BivalTyp

‘make’

Argument frame: X (make) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. made a mousetrap .
Predicate label Ru: изготовить
Argument frame Ru: X (изготовить) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. изготовил мышеловку .

Abaza č’pa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
rasúl bómba j-č’pa-d
pn bomb 3 sg . m . erg -make( aor )- dcl
‘Rasul made a bomb.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
bzeǯʼaṣ̂e-m bombe-r ə-ṣ̂ə-ʁ
criminal- obl bomb- abs 3 sg . erg -do- pst
‘The criminal made the bomb.’

Aghul aq’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a bomba aq’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) bomb do. pf - aor
‘Aslan made a bomb.’

Akhvakh (Northern) guruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de bomba go-je godi
pn - erg bomb do- seq n . cop
‘Patahi made a bomb.’

Andi (Zilo) dʒid.i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di bomba dʒid.i
pn - erg bomb[ inan 1][ nom ] make. pst ( aor )
‘Ali made a bomb.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) naṣab

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad yənṣub faxx l=əl-firān
pn do. ipf .3 m trap to= def -mice
‘Ahmad makes a mousetrap.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ʿ.m.l

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi ʿimel kaʿke
pn make. pst .3 m . sg cake
‘Shadi made a cake.’

Arabic (standard) ʕamala

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un ʕamala qunbulat-a-n
pn - nom make. pf .3 m bomb( f )- acc - indef
‘Badr made a bomb.’

Archi a-as

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu bomba a<b>u
pn - obl . m ( erg ) bomba <3>do. pfv
‘Pasha made a bomb.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +tarəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
+Ašur +turəs-lə cursa
pn build. pst - ls .3 m chair( m )
‘Ashur made a chair.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar habize

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca ʕunk’k’-al kkwe-ze gudur ha-b-una
pn - erg mouse- pl . nom hold- inf shackles do- n - aor
‘Ali made a mousetrap.’

Azerbaijani düzəltmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan siçan tǝlǝ-si düzǝl-t-di
pn rat trap- poss 3 be_correct- caus - pst (3)
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

Bafut náŋsə́

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ambɛ́ à kɨ̀ náŋsə́ mátáà kò fórə̀
pn sm p 2 make trap catch mouse
‘Ambe made a mousetrap.’

Bambara dílan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye túlon-fɛn` dɔ́ dílan
pn pfv . tr play-thing\ art one make
‘Seku made a toy.’

Belarusian zrabić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś zrabi-ŭ bomb-u
pn [ nom . sg ] make( pfv )- pst . sg . m bomb- acc . sg
‘Ales made a bomb.’

Budugh duzaltmi siʔi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır q'al-ild-o q'ap duzaltmi siʔir-ci
pn - erg mouse- obl - gen trap arrange n .do. pf - aor
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

Bulgarian изготвя

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър изготви бомба
pn make( pfv ). aor .3 sg bomb
‘Petar made a bomb.’

Catalan fer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va fer un-a ratonera
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind make- inf indf - sg . f mousetrap( f )
‘Pere made a mousetrap.’

Chechen AGR-i-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-as bomba j-i-na
pn - erg bomb. abs j -make- prf
‘Islam made a bomb.’

Chinese (Mandarin) zuò

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān zuò le yí-gè bǔshǔqì
pn make pfv one- clf mousetrap
‘Zhangsan made a mousetrap.’

Chirag b-arq’i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
ʡa̰li-le megʷal b-arq’-ib
pn - erg chair( abs ) n . sg -do: pf - aor .3
‘Ali made a chair.’

Croatian napraviti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o je napravi-o mišolovk-u
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg make- part . perf . m . sg mousetrap- acc . sg
‘Pero made a mousetrap.’

Czech vyrobit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr vyrobi-l bomb-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] bomb( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr made a bomb.’

Danish lave

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter lave-de en musefælde
pn make- pst indf . sg mousetrap( c )
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

Dargwa (Itsari) B-arq'-uj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
Islam-il bomba b-aˤrq'-ib
pn - erg bomb( abs ) n -make. pfv - aor
‘Islam made a bomb.’

