‘fall behind’
| Argument frame: | X (fall behind) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (P. and M. started out to school together, but) P. fell behind M . |
| Predicate label Ru: | отстать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (отставать) от Y -а |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (П. и М. вместе пошли в школу, но) П. отстал от М . |
Abaza ʕa-[χ’ə-]ŝa
| Valency pattern: ABS_LOCxe |
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOCxe |
| Locus: Y |
| rasúl | zaréma | d-ʕá-l-χ’-ŝa-d |
| pn | pn | 3 sg . h . abs - cisl -3 sg . f . io - loc -fall( aor )- dcl |
| ‘Rasul fell behind Zarema.’ | ||
Aghul qatːarx.u-
| Valency pattern: ABS_POST.ELAT |
| X: ABS |
| Y: POST.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan | qatːarx.u-ne | meʜemed.i-q-as |
| pn | { post . elat }get. pf - aor | pn - post - elat |
| ‘Aslan fell behind Muhammad.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic payəš +baray
| Valency pattern: SBJ_men |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| urza | pəš-lə | +baray | mən | baxta |
| man( m ) | remain. pst - ls .3 m | behind | from | woman( f ) |
| ‘The man fell behind the woman.’ | ||||
Brazilian Portuguese ficar para trás
| Valency pattern: SBJ_de |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | fic-ou | para | trás | de | Miguel |
| pn ( m ) | get-3 sg . pst | towards | behind | of | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pedro fell behind Miguel.’ | |||||
Catalan quedar enrere
| Valency pattern: SBJ_de |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| en | Pere | va | qued-ar | enrere | del | Marc |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | remain- inf | behind | of. def . sg . m | pn ( m ) |
| ‘Pere fell behind Marc.’ | ||||||
Czech zpozdit se
| Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zaINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | se | zpozdí-l | za | Michal-em |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | refl . acc | fall_behind( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | behind | pn ( m )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petr fell behind Michal.’ | ||||
Danish komme bagefter
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | kom | bagefter | Marie |
| pn | come. pst | behind | pn |
| ‘Peter fell behind Marie.’ | |||
Dutch achteropraken
| Valency pattern: SBJ_bij |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bij |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet | raak-te | bij | Marie | achterop |
| pn ( c ) | walk-3 sg | at | pn ( c ) | behind |
| ‘Piet fell behind Marie.’ | ||||
Estonian maha jääma
| Valency pattern: NOM_ELA |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | jä-i | Mareti-st | maha |
| pn . sg . nom | stay- pst .3 sg | pn - ela | down |
| ‘Peeter fell behind Maret.’ | |||
| Note: Phrasal verb (maha is not a flagging device). | |||
Finnish jäädä jälkeen
| Valency pattern: NOM_ELA |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | jä-i | jälkeen | Mati-sta |
| pn . nom | stay- pst .3 sg | behind | pn - ela |
| ‘Pekka fell behind Matti.’ | |||
Forest Enets kaji
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| vasʲa | kasa-xazo-da | kaji-bi |
| pn | man- abl . sg - obl . sg .3 sg | stay_behind( pfv )- prf .3 sg . s |
| ‘Vasja fell behind his friend’. | ||
German zurückfallen
| Valency pattern: NOM_hinterACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: hinterACC |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl | fiel | hinter | Marie | zurück |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | fall. pst .3 sg | behind | pn [ acc . sg ] | back |
| ‘Karl fell behind Marie.’ | ||||
Italian rimanere indietro
| Valency pattern: SBJ_rispetto.a |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: rispetto.a |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo | è | rimast-o | indietro | rispetto | a | Maria |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | stay. pst . ptcp - sg . m | behind | compared | to | pn ( f ) |
| ‘Leo fell behind Maria.’ | ||||||
Kazakh qal-ïp qoy
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya | Maša-dan | qal-ïp | qoy-dï |
| pn | pn - abl | remain- cvb | put- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya fell behind Masha.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty jǒχi χǎśti
| Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt |
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMewelt |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en | maša-j-ǝλ | ewǝλt | jǒχi | χǎś-ǝs |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | pn - ep - poss .3 sg | from | home | remain- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja fell behind Maša.’ | ||||
