‘marvel’
| Argument frame: |
X
(marvel) at
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. arrived in the capital.)
P.
marvelled at / was struck by / was impressed by
this town
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
поражаться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(поражаться)
Y
-у
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. приехал в столицу).
П.
поразился
этому городу
.
|
Abaza
ǯ’a-š’a
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul |
á-q̇ala |
χʷábəž-ta |
j-ǯ’a-j-š’a-d |
|
pn
|
def
-city
|
strong-
adv
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-
loc
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-wonder(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Rasul marvelled at this city.’ |
Adyghe
ʁe.ṣ̂eʁʷe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
qale-r |
ə-ʁe-ṣ̂eʁʷa-ʁ |
|
парень-
obl
|
город-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
caus
-чудо-
pst
|
| ‘Парень поразился этому городу.’ |
Aghul
ʡalamat x.u-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
ʡalamat |
x.u-ne |
me |
šahar.di-l |
|
pn
|
amazing
|
become.
pf
-
aor
|
demm
|
town-
super
|
| ‘Aslan was struck by this town.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Bambara
kábakoya
|
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
|
| X: DO |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| dùgu` |
ye |
Sékù |
kábakoya |
|
village\
art
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
surprise
|
| ‘Seku was surprised by the village.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ficar impressionado
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
fic-ou |
impression-ad-o |
com |
ess-a |
cidade |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
get-3
sg
.
pst
|
impress-
ptcp
-
m
|
with
|
dem
.
med
-
f
|
city(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro was very impressed by this city.’ |
Catalan
quedar impressionat
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
va |
qued-ar |
impressionat |
d’aquest |
poble |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
remain-
inf
|
impressed(
m
)
|
of-this.
sg
.
m
|
city(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere was impressed by this town.’ |
Czech
obdivovat se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
tomu |
měst-u |
obdivova-l |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
this.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
city(
n
)-
dat
.
sg
|
admire(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr was marvelled at this city.’ |
Danish
være imponeret
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
var |
imponere-t |
over |
by-en |
|
pn
|
be.
pst
|
impress-
ptcp
.
pst
.
sg
|
over
|
town(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter was impressed by this town.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Dutch
verwondern
|
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
|
| X: DO |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: Y |
| de |
stad |
verwonder-t |
Piet |
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
city(С)
|
surprise-3
sg
|
pn
(
c
)
|
| ‘This city impressed Piet.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dálajà
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
dálajà-da |
Kánkan |
ná. |
|
pn
|
be.surprized-
aor
.
intr
|
pn
|
at
|
| ‘Seku was surprized by Kankan.’ |
English
marvel
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_at
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: at |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
marvelled |
at |
this |
town. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
imetlema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
imetle-s |
seda |
linna |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
marvel-
pst
.3
sg
|
dem
.
sg
.
part
|
town.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter marvelled at this town.’ |
Finnish
hämmästyä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
hämmästy-i |
tä-stä |
kaupungi-sta |
|
pn
.
nom
|
marvel-
pst
.3
sg
|
this-
ela
|
town-
ela
|
| ‘Pekka marvelled at this town.’ |
Forest Enets
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
French
être imprissionné
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_par
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: par |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
a |
été |
impressionné |
par |
cette |
ville |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
be.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
impress.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
by
|
this.
sg
.
f
|
city(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul was impressed by this town.’ |
| Note: Passive construction. |
Georgian
aγ-Ø-prtovan-d-eb-a (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| p'et're-Ø |
am |
kalak-it |
aγ-Ø-prtovan-d-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
attr
.
dem
.
prox
_
obl
|
city-
ins
|
prv
:auward-
s
3-admire-
intr
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre was impressed by this town.’ |
German
beeindruckt sein
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_vonDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: vonDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
war |
von |
dies-er |
Stadt |
beeindruck-t |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
be.
pst
.3
sg
|
of
|
this-
f
.
dat
.
sg
|
town[
dat
.
sg
]
|
impress-
ptcp
2.
|
| ‘Karl was impressed by this town.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Irish
bí iontas
|
Valency pattern:
ar_le
|
| X: ar |
| Y: le |
| Locus: XY |
| Bhí |
iontas |
air |
Phól |
leis |
an |
chathair. |
|
be.
pst
|
surprise
|
on
|
pn
|
with
|
def
|
town
|
| ‘Pól was impressed by the town.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
rimanere stupito
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: da |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
è |
rimast-o |
stupit-o |
dalla |
città |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
stay.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
impress.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
by.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
city.
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo was impressed by this city.’ |
Kalderash Romani
diľavel
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
diľ-ajl-o |
kata |
kad-o |
for-o |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
go_crazy-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
from
|
this-
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
town-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša was impressed by this town.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used. |
Kazakh
taŋɣal
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
astana-ɣa |
taŋɣal-dï |
|
pn
|
capital-
dat
|
marvel-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya marvelled at the city.’ |
Kazym Khanty
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT.LAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: CONT.LAT |
| Locus: Y |
| da |
hun-za-qo-l |
hajranƛa-na |
gołe |
|
1
sg
.
abs
|
гора-
pl
.
o
-
cont
-
lat
|
восторгаться-
pst
.
u
|
aux
.
