BivalTyp

‘be different’

Show Russian meta:

Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Argument frame:

X (be different) from Y

Stimulus sentence:

(M. told P. that they have identical shirts. P. answered her,) ‘No, my shirt is different from yours (, it is darker).’

Predicate label Ru:

отличаться

Argument frame Ru:

X (отличаться) от Y -а

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(М. сказал П., что у них одинаковые рубашки. П. отвечает ему: «Нет,) моя рубашка отличается от твоей (она более темная").

Abaza *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Adyghe (West Circassian) fe-de + NEG

Valency pattern: ABS_BEN

X: ABS

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

s-jə-ǯʼane	wewjəje-m	fe-d-ep
1 sg . pr - poss -shirt( abs )	yours- obl	ben -similar- neg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Aghul ǯüre-f + COP

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.ELAT

Locus: Y

ze	berʜem	ǯüre-f	e	we-tː.i-l-as
я: gen	shirt	separate- nmlz	cop	you- nmlz - super - elat
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Akhvakh (Northern) bahada bik’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

di-be	ƛ’onko	du-ɬɬi-gune	b-ahada	gwede
1. obl - n	shirt	2. obl - obl - el	n -different	n . cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Andi (Zilo) bat’a

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

di-r	ɡurdo	du-r-tʃ’u	bat’a
i . obl - inan 2( gen )	shirt[ inan 2][ nom ]	thou. obl - inan 2( gen )- cont	separate
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ġēr + COP

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

qamīs-i	ġēr	qamīs-ak
shirt( m )- poss .1 s	different	shirt( m )- poss .2 m
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ġēr + COP

Valency pattern: SBJ_an

X: SBJ

Y: an

Locus: Y

ʾamīṣ-e	ġēr	ʿan	ʾamīṣ-ak
shirt- poss .1 sg	other	about	shirt- poss .2 sg . m
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Arabic (standard) Ɂiḫtalafa

Valency pattern: NOM_anGEN

X: NOM

Y: anGEN

Locus: Y

qamīs=ī	yaḫtalifu	ʕan	qamīs-i-ka
shirt( m )/ nom = p .1 sg	differ. ipf .3 m	off	shirt( m )- gen - p .2 m . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Archi χːˁoro

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

b-is	χˁošon	utːo-m-mi-χur	χːˁoro-ši	b-i
3- i . gen	shirt	your-3- obl - comp	be.different- advz	3-be
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic parəš

Valency pattern: SBJ_men

X: SBJ

Y: men

Locus: Y

+sudra	di	praš=əla	mən	d-e	diyy-ux
shirt( f )	obl . pron .1 sg	separate. prog =3 f	from	obl - dem 4. f	obl . pron - p .2 m
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Avar bat’ija buk’ine

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

dir	gorde	dur-al-dasa	bat’ija-b	b-ugo
my	shirt	your- obl . n - el	different- n	n - cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Azerbaijani fǝrqlǝnmək

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mǝnim	köynǝyim	sǝn-in-ki-ndǝn	fǝrqlǝn-ir
1. gen	shirt. poss 1 sg	2- gen -that- abl	be_different- ipfv (3)
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Bafut fìì + NEG

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

ŋgáŋ	àtsə̀ʔə̀	jà	kàâ	sᵼ̀	jó	jà	fìì
no	dress	my	neg	neg	your	own	resemble
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: The preverbal position of the direct object is triggered by negation.

Bambara bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	bɔ́-len	bɛ́	Fùséni	lá
pn	go.out- ptcp . res	be	pn	in
‘Seku is different from Fuseyni.’