Dargwa (Kadar) CL-ar-es / CL-ir-es

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
meħamad-li bomba b-ar-ib
pn - erg bomb( rus ) n -do. pfv - pret
‘Muhammad made a bomb.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) darara

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Petja-l gvaca-la t:aˁm d-ar-iv
pn - erg mouse- gen trap( npl ) npl -do. pf - aor (3)
‘Petja made a mousetrap.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
gal-di-l wasa-la pːaw d-aq'-aj
boy- obl - erg mouse- gen trap npl -do. pfv -3. aor . tr
‘The boy made a mousetrap.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) b-arq'-iz/b-irq'-iz

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG/LOC(LAT)
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
uršːi-le waca-z tːam d-arq'-ib
boy- erg / loc ( lat ) mouse- dat trap n -do. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy made a mousetrap.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) b-arq'-i / b-irq'-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
durħaˤ-li guta b-arq'-ib
boy- erg chair n -do. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy made a chair.’

Dutch klaarmaken

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft een bom klaar-ge-maak-t
pn (С) have.3 sg art . indf bomb(С) ready- ptcp -make- ptcp
‘Piet made a bomb.’

Enets (Forest) mɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ tʃeziu mɛ-bi
i man- nom . sg .1 sg lasso. obl make( pfv )- prf .3 sg . s
‘My friend made a lasso’.

English make

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter made a mousetrap.

Estonian tegema

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter teg-i hiirelõksu
pn . sg . nom make- pst .3 sg mousetrap. sg . gen
‘Peeter made a mousetrap.’

Finnish tehdä

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka tek-i hiirenlouku-n
pn . nom make- pst .3 sg mousetrap- gen
‘Pekka made a mousetrap.’

French fabriquer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a fabriqué une bombe
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg make. pst . ptcp . m indf . sg . f bomb( f )
‘Paul made a bomb.’

Gban kɛ̀

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zá̰ ɛ́ kǒ kɛ̀
pn 3 sg \ pst cage make[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan made a cage.’

Georgian da-Ø-a-mzad-eb-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
p'et're-m bomb-i da-Ø-a-mzad-a
pn - erg bomb- nom prv :downward- do 3- fact -ready- s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre constructed a bomb.’

German bauen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl bau-te ein-e Mausefalle
pn [ nom . sg ] build- pst .3 sg indf - f . acc . sg mousetrap[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl made a mousetrap.’

Hebrew (modern) heχin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas heχin malkodet aχbar-im
pn prepare[ pst .3 sg . m ] trap mouse- pl
‘Pinchas made a mousetrap.’

Hindi banānā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne ek cūhedānī banāy-ī
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg one mousetrap( f ). sg . dir make. pfv - f . sg
‘Prateek made a mousetrap.’

Indonesian (standard) mem-per-siap-kan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Asep mem-per-siap-kan jebakan tikus
pn act - per -ready- trns trap mouse
‘Asep made a mousetrap.’

Irish déan

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dhein Pól a’ boma.
pst /make pn def bomb
‘Pól made a bomb.’

Italian fabbricare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha fabbricato un-a bomb-a
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs make. pst . ptcp indf . sg - f bomb- sg . f
‘Leo made a bomb.’

Karata gahaɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l herk’k’wa-da q’watan gehe
pn - erg mouse- pl trap do. pf
‘Ali made a mousetrap.’

Kazakh žasa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya bomba žasa-dï
pn bomb make- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya made a bomb.’

Khanty (Kazym) wԑrti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
petr-en śɔrkan wԑr-ǝs
pn - poss .2 sg trap make- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja made a (small rodents) trap.’

Khoekhoe kuru

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge duruǃnui-s-a go kuru
pn -3 m . sg decl mousetrap-3 f . sg - obl rpst make
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

Khwarshi j/uƛeχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
di-lo uža ustur l-uƛe-χ-χa
1 sg . o - gen 2 son\ erg table( iv ) iv -make- caus - pst . w
‘My son made a table.’

Kpelle (Guinean) pɛ̌li

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe àá ŋwɛ̀ni pɛ́li
pn 3 sg . prf bird make
‘Pepee made a bird.’ (e.g. a toy)

Kryz (Alik) diuxhva varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
terlan-ir çil dixha ar-ca
pn - erg trap build. n do. pfv - perf . n
‘Terlan made a mousetrap.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) dixhar varic

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir q'al-ird-iz tala dixhar ar-c
pn - erg mouse- obl - dat trap built do. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

Kryz (proper) dixhoc

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ir q'al-ir q'ap' dixha-c
pn - erg mouse- pl ( nom ) trap make. pf - aor . n
‘Aslan made a mousetrap.’

