BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘be different’

Argument frame: X (be different) from Y
Stimulus sentence: (M. told P. that they have identical shirts. P. answered her,) ‘No, my shirt is different from yours (, it is darker).’
Predicate label Ru: отличаться
Argument frame Ru: X (отличаться) от Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: (М. сказал П., что у них одинаковые рубашки. П. отвечает ему: «Нет,) моя рубашка отличается от твоей (она более темная").

Abaza *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Adyghe fe-de + NEG

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN
X: ABS
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
s-jə-ǯʼane wewjəje-m fe-d-ep
1 sg . pr - poss -рубашка( abs ) твой- obl ben -похожий- neg
‘Моя рубашка отличается от твоей.’

Aghul ǯüre-f + COP

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
ze berʜem ǯüre-f e we-tː.i-l-as
я: gen shirt separate- nmlz cop you- nmlz - super - elat
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic parəš

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
+sudra di praš=əla mən d-e diyy-ux
shirt( f ) obl . pron .1 sg separate. prog =3 f from obl - dem 4. f obl . pron - p .2 m
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Bambara bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù bɔ́-len bɛ́ Fùséni lá
pn go.out- ptcp . res be pn in
‘Seku is different from Fuseyni.’

Brazilian Portuguese ser diferente

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
minha camisa é diferente da sua
poss .1 sg . f shirt( f ) cop _ hab .3 sg . prs different of+ def . f poss .3. f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Catalan ser diferent

Valency pattern: SBJ_que
X: SBJ
Y: que
Locus: Y
no, la meva camisa és diferent que la teva
no def . sg . f poss .1 sg . f . sg shirt( f ) be.3 sg . prs . ind different than def . sg . f poss .2 sg . f . sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Czech jiný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_nezNOM
X: NOM
Y: nezNOM
Locus: Y
moj-e košil-e je jin-á než tvoj-e
my- f . nom . sg shirt( f )- nom . sg be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg other- f . nom . sg than your- f . nom . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Danish være forskellig

Valency pattern: SBJ_fra
X: SBJ
Y: fra
Locus: Y
Nej, min skjorte er forskellig fra din
no my. c . sg shirt( c ) be. prs different. c . sg from your. c . sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch verschillen

Valency pattern: SBJ_van
X: SBJ
Y: van
Locus: Y
mijn hemd verschil-t van die van jou
poss .1 sg shirt( n ) be.different-3 sg from dem . c . sg from 2 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Eastern Maninka bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma
X: SBJ
Y: ma
Locus: Y
ná fàanin bɔ́-nin tá mà.
1 sg poss clothes exit- ptcp . res 2 sg part adr
‘My clothes are different from yours.’

English be different

Valency pattern: SBJ_from
X: SBJ
Y: from
Locus: Y
No, my shirt is different from yours.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Estonian erinema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
ei, minu särk erine-b sinu oma-st
no, 1 sg . gen shirt. sg . nom differ- prs .3 sg 2 sg . gen poss . refl - ela
‘No, my shirt differs from yours.’

Finnish erota

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA
X: NOM
Y: ELA
Locus: Y
minun paita-ni ero-aa sinun paida-sta-si
1 sg . gen shirt. nom - poss .1 sg differ- prs .3 sg 2 sg . gen shirt- ela - poss .2 sg
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’

Forest Enets dʲɔgode

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
modʲi lubaxa-jʔ uuʔ lubaxa-xazo-d dʲɔgode
i cloth- nom . sg .1 sg you cloth- abl . sg - obl . sg .2 sg another
‘My shirt is different from your shirt’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

French se distinguer

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
ma chemise se distingue de la tienne, elle est plus foncée
my. sg . f shirt( f ) refl distinguishю. prs .3 sg of def . sg . f your. sg . f she be. prs .3 sg more dark. sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours, it is darker.’

Georgian gan-Ø-sxvav-d-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN.ABL
X: NOM
Y: GEN.ABL
Locus: Y
ara, čem-i p'erang-i šen-is-gan gan-Ø-sxvav-d-eb-a
neg my- nom shirt- nom your- gen - pstp : abl prv :outward- s 3-be_different- intr - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’

German sich unterscheiden

Valency pattern: NOM_vonDAT
X: NOM
Y: vonDAT
Locus: Y
mein Hemd unterscheide-t sich von dein-em
my[ n . nom . sg ] shirt[ nom . sg ] differ- prs .3 sg refl of your- n . dat . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Irish bí difriúil

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Thá mo léine=sin difriúil le d’=cheann=sa.
be. prs poss .1 sg shirt= dem different with poss .2 sg =head= dem
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian essere diverso

Valency pattern: SBJ_da
X: SBJ
Y: da
Locus: Y
la mi-a camici-a è divers-a dalla tu-a
def . sg . f poss .1 sg - sg . f shirt- sg . f be-3 sg . prs different- sg . f by. def . sg . f poss .2 sg - sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kalderash Romani ći mʼa(zo)l

Valency pattern: NOM_pe
X: NOM
Y: pe
Locus: Y
muř-o gad ći mʼa-l pe tir-o
my- m . dir . sg shirt[ nom . sg ] neg resemble- prs .3 sg on your- m . dir . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure would be NOM_peLOC.