Belarusian adroznivacca

Valency pattern: NOM_adGEN

X: NOM

Y: adGEN

Locus: Y

maja	kašul-ja	adrozniva-jec-ca	ad	tva-joj
my. nom . sg . f	shirt- nom . sg	be_different( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	from_at	your- gen . sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Budugh seçilmi yıxhar

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

a	pirem	va'-ye-kir	seçilmi	yuxhor-i
dist	shirt( a )	you( sg )- obl - part	distinct	a .be. ipf - prs
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bulgarian различавам се

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot

X: SBJ

Y: ot

Locus: Y

моя-та	риза	се	различава	от	твоя-та
my. f . sg - def . f . sg	shirt	refl	distinguish( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	your. f . sg - def . f . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Catalan ser diferent

Valency pattern: SBJ_que

X: SBJ

Y: que

Locus: Y

no,	la	meva	camisa	és	diferent	que	la	teva
no	def . sg . f	poss .1 sg . f . sg	shirt( f )	be.3 sg . prs . ind	different	than	def . sg . f	poss .2 sg . f . sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Chechen tera + AGR-u + NEG

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT

X: ABS

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

san	koch	hwanchox	tera	j-aac
1 sg . gen	shirt. abs	yours. lat	similar	j -be. neg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Chinese (Mandarin) bù yīyàng

Valency pattern: SBJ_he

X: SBJ

Y: he

Locus: Y

wǒ-de	chènshān	hé	nǐ-de	bù	yīyàng
i - de	shirt	with	you- de	not	same
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Chirag b-ač’aze

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT

X: ABS

Y: SUPER.ELAT

Locus: Y

di-la	kːurtːe	aˤ-la-kan-n-i-rka	b-ač’a-ze	ze
i - gen	shirt( abs )	you. sg - gen - subst - obl - super - elat	n . sg -different- atr	cop .3
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Croatian biti drukčiji

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN

X: NOM

Y: odGEN

Locus: Y

moj-a	košulj-a	je	drukčij-a	od	tvoj-e
my- nom . sg . f	shirt- nom . sg	be. prs .3 sg	different- nom . sg . f	from	your- gen . sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Czech jiný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_nezNOM

X: NOM

Y: nezNOM

Locus: Y

moj-e	košil-e	je	jin-á	než	tvoj-e
my- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	other- f . nom . sg	than	your- f . nom . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Danish være forskellig

Valency pattern: SBJ_fra

X: SBJ

Y: fra

Locus: Y

Nej,	min	skjorte	er	forskellig	fra	din
no	my. c . sg	shirt( c )	be. prs	different. c . sg	from	your. c . sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Itsari) dik'ar-ci ca-B

Valency pattern: ABS_ELAT

X: ABS

Y: ELAT

Locus: Y

di-la	kːurti	i-la-ci-li-r	dik'ar-ci	ca-b
i - gen	shirt( abs )	you- gen - atr - obl -( super ) el	different- atr	cop - n
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. Non-trivial citation form.

Dargwa (Kadar) dik'ar-il ca<CL>i

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

dija	ħawa	dik'ar-il	ca<b>i	ħaa-li-kem
i . gen	shirt	different- atr	cop < n >	you. obl - obl - comp
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The copula does not have the infinitive form.

Dargwa (Kaytag) dik’arcabikara

Valency pattern: NOM_INTEREL

X: NOM

Y: INTEREL

Locus: Y

di-la	penžek	dik’arcabič:-iv=ca	ilal-c:ir
1 sg . obl - gen	jacket	n .differ. pf - pret = cop (3)	2 sg . obl . gen - interel
‘My jacket is different from yours.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPERLAT

Locus: Y

dila	mašina	ilal-ži	dik'ezi-b=sab
1. gen	car	2. gen - super ( lat )	different- n = cop : n (3)
‘My car is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) sur-se=sab

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ABL2

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ABL2

Locus: Y

dila	mašina	beħ	sur-se=sab	uršːi-la-ja-kanra
1. gen	car	face	reverse- atr = cop : n (3)	boy- gen - super ( lat )- abl 2
‘My car is different from the boy’s.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Tsugni) b-ik'ar-le + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

dila	mašin	ela=lerka	b-ik'ar-le=cabi
1. gen	car	2. gen = comp	n -different- adv = cop : n
‘My car is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dutch verschillen