Kumyk etmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
basir čɨčqan tuzaq et-gen
pn mouse trap do- pf
‘Basir made a mousetrap.’

Kurdish (Sorani) diruŝt kirdin

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Hîwa teɫemiʂk=î diruŝt kîrd-Ø
pn mousetrap=3 sg . pc correct do. pst -3 sg
‘Hiwa made a mousetrap.’
Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) çêkirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam xefik-a mişk-an çêkir
man trap- ez . f mouse- obl . pl make. pfv . sg
‘The man made a mouse trap.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l b-und-i bomba
pn - obl - gen 3-do. aor -3 p bomb[ ru ]
‘Mohammad made a bomb.’

Latin facio

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Callicrat-es ex ebor-e formic-as fec-it
pn ( m )- nom . sg from ivory( n )- abl . sg ant( f )- acc . pl make[ prf . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘Callicrates created ants from ivory.’
Note: (Plin. NH 7, 88)

Laz o-Ɂ-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k tu(γ)i-ši k'apan-i do-Ø-[ʔ]-u
pn - b - erg mouse- gen trap- nom prv - do 3-[make]- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim made a mouse trap.’

Lezgian (Yargun) arasin

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Sahib-a qˈif-er qa-din djile aras-na
pn - erg mouse- pl catch. ipfv - evtprt trap make- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib made a mousetrap.’

Macedonian napravi

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar napravi bomba
pn make( pfv ). aor .3 sg bomb
‘Petar made a mousetrap.’

Maninka (Eastern) rɔ́bɛ̀n

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù kà tólonfen` dó rɔ́bɛ̀n.
pn aor . tr toy\ art indf fabricate
‘Seku fabricated a toy.’

Mano bɛ̀ī

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ē dḭ̄ḭ̄ bɛ̀ī
3 sg . pst powder make
‘S/he made powder.’

Mansi (Northern) wārəs

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
am āpa wār-s-um
i craddle make- pst -1 sg
‘I made a craddle.’

Mehweb -aqʼas

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Pajzula-li-ni b-aqʼ-ib bоmba
pn - obl - erg n -do: pfv - pst bоmb
‘Pajzula made a bomb.’

Mingrelian ei-Ø-o-nc'q'-un-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k xunǯ-i ei-Ø-o-nc'q'-u
pn - erg mousetrap- nom prv - do 3- fact -assemble- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo made a mousetrap.’

Nanai aŋgo-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia bomba-wa aŋgo-xa-ni
pn bomb- obl make- pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia made a bomb.’

Nivkh nəd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik bоmba + nə-d
pn bomb + make- ind
‘Kaskazik made a bomb.’

Norwegian Bokmål å lage

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per lage-t en musefelle
pn make- pst indf . m . sg mousetrap
‘Per made a mousetrap.’

Oromo (West Central) hoddʒeta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n kijjoo hantuutaa hoddʒet-e
pn - nom trap. abs mouse. gen make-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa made a mousetrap.’

Persian dorost kardan

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ahmad talemūš dorost kard
pn mousetrap correct do.3 sg
‘Ahmad made a mousetrap.’

Polish skonstruować

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Dariusz skonstruowa-ł bomb-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] make: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] bomb- acc . sg
‘Dariusz made a bomb.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) construir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro constru-iu um-a ratoeira
pn ( m ) build-3 sg . pst indf - f mousetrap( f )
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

Romani (Kalderash) laśarəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a laśar-ď-a bomb-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg make- pst -3 sg bomb- acc . sg
‘Murša made a bomb.’

Russian sdelatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja izgotovi-l myšelovk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] mousetrap( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja made a mousetrap.’

Rutul (Kina) hawɨr

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a bomba ha<w>ɨ-r
pn - erg bomb( nom ) <3>do. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul made a bomb.’

Rutul (Mukhad) hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a č'aˤnk' vıʔı-ri
pn - erg trap( a ) a .do. pf - aor
‘Murad made a trap.’

Rutul (Shinaz) hɨʔɨ-n

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
basir hɨʔɨ-r č'enk'i-bɨr
pn ( erg ) n .do. pf - aor trap- pl . nom
‘Basir made mousetraps.’

