‘hold’
| Argument frame: | X (hold) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | P. is holding a book (in his hands). |
| Predicate label Ru: | держать |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (держать) Y (-а) |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. держит книгу (в руках). |
Abaza ma
| Valency pattern: IO_ABS |
| X: IO |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| a-phʷə́spa | á-pχ’aga | lə́-ma-ṗ |
| def -girl | def -book | 3 sg . f . io -be- npst . dcl |
| ‘The girl is holding the book.’ | ||
Adyghe ʔəʁ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| pŝaŝe-m | txələ-r | ə-ʔəʁ |
| девушка- obl | книга- abs | 3 sg . erg -держать |
| ‘Девушка держит книгу’ | ||
Aghul χil.i-ʔ a-
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| aslan.a-n | χil.i-ʔ | kitab | a-a |
| pn - gen | hand- in | book | { in }be- prs |
| ‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’ | |||
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. | |||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic davək
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata | ctava | dvəkt-u=la | ṗ | id-o |
| girl( f ) | book( m ) | seize. res . f - p .3 m =3 f | with | hand( f )- p .3 f |
| ‘The girl is holding a book in her hands.’ | ||||
Bambara bɛ́/tɛ́
| Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ |
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| gáfe` | bɛ́ | Sékù | bólo |
| book\ art | be | pn | cntrl |
| ‘Seku holds a book in his hands.’ | |||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | |||
Brazilian Portuguese segurar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | segur-a | o | livro |
| pn ( m ) | hold-3 sg . prs | def . m | book( m ) |
| ‘Pedro is holding a book.’ | |||
Catalan agafar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | està | agaf-ant | un | llibre |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | be.3 sg . prs . ind | hold- ger | indf . sg . m | book( m ) |
| ‘Pere is holding a book.’ | |||||
Czech držet
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr | drží | knih-u |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | book( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Petr is holding a book.’ | ||
Danish holde
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | holde-r | en | bog |
| pn | hold- prs | indf . sg | book( c ) |
| ‘Peter is holding a book.’ | |||
Dutch houden
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | houd-t | het | boek | vast |
| pn (С) | hold-3 sg | art . def . n | book( n ) | tightly |
| ‘Piet is holding the book tightly.’ | ||||
Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́
| Valency pattern: NA |
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Kàfa` | dó | yé | Sékù | bólo` | rɔ́. |
| book\ art | indf | be | pn | hand\ art | in |
| ‘Seku is holding a book.’ | |||||
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication. | |||||
English hold
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | is | holding | a | book. |
Estonian hoidma
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter | hoia-b | raamatu-t | käe-s |
| pn . sg . nom | hold- prs .3 sg | book- sg . part | hand- iness |
| ‘Peeter is holding the book in his hands.’ | |||
Finnish pitää
| Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka | pit-ää | kirja-a | käde-ssä-än |
| pn . nom | hold- prs .3 sg | book- part | hand- ine - poss .3 sg |
| ‘Pekka is holding a book in his hand.’ | |||
Forest Enets nɔɔbera
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | tʃezi-da | nɔɔbera |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | lasso- obl . sg .3 sg | hold( ipfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘My friend is holding his lasso’. | |||
French tenir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul | tient | un | livre | à | la | main |
| pn ( m ) | hold. prs .3 sg | indf . sg . m | book( m ) | to | def . sg . f | hand( f ) |
| ‘Paul is holding a book in his hand.’ | ||||||
Georgian Ø-u-č'ir-av-s (PRS)
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s | xel-ši | c'ign-i | Ø-u-č'ir-av-s |
| pn - dat | hand- pstp : iness | book- nom | io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact |
| ‘Petre is holding a book in his hand.’ | |||
German halten
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | hält | ein | Buch |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | hold. prs .3 sg | indf [ n . acc . sg ] | book[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl is holding a book.’ | |||
Irish bí
| Valency pattern: aige_SBJ |
| X: aige |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Tá | leabhar | aige | Pól | in-a | lámh. |
| be. prs | book | at | pn | in- poss .3 sg | hand |
| ‘Pól is holding a book in his hands.’ | |||||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | |||||
Italian tenere