Latin decedo
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| si | quis | agmin-e | decess-isse-t, | pro | desertor-e | fore | clamita-ns |
| if | who. nom . sg | rank( n )- abl . sg | fall_behind- plup . sbjv - act .3 sg | for | deserter( m )- abl . sg | be. fut . inf . act | call- prs . ptcp . act . nom . sg |
| ‘... yelling that whoever departs from the rank will be held for a deserter.’ | |||||||
| Note: (Tac. Ann. I, 38) | |||||||
Modern Hebrew piger
| Valency pattern: SBJ_axarej |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: axarej |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas | piger | aχarej | Menaχem |
| pn | lag[ pst .3 sg . m ] | after | pn |
| ‘Pinchas fell behind Menachem.’ | |||
Nanai xamila dərəǯi-
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia | Maša-ǯea | xame-la-ni | dərəǯi-xə-ni |
| pn | pn - abl | back- loc - p .3 sg | remain- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia fell behind Masha.’ | |||
Nivkh jarid
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | Ajsana | + | ari-d |
| pn | pn | + | fall.behind- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik fell behind Ajsana.’ | |||
Norwegian Bokmål å ligge etter
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | lå | etter | Ola |
| pn | lie. pst | after | pn |
| ‘Per fell behind Ola.’ | |||
| Note: Phrasal verb (etter is not a flagging device). | |||
Polish zostać
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Ann-a | zosta-ł-a | w | tyl-e |
| pn - nom . sg | remain: pfv - pst - f .3 sg | in | back- loc . sg |
| ‘Anna fell behind.’ | |||
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is not overtly expressed. | |||
Russian otstatʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_otGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: otGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja | otsta-l | ot | Maš-i |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | fall_behind( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | from | pn ( f )- gen . sg |
| ‘Petja fell behind Maša.’ | |||
Rutul quɁ qargɨr
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| ramazan | quɁ | q-argɨ-r | rasul-u-la |
| pn ( nom ) | back. lat | re - lv . pfv - cvb | pn - obl ( sup )- el |
| ‘Ramazan fell behind Rasul.’ | |||
Serbian zaostao
| Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zaINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar | je | zaosta-o | za | Marij-om |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | отстать- part . perf . m . sg | за | pn - ins . sg |
| ‘Петар отстал от Марии.’ | ||||
Shughni zibo δêdow2
| Valency pattern: NOM_EL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim | as | Lola | zibo | δod |
| pn | el | pn | behind | fall. pst |
| ‘Azim fell behind Lola.’ | ||||
Skolt Saami kuâđđjed
| Valency pattern: NOM_GENtuakka |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENtuakka |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt | kuâđđj-i | Määʹrj | tuâkka |
| pn . sg . nom | remain- pst .3 sg | pn . sg . gen | behind |
| ‘Pete fell behind Maria’ | |||
Slovenian zaostati
| Valency pattern: NOM_zaINS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: zaINS |
| Locus: Y |
| An-a | je | zaosta-l-a | za | Pavl-om |
| pn - nom . sg | aux .3 sg | remain: pfv - lpt - f . sg | behind | pn - ins . sg |
| ‘Ana fell behind Pavel.’ | ||||
Spanish quedarse atrás
| Valency pattern: SBJ_de |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro | se | qued-ó | atrás | de | María |
| pn [ sg . m ] | refl .3 sg | remain- aor .3 sg | behind | from | pn [ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro fell behind Maria.’ | |||||
Swedish att hamna efter
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | hamna-de | efter | Maja |
| pn | end_up- pst | after | pn |
| ‘Björn fell behind Maja.’ | |||
Turkish geri kalmak
| Valency pattern: NOM_ABL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet | Orhan-dan | geri | kal-dı |
| pn | pn - abl | behind | remain- pst |
| ‘Mehmet fell behind Orhan.’ | |||
Ulcha dərəǯu-
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| tam=də | əktə | piktə | dərə-ǯu-xə-ni |
| then= emph | female | child | remain- rep - pst -3 sg |
| ‘But then the girl fell behind.’ | |||
| Note: Not included in the database because Y cannot be overtly expressed. | |||
Zilo Andi <j>-eχːudu <j>-ekː.u-j
| Valency pattern: NOM_CONT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati | marjam-tʃ’u | j-eχːudu | j-ekː.u-j |
| pn [ f ][ nom ] | pn - cont | f -after | f -stay. pst - pf |
| ‘Patimat fell behind Mariam.’ | |||