‘be different’
| Argument frame: |
X
(be different) from
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(M. told P. that they have identical shirts. P. answered her,) ‘No,
my shirt
is different from
yours
(, it is darker).’
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
отличаться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(отличаться) от
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(М. сказал П., что у них одинаковые рубашки. П. отвечает ему: «Нет,)
моя рубашка
отличается от
твоей
(она более темная").
|
Abaza
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Adyghe
fe-de + NEG
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: Y |
| s-jə-ǯʼane |
wewjəje-m |
fe-d-ep |
|
1
sg
.
pr
-
poss
-рубашка(
abs
)
|
твой-
obl
|
ben
-похожий-
neg
|
| ‘Моя рубашка отличается от твоей.’ |
Aghul
ǯüre-f + COP
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.ELAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ze |
berʜem |
ǯüre-f |
e |
we-tː.i-l-as |
|
я:
gen
|
shirt
|
separate-
nmlz
|
cop
|
you-
nmlz
-
super
-
elat
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
parəš
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| +sudra |
di |
praš=əla |
mən |
d-e |
diyy-ux |
|
shirt(
f
)
|
obl
.
pron
.1
sg
|
separate.
prog
=3
f
|
from
|
obl
-
dem
4.
f
|
obl
.
pron
-
p
.2
m
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
Bambara
bɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɔ́-len |
bɛ́ |
Fùséni |
lá |
|
pn
|
go.out-
ptcp
.
res
|
be
|
pn
|
in
|
| ‘Seku is different from Fuseyni.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ser diferente
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| minha |
camisa |
é |
diferente |
da |
sua |
|
poss
.1
sg
.
f
|
shirt(
f
)
|
cop
_
hab
.3
sg
.
prs
|
different
|
of+
def
.
f
|
poss
.3.
f
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Catalan
ser diferent
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_que
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: que |
| Locus: Y |
| no, |
la |
meva |
camisa |
és |
diferent |
que |
la |
teva |
|
no
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.1
sg
.
f
.
sg
|
shirt(
f
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
different
|
than
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.2
sg
.
f
.
sg
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Czech
jiný + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_nezNOM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: nezNOM |
| Locus: Y |
| moj-e |
košil-e |
je |
jin-á |
než |
tvoj-e |
|
my-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
shirt(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
be(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
other-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
than
|
your-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Danish
være forskellig
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_fra
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: fra |
| Locus: Y |
| Nej, |
min |
skjorte |
er |
forskellig |
fra |
din |
|
no
|
my.
c
.
sg
|
shirt(
c
)
|
be.
prs
|
different.
c
.
sg
|
from
|
your.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Dutch
verschillen
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_van
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| mijn |
hemd |
verschil-t |
van |
die |
van |
jou |
|
poss
.1
sg
|
shirt(
n
)
|
be.different-3
sg
|
from
|
dem
.
c
.
sg
|
from
|
2
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
Eastern Maninka
bɔ́
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_ma
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: ma |
| Locus: Y |
| Ń |
ná |
fàanin |
bɔ́-nin |
í |
tá |
mà. |
|
1
sg
|
poss
|
clothes
|
exit-
ptcp
.
res
|
2
sg
|
part
|
adr
|
| ‘My clothes are different from yours.’ |
English
be different
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_from
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: from |
| Locus: Y |
| No, |
my |
shirt |
is |
different |
from |
yours. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Estonian
erinema
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| ei, |
minu |
särk |
erine-b |
sinu |
oma-st |
|
no,
|
1
sg
.
gen
|
shirt.
sg
.
nom
|
differ-
prs
.3
sg
|
2
sg
.
gen
|
poss
.
refl
-
ela
|
| ‘No, my shirt differs from yours.’ |
Finnish
erota
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| minun |
paita-ni |
ero-aa |
sinun |
paida-sta-si |
|
1
sg
.
gen
|
shirt.
nom
-
poss
.1
sg
|
differ-
prs
.3
sg
|
2
sg
.
gen
|
shirt-
ela
-
poss
.2
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲɔgode
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
lubaxa-jʔ |
uuʔ |
lubaxa-xazo-d |
dʲɔgode |
|
i
|
cloth-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
you
|
cloth-
abl
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.2
sg
|
another
|
| ‘My shirt is different from your shirt’. |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
French
se distinguer
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| ma |
chemise |
se |
distingue |
de |
la |
tienne, |
elle |
est |
plus |
foncée |
|
my.
sg
.
f
|
shirt(
f
)
|
refl
|
distinguishю.
prs
.3
sg
|
of
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
your.
sg
.
f
|
she
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
more
|
dark.
sg
.