Valency pattern: SBJ_van

X: SBJ

Y: van

Locus: Y

mijn	hemd	verschil-t	van	die	van	jou
poss .1 sg	shirt( n )	be.different-3 sg	from	dem . c . sg	from	2 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Enets (Forest) dʲɔgode

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

modʲi	lubaxa-jʔ	uuʔ	lubaxa-xazo-d	dʲɔgode
i	cloth- nom . sg .1 sg	you	cloth- abl . sg - obl . sg .2 sg	another
‘My shirt is different from your shirt’.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

English be different

Valency pattern: SBJ_from

X: SBJ

Y: from

Locus: Y

Estonian erinema

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

ei,	minu	särk	erine-b	sinu	oma-st
no,	1 sg . gen	shirt. sg . nom	differ- prs .3 sg	2 sg . gen	poss . refl - ela
‘No, my shirt differs from yours.’

Finnish erota

Valency pattern: NOM_ELA

X: NOM

Y: ELA

Locus: Y

minun	paita-ni	ero-aa	sinun	paida-sta-si
1 sg . gen	shirt. nom - poss .1 sg	differ- prs .3 sg	2 sg . gen	shirt- ela - poss .2 sg
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’

French se distinguer

Valency pattern: SBJ_de

X: SBJ

Y: de

Locus: Y

ma	chemise	se	distingue	de	la	tienne,	elle	est	plus	foncée
my. sg . f	shirt( f )	refl	distinguishю. prs .3 sg	of	def . sg . f	your. sg . f	she	be. prs .3 sg	more	dark. sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours, it is darker.’

Gban gbɛ̰̀ kè ɛ̀ + NEG

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye

X: SBJ

Y: ye

Locus: Y

ḭ̀	mɔ̰́	tɔ̏	ɛ̏‑kè	gbɛ̰̀	kè=ɛ̀	ɛ̀	mɔ̰́	yɛ̋
i	for	cloth	3 sg ‑ ind . neg	ipfv \be_same	each_other=at	thou	for	with
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Georgian gan-Ø-sxvav-d-eb-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN.ABL

X: NOM

Y: GEN.ABL

Locus: Y

ara,	čem-i	p'erang-i	šen-is-gan	gan-Ø-sxvav-d-eb-a
neg	my- nom	shirt- nom	your- gen - pstp : abl	prv :outward- s 3-be_different- intr - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’

German sich unterscheiden

Valency pattern: NOM_vonDAT

X: NOM

Y: vonDAT

Locus: Y

mein	Hemd	unterscheide-t	sich	von	dein-em
my[ n . nom . sg ]	shirt[ nom . sg ]	differ- prs .3 sg	refl	of	your- n . dat . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Hebrew (modern) ʃone

Valency pattern: SBJ_mi

X: SBJ

Y: mi

Locus: Y

lo	ha	χultsa	ʃel-i	ʃone	mi	ʃel-χa
no	def	shirt	poss -1 sg	different	from	poss -2 sg . m
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’

Hindi dūsrā honā

Valency pattern: DIR_ABL

X: DIR

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

nahīṁ,	mer-ā	šarṭ	tumhār-e	se	dūsr-ā	hɛ
no,	my- m . sg . dir	shirt( m ). sg . dir	your- m . sg . obl	abl	second- m . sg . dir	be. prs .3 sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Indonesian (standard) ber-beda

Valency pattern: SBJ_dari

X: SBJ

Y: dari

Locus: Y

kemeja	saya	ber-beda	dari	kemeja	kamu
shirt	i	ber -difference	from	shirt	you. sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Irish bí difriúil

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Thá	mo	léine=sin	difriúil	le	d’=cheann=sa.
be. prs	poss .1 sg	shirt= dem	different	with	poss .2 sg =head= dem
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian essere diverso

