítā |
|
pn
|
prog
|
play
|
guitar
|
| ‘Zhangsan is playing the guitar.’ |
Mingrelian
mi-Ø-o-g-an-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-Ø |
git'ara-s |
mi-Ø-o-g-an-s. |
|
pn
-
nom
|
guitar-
dat
|
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
loc
-play-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo is playing the guitar.’ |
Modern Hebrew
menagen
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
menagen |
ba |
gitara |
|
pn
|
play[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
in+
def
|
guitar
|
| ‘Pinchas is playing the guitar.’ |
Nanai
kupi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
gitar(a)-ǯi |
kupi-ni |
|
pn
|
guitar-
ins
|
play.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is playing the guitar.’ |
Nivkh
sеwd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
gitara-ɣir̥ |
sеw-d |
|
pn
|
guitar-
ins
|
play-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is playing the guitar.’ |
Northern Mansi
jonji
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| ōjka-riɕ |
jonj-i |
sāŋkwəltap-əl |
|
old_man-
dim
|
play-
npst
.3
sg
|
sangkweltap-
ins
|
| ‘The old man plays the sangkweltap.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
jуora=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
ǝrkǝjǝ-lǝk |
juorа̄-nu-j |
|
pn
|
tambourine-
ins
|
play-
ipf
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is playing the tambourine.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å spille
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
spille-r |
gitar |
|
pn
|
play-
prs
|
guitar
|
| ‘Per is playing the guitar.’ |
Polish
grać
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Dariusz |
gra |
na |
gitarz-e |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
play:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
guitar-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Dariusz is playing the guitar.’ |
Russian
igratʹ
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
igra-et |
na |
gitar-e |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
play(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
guitar(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is playing the guitar.’ |
Serbian
svirati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
svira |
gitar-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
play.
prs
.3
sg
|
guitar-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is playing the guitar.’ |
Shughni
niwêzdow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmed |
gitar-ti |
niwoz-d |
|
pn
|
guitar-
sup
|
play-3
sg
|
| ‘Ahmed is playing the guitar.’ |
Skolt Saami
siõrrâd
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COM |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
seârr |
kitara-in |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
play.
prs
.3
sg
|
guitar-
sg
.
com
|
| ‘PN is playing the guitar.’ |
Slovak
hrať
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_naLOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: naLOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
hrá |
na |
gitar-e |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
play(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
guitar(
f
)-
loc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is playing the guitar.’ |
Slovenian
igrati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
igra |
kitar-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
play:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
guitar-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is playing the guitar.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
amêrî mûsiqa jenîn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
gîtar-î |
de-jen-ê |
|
pn
|
guitar-
obl
|
ind
-play.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa plays the guitar.’ |
| Note: The OBL morpheme is used as a residual case marker here. |
Spanish
tocar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
toc-a |
la |
guitarra |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
touch-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
guitar[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’ |
Swedish
att spela
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
spela-r |
gitarr |
|
pn
|
play-
prs
|
guitar
|
| ‘Björn is playing the guitar.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| T<um>u~tugtog |
ng |
gitara |
si |
Pedro |
|
<
av
>
ipfv
~play
|
gen
|
guitar
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’ |
| Note: Alternative is a construction where Y is incorporated into the verb: “Nag-gi~gitara si Pedro” [AV-IPFV~play guitar PERS.SUBJ PN] ‘Pedro is playing the guitar.’ |
Telugu
vāyiṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
giṭār |
vāyistunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
guitar(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
strike.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is playing the guitar.’ |
Turkish
çalmak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
gitar |
çal-ıyor |
|
pn
|
guitar
|
strike-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is playing the guitar.’ |
Ulcha
xupi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| min |
piktə-j |
təŋkərə-ǯi |
xup-i-ni |
|
my
|
child-1
sg
|
tengkere-
ins
|
play-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘My son is playing the tengkere.’ |
| Note: Tengkere is a string instrument. |
Uzbek
yo’namoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
gitara-da |
o’yna-yab-ti |
|
pn
|
guitar-
loc
|
play-
prs
1-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is playing the guitar.’ |
West Central Oromo
tap'ata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| nam-ittʃ-i |
gitaara |
tap'attʃ-aa |
dʒir-a |
|
man-
def
-
nom
|
guitar.
abs
|
play-
prog
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is playing a guitar.’ |
Zilo Andi
qχʷar.i-r
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| pat’imati-di |
pandur |
qχʷar.i-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
guitar[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
play.
pst
-
prog
|
| ‘Patimat is playing the guitar.’ |