f
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours, it is darker.’ |
Georgian
gan-Ø-sxvav-d-eb-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN.ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN.ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| ara, |
čem-i |
p'erang-i |
šen-is-gan |
gan-Ø-sxvav-d-eb-a |
|
neg
|
my-
nom
|
shirt-
nom
|
your-
gen
-
pstp
:
abl
|
prv
:outward-
s
3-be_different-
intr
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’ |
German
sich unterscheiden
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_vonDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: vonDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| mein |
Hemd |
unterscheide-t |
sich |
von |
dein-em |
|
my[
n
.
nom
.
sg
]
|
shirt[
nom
.
sg
]
|
differ-
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
of
|
your-
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
Irish
bí difriúil
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Thá |
mo |
léine=sin |
difriúil |
le |
d’=cheann=sa. |
|
be.
prs
|
poss
.1
sg
|
shirt=
dem
|
different
|
with
|
poss
.2
sg
=head=
dem
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
essere diverso
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_da
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: da |
| Locus: Y |
| la |
mi-a |
camici-a |
è |
divers-a |
dalla |
tu-a |
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.1
sg
-
sg
.
f
|
shirt-
sg
.
f
|
be-3
sg
.
prs
|
different-
sg
.
f
|
by.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
poss
.2
sg
-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kalderash Romani
ći mʼa(zo)l
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pe
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pe |
| Locus: Y |
| muř-o |
gad |
ći |
mʼa-l |
pe |
tir-o |
|
my-
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
shirt[
nom
.
sg
]
|
neg
|
resemble-
prs
.3
sg
|
on
|
your-
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure would be NOM_peLOC. |
Kazakh
basqa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Menіŋ |
žeyde-m |
senіŋ |
žeyde-nen |
basqa |
|
i
.
gen
|
shirt-
poss
1
sg
|
you.
gen
|
shirt-
abl
|
different
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kazym Khanty
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT.EL
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: CONT.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| kweč’abe-sa |
leƛ'a |
kwet'abe-qo-žo |
bat'ija-r |
l-e:ča |
|
левый-
atr
|
рука(
iv
)
|
правый-
cont
-
el
|
разный-
iv
|
iv
-быть\
gnt
|
| ‘Левая рука отличается от правой.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kina Rutul
maddɨ wiɁi
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUP.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| iz-dɨ |
uχun |
mad-dɨ |
w-iɁi |
wɨ-dɨ-ji-la |
|
i
-
attr
|
shirt(
nom
)
|
other-
attr
|
3-
cop
|
you.
sg
-
attr
-
obl
(
sup
)-
el
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Latin
differo
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_abABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: abABL |
| Locus: Y |
| German-i |
multum |
ab |
hac |
consuetudin-e |
differ-unt |
|
g
erman(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
very
|
from
|
this.
abl
.
sg
.
f
|
custom(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
differ[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
| ‘The Germans differ in many ways from this custom.’ |
| Note: (Caes. Gall. VI, 21) |
Mandarin Chinese
bù yīyàng
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_he
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: he |
| Locus: Y |
| wǒ-de |
chènshān |
hé |
nǐ-de |
bù |
yīyàng |
|
i
-
de
|
shirt
|
with
|
you-
de
|
not
|
same
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Mingrelian
gen-Ø-sxvav-eb-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| čkim |
osare-Ø |
gen-Ø-sxvaveb-u(n)-Ø |
sk'an |
osare-še(n). |
|
my
|
shirt-
nom
|
prv
-
s
3-be_different-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
your.
sg
|
shirt-
abl
|
| ‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’ |
| Note: This verb phrase is a recent borrowing from Georgian. |
Modern Hebrew
ʃone
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mi |
| Locus: Y |
| lo |
ha |
χultsa |
ʃel-i |
ʃone |
mi |
ʃel-χa |
|
no
|
def
|
shirt
|
poss
-1
sg
|
different
|
from
|
poss
-2
sg
.
m
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’ |
Nanai
xaŋisila bi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| mi |
tətuə-i |
si-ŋgi-ǯia |
xaŋe.se-la |
bi |
|
1
sg
|
garment-
p
.1
sg
|
2
sg
-
poss
.
pred
-
abl
|
side.
dir
-
adv
|
be.
npst
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
wiǝdǝ ban=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| mǝt |
urbа̄hа |
tǝt-lˈǝ-ɣаt |
wiǝ-dǝ |
bаn-i |
|
1
sg
.
poss
|
shirt
|
2
sg
-
poss
-
abl
|
other-
adv
|
be-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være annerledes
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_enn
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: enn |
| Locus: Y |
| min |
skjorte |
er |
annerledes |
enn |
din |
|
my.
sg
|
shirt
|
be.
prs
|
different
|
than
|
your.