prs
|
| ‘Я в восторге от гор.’ |
| Note: This sentence is semantically slightly different from the stimulus. ИГ: Слово отсутствует в словаре и не знакомо некоторым носителям; но те носители вообще ничего на такой контекст предложить не смогли. |
Kina Rutul
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Latin
miror
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (host-is) |
dum |
mira-tur |
subit-um |
advent-um |
|
enemy(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
as_long_as
|
be_surprised[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
sudden-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
advance(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘... while (the enemy) was surprised by the sudden advance.’ |
| Note: (Liv. XXXIX, 30, 10) |
Mandarin Chinese
jīngtàn-bù-yǐ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dui
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: dui |
| Locus: Y |
| Zhāngsān |
duì |
zhè-zuò |
chéngzhèn |
jīngtàn-bù-yǐ |
|
pn
|
towards
|
this-
clf
|
town
|
marvel-not-stop
|
| ‘Zhangsan marvelled at this town.’ |
Mingrelian
č'k'ua-še(n) gin-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
ERG_INS
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| čelo-k |
č'k'ua-še(n) |
gin-Ø-i-l-u |
te |
noγa-t(i). |
|
pn
-
erg
|
wit-
abl
|
prv
-
s
3-
ver
:
s
-go-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
dem
.
prox
|
town-
ins
|
| ‘Chelo got crazy about this town.’ |
Modern Hebrew
hitraʃem
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mi |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
hitraʃem |
me |
ha |
ir |
ha |
z-o |
|
pn
|
be.impressed[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
def
|
town
|
def
|
this-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Pinchas was impressed by this town.’ |
Nanai
xal-xal o-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
əj |
xoto-nǯi |
xal-xal |
ose-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
this
|
town-
ins
|
embarrassed
|
become-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia was embarrassed by this town.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
mа̄lijуori=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
tu-ŋ |
gorod-lǝ |
mǝ |
mа̄li-j-uo-ri-m |
|
pn
|
prxm
-
at
|
town-
acc
|
aff
|
be_surprised-
pf
-
res
-
appl
-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien was impressed by this town.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å bli imponert
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
ble |
imponer-t |
over |
by-en |
|
pn
|
become.
pst
|
impress-
ptcp
|
over
|
town-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per was impressed by the town.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Polish
porazić
|
Valency pattern:
ACC_NOM
|
| X: ACC |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Pawł-a |
porazi-ł-o |
to |
miast-o |
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
strike:
pfv
-
pst
-
n
.3
sg
|
that.
n
.
nom
.
sg
|
town-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Paweł was impressed by this town.’ |
Russian
porazitʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
porazi-l-sja |
èt-omu |
gorod-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
amaze(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
|
this-
m
.
dat
.
sg
|
city(
m
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja was impressed by this town.’ |
Serbian
biti oduševljen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
je |
bi-o |
oduševljen |
t-im |
grad-om |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
be-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
amaze.
part
.
pass
.
nom
.
sg
|
this-
ins
.
sg
.
m
|
city-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar was amazed by this town.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive). |
Shughni
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
|
|
|
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Skolt Saami
õõmšed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
čuuʹt |
õõmš-i |
siid |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
very
|
marvel.at-
pst
.3
sg
|
village.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete marvelled at this village.’ |
Slovak
obdivovať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
obdivova-l |
toto |
mest-o |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
admire(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
this.
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
city(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter was marvelled at this city.’ |
Slovenian
biti navdušen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_nadINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: nadINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Pavel |
je |
bi-l |
navdušen |
nad |
tem |
mest-om |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
be-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
thrilled[
nom
.
m
.
sg
]
|
above
|
this.
ins
.
sg
.
n
|
city-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Pavel was marvelled at this town.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (passive participle). |
Sorani Kurdish
sersam bûn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
be |
ʂar-eke-î |
sersam |
bû-Ø |
|
pn
|
to
|
city-
def
-
obl
|
impressed
|
be.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa was impressed by this town.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
sorprender
|
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
|
| X: DO |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| a |
Pedro |
lo/le |
sorprendi-ó |
est-a |
ciudad |
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
he.
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
surprise-
aor
.3
sg
|
this[
sg
]-
f
|
town[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘This city surprised Pedro.’ |
Swedish
att förundras
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
förundra-de-s |
över |
stad-en |
|
pn
|
marvel-
pst
-
pass
|
over
|
town-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn was impressed by this town.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
UND_LOC
|
| X: UND |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Na-mangha |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
kaniya-ng |
bayan |
|
statpv
.
pfv
~be
|
amazed
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
3.
sg
.
dat
.
lin
town
|
| ‘Pedo marvelled at / was struck by / was impressed by this town’ |
| Note: Can you change the voice and turn Pedro into the subject here? |
Telugu
āšcaryapōvu
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| pravīṇ |
ā |
paṭṭaṇānni |
cūsi |
āšcaryapōyāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
dem
.
dist
|
city(
n
).
sg
.
acc
|
see.
cvb
.
ant
|
get_suprised.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen was surprised by this town.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP within a dependent clause. |
Turkish
şaşmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
bu |
şehir-e |
şaş-tı |
|
pn
|
this
|
city-
dat
|
be_surprised-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet marvelled at this city.’ |
Ulcha
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Uzbek
hayrat qolmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
bu |
šahar-ga |
hayrat-da |
qol-di |
|
pn
|
this
|
city-
dat
|
surprise-
loc
|
stay-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja was impressed by this city.’ |
West Central Oromo
adʒaaʔibsiisata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
magaala-ttii |
adʒaaʔib-siis-at-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
town-
def
.
abs
|
impress-
caus
-
mid
-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa was impressed by the town.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-uχ.i-j
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: CONT.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
w-uχ.i-j |
ho-no-b |
gorodil-tʃ’u-kːu |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
m
-take_off.
pst
-
pf
|
dem
-
emph
-
inan
1
|
city-
cont
-
el
|
| ‘Ali was astounded by that city.’ |
