BivalTyp

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‘make’

Argument frame:

X (make) Y

Stimulus sentence:

P. made a mousetrap .

Predicate label Ru:

изготовить

Argument frame Ru:

X (изготовить) Y

Stimulus sentence Ru:

П. изготовил мышеловку .

Abaza č’pa

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

rasúl	bómba	j-č’pa-d
pn	bomb	3 sg . m . erg -make( aor )- dcl
‘Rasul made a bomb.’

Adyghe ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

bzeǯʼaṣ̂e-m	bombe-r	ə-ṣ̂ə-ʁ
преступник- obl	бомба- abs	3 sg . erg -делать- pst
‘Преступник изготовил бомбу.’

Aghul aq’.u-

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

aslan.a	bomba	aq’.u-ne
pn ( erg )	bomb	do. pf - aor
‘Aslan made a bomb.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +tarəs

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

+Ašur	+turəs-lə	cursa
pn	build. pst - ls .3 m	chair( m )
‘Ashur made a chair.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Bambara dílan

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	ye	túlon-fɛn`	dɔ́	dílan
pn	pfv . tr	play-thing\ art	one	make
‘Seku made a toy.’

Brazilian Portuguese construir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	constru-iu	um-a	ratoeira
pn ( m )	build-3 sg . pst	indf - f	mousetrap( f )
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

Catalan fer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

en	Pere	va	fer	un-a	ratonera
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	go.3 sg . prs . ind	make- inf	indf - sg . f	mousetrap( f )
‘Pere made a mousetrap.’

Czech vyrobit

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petr	vyrobi-l	bomb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	bomb( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr made a bomb.’

Danish lave

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	lave-de	en	musefælde
pn	make- pst	indf . sg	mousetrap( c )
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

Dutch klaarmaken

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	heeft	een	bom	klaar-ge-maak-t
pn (С)	have.3 sg	art . indf	bomb(С)	ready- ptcp -make- ptcp
‘Piet made a bomb.’

Eastern Maninka rɔ́bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Sékù	kà	tólonfen`	dó	rɔ́bɛ̀n.
pn	aor . tr	toy\ art	indf	fabricate
‘Seku fabricated a toy.’

English make

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	made	a	mousetrap.

Estonian tegema

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Peeter	teg-i	hiirelõksu
pn . sg . nom	make- pst .3 sg	mousetrap. sg . gen
‘Peeter made a mousetrap.’

Finnish tehdä

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: GEN~PART~NOM

Locus: TR

Pekka	tek-i	hiirenlouku-n
pn . nom	make- pst .3 sg	mousetrap- gen
‘Pekka made a mousetrap.’

Forest Enets mɛ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

modʲi	kasa-jʔ	tʃeziu	mɛ-bi
i	man- nom . sg .1 sg	lasso. obl	make( pfv )- prf .3 sg . s
‘My friend made a lasso’.

French fabriquer

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Paul	a	fabriqué	une	bombe
pn ( m )	have. prs .3 sg	make. pst . ptcp . m	indf . sg . f	bomb( f )
‘Paul made a bomb.’

Georgian da-Ø-a-mzad-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

p'et're-m	bomb-i	da-Ø-a-mzad-a
pn - erg	bomb- nom	prv :downward- do 3- fact -ready- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre constructed a bomb.’

German bauen

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Karl	bau-te	ein-e	Mausefalle
pn [ nom . sg ]	build- pst .3 sg	indf - f . acc . sg	mousetrap[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl made a mousetrap.’

Irish déan

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Dhein	Pól	a’	boma.
pst /make	pn	def	bomb
‘Pól made a bomb.’

Italian fabbricare

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Leo	ha	fabbricato	un-a	bomb-a
pn ( m )	aux .3 sg . prs	make. pst . ptcp	indf . sg - f	bomb- sg . f
‘Leo made a bomb.’

Kalderash Romani laśarəl

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

o	Murš-a	laś-ar-ď-a	bomb-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	make- pst -3 sg	bomb- acc . sg
‘Murša made a bomb.’

Kazakh žasa

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	bomba	žasa-dï
pn	bomb	make- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya made a bomb.’

Kazym Khanty wԑrti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

petr-en	śɔrkan	wԑr-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg	trap	make- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja made a (small rodents) trap.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

di-lo	uža	ustur	l-uƛe-χ-χa
1 sg . o - gen 2	сын\ erg	стол( iv )	iv -делать- caus - pst . w
‘Мой сын сделал стол.’

Kina Rutul hawɨr

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

rasul-a	bomba	ha<w>ɨ-r
pn - erg	bomb( nom )	<3>do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul made a bomb.’