Rutul (Southern) ütke hıʔın

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-a q'uˤl favaqha-y üpke havʔı-r
pn - erg mouse a .catch. ipf - ptcp a .fit a .do. pf - prs
‘Murad made a mousetrap.’

Saami (Skolt) raajjâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt raaj-i säʹpplee-äggaz
pn . sg . nom make- pst .3 sg mouse. sg . gen -trap. sg . acc
‘Pete made a mousetrap.’

Serbian napraviti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je napravi-o bomb-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg make- part . perf . m . sg bomb- acc . sg
‘Petar made a bomb.’

Shughni čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM.CL
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i pūrg-anǰavīǰ=ak xůbaθ čūd
pn =3 sg mousetrap= dim himself do. pst
‘Azim made a mousetrap himself.’

Slovak urobiť

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter urobi-l pasť na myš-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] trap( f )[ acc . sg ] on mouse( f )- acc . pl
‘Peter made a mousetrap.’

Slovenian narediti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je naredi-l bomb-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg make: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] bomb- acc . sg
‘Peter made a bomb.’

Spanish fabricar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro ha fabrica-do una bomba
pn [ sg . m ] aux .3 sg make- ptcp : prf art . ndef . sg . f bomb[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro made a bomb.’

Svan ä-Ø-sq'-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
maizer-d säw-Ø än-Ø-sq'-i
pn - erg firewood_sledge- nom prv : prox - ver : s -make- pst
‘Maizer made a firewood sledge.’

Swedish att göra

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gjor-de en musfälla
pn make- pst indf . c . sg mousetrap
‘Björn made a mousetrap.’

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
maˁhaˁmad-ǯi q’uˁl-ar.i-n ruqar ʁ-ap’-nu
pn - erg mouse- pl - gen trap( abs ) pf -do- pst
‘Mahamad made a mousetrap.’

Tagalog gumawa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
g<um>awa ng panghuli ng daga si Pedro
< av > pfv .make gen trap gen rat pers . subj pn
‘Pedro made a mousetrap.’

Telugu tayāru cēyu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ eluka-la kōsamu uccu tayāru cēsāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom rat( n )- pl . obl for loop( n ). sg . nom ready do. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen made a trap for rats.’

Tsakhur havʔıy

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
murad-ee q’oˁybıšı-s k’ıts’ havʔu
pn - erg mouse. pl . obl - dat trap( a ) a .do. pf
‘Murad made a mousetrap.’

Tswana dira

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
di-rukhutlhi di-dir-il-e Ø-bomo
pl -terrorist(8/10) s i :cl8/10-make- prf - fv sg -bomb(9)
‘The terrorists made a bomb.’

Turkish yapmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet bomba yap-tı
pn bomb make- pst
‘Mehmet made a bomb.’

Turoyo soyəm

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel səm-le faḥo l-aʕ ʕebugr-e
pn make. pfv - ls .3 m trap( m ) to- art . pl mouse- pl
‘Gabriyel made a trap for mice.’

Twi yε

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi yε-ε nkurafidie bi
pn be/do- pst mousetrap indef
‘Kofi made a mousetrap.’

Udmurt leśti̮ni̮

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet'a bomba leśt-iz
pn . nom bomb. nom make- pst .3 sg
‘Petja made a bomb.’

Ukrainian vyhotovyty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o vyhotovy-v vybuxivk-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg make( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] explosive( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro made an explosive.’

Ulcha anǯu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əj ńī bomba-wa anǯu-xa-ni
this person bomb- acc make- pst -3 sg
‘This man made a bomb.’

Uzbek tayorlamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya bomba tayorla-di
pn bomb make- pst .3 sg
‘Petja made a bomb.’

Wolof defar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
Musaa dafa-y defar gaal
pn f oc v .s i :3 sg - incpl make boat( g )
‘Musaa makes boats.’

Yukaghir (Northern) wiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn bombа-lǝ wiǝ-mǝ-lǝ
pn bomb- acc make- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien made a bomb.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ.TR
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ɛj dam-a mɛrrɛ-yan vɨraʃt-ə
3 sg . m . obl trap- ez . f mouse- pl . obl make. pst -3 sg . f
‘He made a mousetrap.’