Valency pattern: SBJ_da

X: SBJ

Y: da

Locus: Y

la	mi-a	camici-a	è	divers-a	dalla	tu-a
def . sg . f	poss .1 sg - sg . f	shirt- sg . f	be.3 sg . prs	different- sg . f	by. def . sg . f	poss .2 sg - sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Karata minarob bik’waɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL

X: NOM

Y: EL

Locus: Y

di-b	gordi	du-ɬ-jagal	minaro-b	idja
1 sg . obl - n	shirt	2 sg . obl - non . m - el	different- n	cop
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kazakh basqa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

Menіŋ	žeyde-m	senіŋ	žeyde-nen	basqa
i . gen	shirt- poss 1 sg	you. gen	shirt- abl	different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Khanty (Kazym) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Khoekhoe ǀkhara

Valency pattern: SBJ_xu

X: SBJ

Y: xu

Locus: Y

ti	hem-s	ge	sa-s-a	xu	a	ǀkhara
1 sg . poss	shirt-3 f . sg	decl	2 sg . poss -3 f . sg - obl	from	cop	other
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Khwarshi bat'ija/j j/e:ča

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT.EL

X: ABS

Y: CONT.EL

Locus: Y

kʷeč’abe-sa	leƛ'a	kʷet'abe-qo-žo	bat'ija-r	l-e:ča
left- atr	hand( iv )	right- cont - el	different- iv	iv -be\ gnt
‘The left hand is different the right one.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kpelle (Guinean) těe

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha

X: SBJ

Y: bha

Locus: Y

ŋwɔ́	hèɣe-í	tèé-ì	éwɛ̀-ì	ɓâ
1 sg . poss	shirt- art	be_different- pred	3 sg . poss - art	on1
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Kryz (Alik) curad xhiyic

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

za	pirem	vaʕac-kar	cura-d-yu
1. gen	shirt( f )	yours. n - part	separate- subst . nn . nom - prs . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (Ismayilli) farğli yo

Valency pattern: NOM_ADEL

X: NOM

Y: ADEL

Locus: Y

za	piram	va	piram-ci-var	farğli	yo
1. obl	shirt	2. iness	shirt- obl - adel	different	cop . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kryz (proper) farğli yu

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL

X: NOM

Y: SUBEL

Locus: Y

za	bihram	va	bihram-ci-kir	farğli	yu
1. gen	shirt( f )	2. gen	shirt- obl - subel	different	cop . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk bašʁa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

men-i	göleg-im	sen-i-ki-n-den	bašʁa
i - gen	shirt-1 sg	you- gen - nmlz - obl - abl	different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kurdish (Sorani) ciyawaz bûn

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_le

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: le

Locus: Y

na,	kiras-eke-î	min	ciyawaz-e	le	hîto
no,	shirt- def - izf	i	different-be. prs .3 sg	from	yours
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) cuda bûn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: jiOBL

Locus: Y

kiras-ê	min	ji	yê	te	cuda	ye
shirt- ez . m	1 sg . obl	from	ez . m	2 sg . obl	different	cop .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP

X: NOM

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

tːu-l	huqa	wi-l-mun-ijar	lič'i-sːa	b-ur
i - gen	gown	you.sg. obl - gen - obl .3- comp	be.different- attr	3-be. prs .3 p
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Latin differo

Valency pattern: NOM_abABL

X: NOM

Y: abABL

Locus: Y

German-i	multum	ab	hac	consuetudin-e	differ-unt
g erman( m )- nom . pl	very	from	this. abl . sg . f	custom( f )- abl . sg	differ[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl
‘The Germans differ in many ways from this custom.’
Note: (Caes. Gall. VI, 21)

Laz gamikat-Ø o-r-in-u

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

po(r)ča-čkim-i	skan-išen	gamikat-Ø	Ø-[r]-en-Ø
shirt- poss 1- nom	poss 2- abl	different- nom	s 3-[be]- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Lezgian (Yargun) ferqli + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEL

Locus: Y

zu	pperem	vi-d-laa	ferqli	ya
1 sg . gen	shirt	2 sg . gen - sbst - supel	different	cop
‎‎‎‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Macedonian se razlikuva

Valency pattern: SBJ_od

X: SBJ

Y: od

Locus: Y

moj-a-ta	košula	se	razlikuva	od	tvoj-a-ta
my- f . sg - art . f . sg	shirt	refl	distinguish( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	from	your- f . sg - art . f . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Maninka (Eastern) bɔ́

Valency pattern: SBJ_ma

X: SBJ

Y: ma

Locus: Y

Ń	ná	fàanin	bɔ́-nin	í	tá	mà.
1 sg	poss	clothes	exit- ptcp . res	2 sg	part	adr
‘My clothes are different from yours.’

Mano kɛ̄ gbɛ̄ɛ̄

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo

X: SBJ

Y: mo

Locus: Y

ē	kɛ̄	gbɛ̄ɛ̄	ŋ̄	mɔ̀
3 sg . pst	be	different	1 sg	on
‘S/he was different from me.’

Mansi (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Mehweb dekʼari le-

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.ESS

Locus: Y

di-la	ħawa	ħa-la-j-če-b	dekʼari	le-b
i . obl - gen	shirt	you.sg. obl - gen - obl - super - n ( ess )	different	be- n
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Mingrelian gino-Ø-rt-al-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

čkim	osare-Ø	gino-Ø-rt-al-an-s	sk'an	osare-še(n)
my	shirt- nom	prv - s 3-divide- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg	your. sg	shirt- abl
‘My shirt is different from your shirt.’

Nanai xaŋisila bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mi	tətuə-i	si-ŋgi-ǯia	xaŋe.se-la	bi
1 sg	garment- p .1 sg	2 sg - poss . pred - abl	side. dir - adv	be. npst
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Norwegian Bokmål å være annerledes

Valency pattern: SBJ_enn

X: SBJ

Y: enn

Locus: Y

min	skjorte	er	annerledes	enn	din
my. sg	shirt	be. prs	different	than	your. sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Oromo (West Central) adda=ɗa

Valency pattern: NOM_ABSirraa

X: NOM

Y: ABSirraa

Locus: Y

lakki	ʃamizii-n=koo	kan=kee	irraa	adda=ɗa
no	shirt- nom =1 sg . poss	of=2 sg . poss	on. abl	different= cop . npst
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Persian motafāvet būdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM

X: NOM

Y: azNOM

Locus: Y

pīrāhan-e	man	az	māl-e	tō	motafāvet-ast
shirt- izaf	i . pro .1 sg	from	possession- izaf	you. pro .2 sg	different- cop .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Polish odróżniać się

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN

X: NOM

Y: odGEN

Locus: Y

moj-a	koszul-a	odróżnia	się	od	twoj-ej
my- f . nom . sg	shirt- nom . sg	differ: ipfv . prs .3 sg	refl	from	your- f . gen . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) ser diferente

Valency pattern: SBJ_de

X: SBJ

Y: de

Locus: Y

minha	camisa	é	diferente	da	sua
poss .1 sg . f	shirt( f )	cop _ hab .3 sg . prs	different	of+ def . f	poss .3. f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Romani (Kalderash) ći mʼa(zo)l

Valency pattern: NOM_pe

X: NOM

Y: pe

Locus: Y

muř-o	gad	ći	mʼa-l	pe	tir-o
my- m . dir . sg	shirt[ nom . sg ]	neg	resemble- prs .3 sg	on	your- m . dir . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure would be NOM_peLOC.