Kazakh basqa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Menіŋ žeyde-m senіŋ žeyde-nen basqa
i . gen shirt- poss 1 sg you. gen shirt- abl different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kazym Khanty *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT.EL
X: ABS
Y: CONT.EL
Locus: Y
kweč’abe-sa leƛ'a kwet'abe-qo-žo bat'ija-r l-e:ča
левый- atr рука( iv ) правый- cont - el разный- iv iv -быть\ gnt
‘Левая рука отличается от правой.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kina Rutul maddɨ wiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUP.EL
Locus: Y
iz-dɨ uχun mad-dɨ w-iɁi wɨ-dɨ-ji-la
i - attr shirt( nom ) other- attr 3- cop you. sg - attr - obl ( sup )- el
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Latin differo

Valency pattern: NOM_abABL
X: NOM
Y: abABL
Locus: Y
German-i multum ab hac consuetudin-e differ-unt
g erman( m )- nom . pl very from this. abl . sg . f custom( f )- abl . sg differ[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl
‘The Germans differ in many ways from this custom.’
Note: (Caes. Gall. VI, 21)

Mandarin Chinese bù yīyàng

Valency pattern: SBJ_he
X: SBJ
Y: he
Locus: Y
wǒ-de chènshān nǐ-de yīyàng
i - de shirt with you- de not same
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Mingrelian gen-Ø-sxvav-eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
čkim osare-Ø gen-Ø-sxvaveb-u(n)-Ø sk'an osare-še(n).
my shirt- nom prv - s 3-be_different- sm - s 3 sg . inact your. sg shirt- abl
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian.

Modern Hebrew ʃone

Valency pattern: SBJ_mi
X: SBJ
Y: mi
Locus: Y
lo ha χultsa ʃel-i ʃone mi ʃel-χa
no def shirt poss -1 sg different from poss -2 sg . m
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’

Nanai xaŋisila bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mi tətuə-i si-ŋgi-ǯia xaŋe.se-la bi
1 sg garment- p .1 sg 2 sg - poss . pred - abl side. dir - adv be. npst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Yukaghir wiǝdǝ ban=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
mǝt urbа̄hа tǝt-lˈǝ-ɣаt wiǝ-dǝ bаn-i
1 sg . poss shirt 2 sg - poss - abl other- adv be- intr .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Norwegian Bokmål å være annerledes

Valency pattern: SBJ_enn
X: SBJ
Y: enn
Locus: Y
min skjorte er annerledes enn din
my. sg shirt be. prs different than your. sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Polish odróżniać się

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
moj-a koszul-a odróżnia się od twoj-ej
my- f . nom . sg shirt- nom . sg differ: ipfv . prs .3 sg refl from your- f . gen . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Russian otličatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_otGEN
X: NOM
Y: otGEN
Locus: Y
mo-ja rubašk-a otliča-et-sja ot tvo-ej
my- f . nom . sg shirt( f )- nom . sg differentiate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl from your- f . gen . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Serbian razlikovati se

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
moj-a košulj-a se razlikuje od tvoj-e
my- nom . sg . f shirt- nom . sg refl differ. prs .3 sg from.near your- gen . sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Shughni farq vidow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
mu kurtā as tu kurtā farq
1 sg . obl shirt el 2 sg shirt difference
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt.

Skolt Saami leeʹd jeeʹresnallšem

Valency pattern: NOM_ko
X: NOM
Y: ko
Locus: Y
ij muu päiʹdd lij jeeʹresnallšem ko tuu päiʹdd
neg .3 sg 1 sg . gen shirt. sg . nom be. prs .3 sg different than 2 sg . gen shirt. sg . nom
‘No, my shirt is different from your shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Slovak iný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_akoNOM
X: NOM
Y: akoNOM
Locus: Y
Moj-a košeľ-a je in-á ako tvoj-a
my- f . nom . sg shirt( f )- nom . sg be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg other- f . nom . sg than your- f . nom . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Slovenian razlikovati se

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN
X: NOM
Y: odGEN
Locus: Y
moj-a srajc-a se razlikuje od tvoj-e
my- nom . sg . f shirt- nom . sg rfl be_different: ipfv . prs .3 sg from your- gen . sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Sorani Kurdish ciyawaz bûn

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
na, kiras-eke-î min ciyawaz-e le hîto
no, shirt- def - izf i different-be. prs .3 sg from yours
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Spanish ser diferente

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
mi camisa es diferente de la tuy-a
my[ sg . f ] shirt[ sg . f ] be_ hab . prs .3 sg different[ sg . f ] from art . def . sg . f your- sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Swedish NEG + att vara likadan

Valency pattern: SBJ_som
X: SBJ
Y: som
Locus: Y
nej, min tröja är inte likadan som din
no my. c . sg shirt be. prs not similar. indf . c . sg as your. c . sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tagalog

Valency pattern: UND_LOC
X: UND
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Naiiba ang damit ko sa iyo
different subj shirt 1. sg . gen dat yours
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal construction. It has been aligned with PV constructions and, consequently, identified as UND_LOC.

Telugu vēru + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkante
X: NOM
Y: OBLkante
Locus: Y
cokka nīdāni kaṁṭē vēru
1 sg . obl shirt( n ). sg . nom yours_one( n ). sg . obl than other
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turkish farklı olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
benim gömleğ-im senin-ki-nden farklı
i . gen shirt- p .1 sg thou. gen - adj - abl different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Ulcha xaŋsi bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
min tətu-j siŋgi-ǯi xaŋsi bī-n
my garment-1 sg yours- ins different be. prs -3 sg
‘My gown is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Uzbek bošqača emoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
meniŋ ko’ylag-im seniki-dan bošqača
my dress- poss .1 sg your- abl different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, emoq is 'to be'.

West Central Oromo adda=ɗa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABSirraa
X: NOM
Y: ABSirraa
Locus: Y
lakki ʃamizii-n=koo kan=kee irraa adda=ɗa
no shirt- nom =1 sg . poss of=2 sg . poss on. abl different= cop . npst
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Zilo Andi bat’a

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
di-r ɡurdo du-r-tʃ’u bat’a
i . obl - inan 2( gen ) shirt[ inan 2][ nom ] thou. obl - inan 2( gen )- cont separate
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.