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Polish
odróżniać się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: odGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| moj-a |
koszul-a |
odróżnia |
się |
od |
twoj-ej |
|
my-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
shirt-
nom
.
sg
|
differ:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
from
|
your-
f
.
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
Russian
otličatʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_otGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: otGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| mo-ja |
rubašk-a |
otliča-et-sja |
ot |
tvo-ej |
|
my-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
shirt(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
differentiate(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
from
|
your-
f
.
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
Serbian
razlikovati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: odGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| moj-a |
košulj-a |
se |
razlikuje |
od |
tvoj-e |
|
my-
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
shirt-
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
differ.
prs
.3
sg
|
from.near
|
your-
gen
.
sg
.
f
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
Shughni
farq vidow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| mu |
kurtā |
as |
tu |
kurtā |
farq |
|
1
sg
.
obl
|
shirt
|
el
|
2
sg
|
shirt
|
difference
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb 'to be' is non-overt. |
Skolt Saami
leeʹd jeeʹresnallšem
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ko
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ko |
| Locus: Y |
| ij |
muu |
päiʹdd |
lij |
jeeʹresnallšem |
ko |
tuu |
päiʹdd |
|
neg
.3
sg
|
1
sg
.
gen
|
shirt.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
different
|
than
|
2
sg
.
gen
|
shirt.
sg
.
nom
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from your shirt.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Slovak
iný + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_akoNOM
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: akoNOM |
| Locus: Y |
| Moj-a |
košeľ-a |
je |
in-á |
ako |
tvoj-a |
|
my-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
shirt(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
be(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
other-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
than
|
your-
f
.
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Slovenian
razlikovati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_odGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: odGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| moj-a |
srajc-a |
se |
razlikuje |
od |
tvoj-e |
|
my-
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
shirt-
nom
.
sg
|
rfl
|
be_different:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
your-
gen
.
sg
.
f
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ciyawaz bûn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| na, |
kiras-eke-î |
min |
ciyawaz-e |
le |
hîto |
|
no,
|
shirt-
def
-
izf
|
i
|
different-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
yours
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
ser diferente
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| mi |
camisa |
es |
diferente |
de |
la |
tuy-a |
|
my[
sg
.
f
]
|
shirt[
sg
.
f
]
|
be_
hab
.
prs
.3
sg
|
different[
sg
.
f
]
|
from
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
your-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Swedish
NEG + att vara likadan
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_som
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: som |
| Locus: Y |
| nej, |
min |
tröja |
är |
inte |
likadan |
som |
din |
|
no
|
my.
c
.
sg
|
shirt
|
be.
prs
|
not
|
similar.
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
as
|
your.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
UND_LOC
|
| X: UND |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Naiiba |
ang |
damit |
ko |
sa |
iyo |
|
different
|
subj
|
shirt
|
1.
sg
.
gen
|
dat
|
yours
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal construction. It has been aligned with PV constructions and, consequently, identified as UND_LOC. |
Telugu
vēru + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLkante
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLkante |
| Locus: Y |
| nā |
cokka |
nīdāni |
kaṁṭē |
vēru |
|
1
sg
.
obl
|
shirt(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
yours_one(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
than
|
other
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Turkish
farklı olmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| benim |
gömleğ-im |
senin-ki-nden |
farklı |
|
i
.
gen
|
shirt-
p
.1
sg
|
thou.
gen
-
adj
-
abl
|
different
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Ulcha
xaŋsi bi-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| min |
tətu-j |
siŋgi-ǯi |
xaŋsi |
bī-n |
|
my
|
garment-1
sg
|
yours-
ins
|
different
|
be.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘My gown is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Uzbek
bošqača emoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| meniŋ |
ko’ylag-im |
seniki-dan |
bošqača |
|
my
|
dress-
poss
.1
sg
|
your-
abl
|
different
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate, emoq is 'to be'. |
West Central Oromo
adda=ɗa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABSirraa
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABSirraa |
| Locus: Y |
| lakki |
ʃamizii-n=koo |
kan=kee |
irraa |
adda=ɗa |
|
no
|
shirt-
nom
=1
sg
.
poss
|
of=2
sg
.
poss
|
on.
abl
|
different=
cop
.
npst
|
| ‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Zilo Andi
bat’a
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| di-r |
ɡurdo |
du-r-tʃ’u |
bat’a |
|
i
.
obl
-
inan
2(
gen
)
|
shirt[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
thou.
obl
-
inan
2(
gen
)-
cont
|
separate
|
| ‘My shirt is different from yours.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