Russian otličatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_otGEN

X: NOM

Y: otGEN

Locus: Y

mo-ja	rubašk-a	otliča-et-sja	ot	tvo-ej
my- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg	differentiate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	from	your- f . gen . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Rutul (Kina) maddɨ wiɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP.EL

X: NOM

Y: SUP.EL

Locus: Y

iz-dɨ	uχun	mad-dɨ	w-iɁi	wɨ-dɨ-ji-la
i - attr	shirt( nom )	other- attr	3- cop	you. sg - attr - obl ( sup )- el
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Mukhad) kivikara diš

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

iz-dı	rubaška	vıdı-dik	kivika-ra	diš
my- attr	shirt( a )	yours- obl - cont	( a )resemble. ipf - simul	neg . cop
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’

Rutul (Shinaz) kečevkɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

iz-dɨ	vɨχɨn	kevkar-džiš	vɨdij-di-kj
my- attr	shirt( a )	a .resemble. ipf -( prs ) neg	yours- obl - cont
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Rutul (Southern) kiyıkın + NEG

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT

X: NOM

Y: CONT

Locus: Y

yixhdi	uxun	ğu-du-naa-k	kivirka-ş
my	shirt( a )	2- attr - obl - cont	a .resemble. ipf - neg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: The k- preverb in the verb is cognate to the CONT marker.

Saami (Skolt) leeʹd jeeʹresnallšem

Valency pattern: NOM_ko

X: NOM

Y: ko

Locus: Y

ij	muu	päiʹdd	lij	jeeʹresnallšem	ko	tuu	päiʹdd
neg .3 sg	1 sg . gen	shirt. sg . nom	be. prs .3 sg	different	than	2 sg . gen	shirt. sg . nom
‘No, my shirt is different from your shirt.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Serbian razlikovati se

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN

X: NOM

Y: odGEN

Locus: Y

moj-a	košulj-a	se	razlikuje	od	tvoj-e
my- nom . sg . f	shirt- nom . sg	refl	differ. prs .3 sg	from.near	your- gen . sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Shughni farq vidow

Valency pattern: NOM.NO.CL_EL

X: NOM.NO.CL

Y: EL

Locus: Y

mu	kurtā	as	tu	kurtā	farq
1 sg . obl	shirt	el	2 sg	shirt	difference
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. In this example, the verb ‘to be’ is non-overt.

Slovak iný + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_akoNOM

X: NOM

Y: akoNOM

Locus: Y

Moj-a	košeľ-a	je	in-á	ako	tvoj-a
my- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg	be( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	other- f . nom . sg	than	your- f . nom . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Slovenian razlikovati se

Valency pattern: NOM_odGEN

X: NOM

Y: odGEN

Locus: Y

moj-a	srajc-a	se	razlikuje	od	tvoj-e
my- nom . sg . f	shirt- nom . sg	rfl	be_different: ipfv . prs .3 sg	from	your- gen . sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Spanish ser diferente

Valency pattern: SBJ_de

X: SBJ

Y: de

Locus: Y

mi	camisa	es	diferente	de	la	tuy-a
my[ sg . f ]	shirt[ sg . f ]	be_ hab . prs .3 sg	different[ sg . f ]	from	art . def . sg . f	your- sg . f
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Svan naxumsäːr-Ø l-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL.EL

X: NOM

Y: ABL.EL

Locus: Y

al	č'ik-Ø	eǯ	č'ik-xän-ka	naxumsäːr-Ø	l-i
dem . prox	cup- nom	dem . dist	cup- abl - el	particular- nom	s 3-be
‘This cup is different from that cup.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Swedish NEG + att vara likadan

Valency pattern: SBJ_som

X: SBJ

Y: som

Locus: Y

nej,	min	tröja	är	inte	likadan	som	din
no	my. c . sg	shirt	be. prs	not	similar. indf . c . sg	as	your. c . sg
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_COMP

X: ABS

Y: COMP

Locus: Y

maˁhaˁmed.a-n	mašin	rasul.i-n=u-b=si=b	dar
pn - gen	car( abs )	pn - gen = cop - n - sg = comp - n . sg	neg ː cop
‘Mahamed’s car is not the same as Rasul’s.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tagalog maiba