Latin facio

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Callicrat-es	ex	ebor-e	formic-as	fec-it
pn ( m )- nom . sg	from	ivory( n )- abl . sg	ant( f )- acc . pl	make[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘Callicrates created ants from ivory.’
Note: (Plin. NH 7, 88)

Mandarin Chinese zuò

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	zuò	le	yí-gè	bǔshǔqì
pn	make	pfv	one- clf	mousetrap
‘Zhangsan made a mousetrap.’

Mingrelian ei-Ø-o-nc'q'-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

čelo-k	xund-i	ei-Ø-o-nc'q'-u.
pn - erg	mousetrap- nom	prv - do 3- fact -assemble- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo made a mousetrap.’

Modern Hebrew heχin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pinχas	heχin	malkodet	aχbar-im
pn	prepare[ pst .3 sg . m ]	trap	mouse- pl
‘Pinchas made a mousetrap.’

Nanai aŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	bomba-wa	aŋgo-xa-ni
pn	bomb- obl	make- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia made a bomb.’

Nivkh nəd

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Kaskazik	bоmba	+	nə-d
pn	bomb	+	make- ind
‘Kaskazik made a bomb.’

Northern Mansi wārəs

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

am	āpa	wār-s-um
i	craddle	make- pst -1 sg
‘I made a craddle.’

Northern Yukaghir wiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	bombа-lǝ	wiǝ-mǝ-lǝ
pn	bomb- acc	make- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien made a bomb.’

Norwegian Bokmål å lage

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	lage-t	en	musefelle
pn	make- pst	indf . m . sg	mousetrap
‘Per made a mousetrap.’

Polish skonstruować

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Dariusz	skonstruowa-ł	bomb-ę
pn [ nom . sg ]	make: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ]	bomb- acc . sg
‘Dariusz made a bomb.’

Russian sdelatʹ

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Pet-ja	izgotovi-l	myšelovk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg	make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	mousetrap( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja made a mousetrap.’

Serbian napraviti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petar	je	napravi-o	bomb-u
pn . nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	make- part . perf . m . sg	bomb- acc . sg
‘Petar made a bomb.’

Shughni čīdow

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Azim=i	pūrg-anǰavīǰ=ak	xůbaθ	čūd
pn =3 sg	mousetrap= dim	himself	do. pst
‘Azim made a mousetrap himself.’

Skolt Saami raajjâd

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	raaj-i	säʹpplee-äggaz
pn . sg . nom	make- pst .3 sg	mouse. sg . gen -trap. sg . acc
‘Pete made a mousetrap.’

Slovak urobiť

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	urobi-l	pasť	na	myš-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ]	trap( f )[ acc . sg ]	on	mouse( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

Slovenian narediti

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peter	je	naredi-l	bomb-o
pn [ nom . sg ]	aux .3 sg	make: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ]	bomb- acc . sg
‘Peter made a bomb.’

Sorani Kurdish diruŝt kirdin

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Hîwa	teɫemiʂk=î	diruŝt	kîrd-Ø
pn	mousetrap=3 sg . pc	correct	do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa made a mousetrap.’
Note: The OBL.3SG morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Spanish fabricar

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Pedro	ha	fabrica-do	una	bomba
pn [ sg . m ]	aux .3 sg	make- ptcp : prf	art . ndef . sg . f	bomb[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro made a bomb.’

Swedish att göra

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Björn	gjor-de	en	musfälla
pn	make- pst	indf . c . sg	mousetrap
‘Björn made a mousetrap.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR

X: ACT

Y: UND

Locus: TR

G<um>awa	ng	panghuli	ng	daga	si	Pedro
< av > pfv .make	gen	trap	gen	rat	pers . subj	pn
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

Telugu tayāru cēyu

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

pravīṇ	eluka-la	kōsamu	uccu	tayāru	cēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom	rat( n )- pl . obl	for	loop( n ). sg . nom	ready	do. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen made a trap for rats.’

Turkish yapmak

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Mehmet	bomba	yap-tı
pn	bomb	make- pst
‘Mehmet made a bomb.’

Ulcha anǯu-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

əj	ńī	bomba-wa	anǯu-xa-ni
this	person	bomb- acc	make- pst -3 sg
‘This man made a bomb.’

Uzbek tayorlamoq

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Petya	bomba	tayorla-di
pn	bomb	make- pst .3 sg
‘Petja made a bomb.’

West Central Oromo hoddʒeta

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	kijjoo	hantuutaa	hoddʒet-e
pn - nom	trap. abs	mouse. gen	make-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa made a mousetrap.’

Zilo Andi dʒid.i

Valency pattern: TR

X: ERG

Y: NOM

Locus: TR

ali-di	bomba	dʒid.i
pn - erg	bomb[ inan 1][ nom ]	make. pst ( aor )
‘Ali made a bomb.’