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

na-i~iba	ang	damit	ko	sa	iyo
< ipfv > stem - ipfv ~be_different[ av ]	subj	shirt	1. sg . gen	dat	yours
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Telugu vēru + COP

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLkante

X: NOM

Y: OBLkante

Locus: Y

nā	cokka	nīdāni	kaṁṭē	vēru
1 sg . obl	shirt( n ). sg . nom	yours_one( n ). sg . obl	than	other
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur badaldaхhay

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL

X: NOM

Y: SUPEREL

Locus: Y

yızın	gurt	yığı-nčı-le	badal-da	vo-d
my. n	jacket	yours- obl . nom - superel	different- a . nom	cop - n
‘My jacket is different from yours.’

Tswana farologana

Valency pattern: SBJ_le

X: SBJ

Y: le

Locus: Y

Ø-koloi	ya-me	e-farologan-e	le-ya-gago
sg -car(9)	cl9. gen -1 sg . pro	s i :cl9-differ- fv	with-cl9. gen -2 sg . pro
‘My car is different from yours.’

Turkish farklı olmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

benim	gömleğ-im	senin-ki-nden	farklı
i . gen	shirt- p .1 sg	thou. gen - adj - abl	different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turoyo šobəh + NEG

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_IO

X: SBJ.SS

Y: IO

Locus: Y

u	gumlak-ayḏi	lə	k-šobəh	l	diḏ-ux
art . m	shirt( m )- p .1 sg	neg	prs -be_similar. ipfv .3 m	to	p -2 m
‘My shirt does not look similar to yours.’

Twi da nso firi

Valency pattern: SBJ_ho

X: SBJ

Y: ho

Locus: Y

daabi,	m’=atadeε	no	da	nso	firi	wo	deε	ho
no( neg )	1 sg ( poss )=shirt	def	to_be_distinguished	to_be_distinguished	come_out	2 sg	poss	inner_self
‘No, my shirt is different from yours.’
Note: The word "ho" functions as a nominal head. Since it is grammaticalized and appears in combinations with specific verbs, it is tentatively interpreted as an argument-encoding device.

Udmurt pörtem

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mi̮nam	derem-e	ti̮nad	derem-jed-leś	pörtem	(lu-e)
1 sg . gen	shirt- poss .1 sg	2 sg . gen	shirt- poss .2 sg - abl	different	be- prs .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Ukrainian vidriznjatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_vidGEN

X: NOM

Y: vidGEN

Locus: Y

moj-a	soročk-a	vidriznjaj-et’-sja	vid	tvoj-eji
my- f . nom . sg	shirt( f )- nom . sg	differentiate( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl	from	your- f . gen . sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’

Ulcha xaŋsi bi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

min	tətu-j	siŋgi-ǯi	xaŋsi	bī-n
my	garment-1 sg	yours- ins	different	be. prs -3 sg
‘My gown is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Uzbek bošqača emoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

meniŋ	ko’ylag-im	seniki-dan	bošqača
my	dress- poss .1 sg	your- abl	different
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, emoq is 'to be'.

Wolof wute

Valency pattern: SBJ_ak

X: SBJ

Y: ak

Locus: Y

démb	wute	na	ak	tey
yesterday	differ	prf .s i :3 sg	with	today
‘The past is different from the present.’

Yukaghir (Northern) wiǝdǝ ban=

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

mǝt	urbа̄hа	tǝt-lˈǝ-ɣаt	wiǝ-dǝ	bаn-i
1 sg . poss	shirt	2 sg - poss - abl	other- adv	be- intr .3 sg
‘My shirt is different from yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP

X: SBJ.INTR

Y: ra.PSTP

Locus: Y

nɛj	iʃliɡ-a	mɨ	je	to=ra	d͡ʒija=ja
no	shirt- ez . f	1 sg . obl	ez . m	2 sg . obl =from	different=3 sg . f
‘No, my shirt is different than yours.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.