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | tien-e | un | libr-o | in | man-o |
| pn ( m ) | hold-3 sg . prs | indf . sg . m | book- sg . m | in | hand- sg . f |
| ‘Leo is holding a book in his hands.’ | |||||
Kalderash Romani nikərəl
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o | Murš-a | nikər-əl | ə | knišk-a |
| art . m . dir . sg | pn - nom . sg | hold- prs .3 sg | art . f . dir . sg | book- acc . sg |
| ‘Murša is holding a book.’ | ||||
Kazakh usta
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | kіtap | usta-p | tur |
| pn | book | hold- cvb | stand.3 sg |
| ‘Petya is holding a book.’ | |||
Kazym Khanty jɔšən tǎjti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en | kinška | jɔš-ən | tǎj-ǝλ |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | book | hand- loc | have- npst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| di-lo | uža | b-aqaχ-χo | hĩše |
| 1 sg . o - gen 2 | сын\ erg | iii -держать- prs | книга( iii ) |
| ‘Мой сын держит книгу.’ | |||
Kina Rutul χaq’ɨra
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | kitab | (χɨl-e) | χ-aq’ɨ-r=a |
| pn - erg | book( nom ) | (hand. obl - in ) | pv -4.catch. pfv - cvb =be |
| ‘Rasul is holding a book (in his hands).’ | |||
Latin teneo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| is-que | hac | ara-t | infelix, | hac | tene-t | arm-a | man-u |
| he[ nom . sg ]-and | this. abl . sg . f | plough[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg | unhappy. nom . sg | this. abl . sg . f | hold[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg | weapon( n )- acc . pl | hand( f )- abl . sg |
| ‘And he, an impious man, is ploughing with one arm, holding weapons in the other.’ | |||||||
| Note: (Ov. Tristia. V, 10, 24) | |||||||
Mandarin Chinese ná zhe
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān | zhèng | ná | zhe | yì-běn | shū |
| pn | right | hold | dur | one- clf | book |
| ‘Zhangsan is holding a book.’ | |||||
Mingrelian Ø-u-k'eb-un-Ø (PRS)
| Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s | c'ing-i | xe-s | Ø-u-k'eb-u(n)-Ø. |
| pn - dat | book- nom | hand- dat | io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact |
| ‘Chelo is holding a book in his hand.’ | |||
Modern Hebrew maχzik
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | maχzik | sefer |
| pn | hold[ ptcp . sg . m ] | book |
| ‘Pinchas is holding a book.’ | ||
Nanai ǯapača-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | ŋaala-do-i | daŋsa-wa | ǯapa-ča-j-ni |
| pn | hand- dat - p . refl . sg | book- obl | grab- res - npst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’ | |||
Nivkh evd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | pitɣəŋ | e-v-d |
| pn | book | 3 sg -hold- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik is holding a book.’ | ||
Northern Mansi ūri
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pājel | ūr-i | nēpak | kāt-ta |
| pn | hold- npst .3 sg | book | hand- loc |
| ‘Pasha is holding a book in his hand(s).’ | |||
Northern Yukaghir mо̄j=
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn | kinigǝ-lǝ | mōj-mǝ-lǝ |
| pn | book- acc | hold- tr - of .3 sg |
| ‘Semien is holding a book.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å holde
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | holde-r | ei | bok | i | hend-ene |
| pn | hold- prs | indf . f . sg | book | in | hand- def . pl |
| ‘Per is holding a book in his hands.’ | |||||
Polish trzymać
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Franek | trzyma | książk-ę |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | hold: ipfv . prs .3 sg | book- acc . sg |
| ‘Franek is holding a book.’ | ||
Russian deržatʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | derž-it | knig-u | v | ruk-ax |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | hold( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | book( f )- acc . sg | in | hand( f )- loc . pl |
| ‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’ | ||||
Serbian držati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | drži | knjig-u |
| pn . nom . sg | hold. prs .3 sg | book- acc . sg |
| ‘Petar is holding a book.’ | ||
Shughni anǰīvdow
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed=i | mu | kitob | anǰūv-d |
| pn =3 sg | 1 sg . obl | book | hold- pst |
| ‘Ahmed was holding my book.’ | |||
Skolt Saami tuõʹllʼjed
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | tuõʹlla-i | ǩeeʹrj |
| pn . sg . nom | hold. prs .3 sg | book. sg . acc |
| ‘Pete is holding a book.’ | ||
Slovak držať
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | drží | knih-u |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | book( f )- acc . sg |
| ‘Peter is holding a book.’ | ||
Slovenian držati
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | drži | knjig-o |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | hold: ipfv . prs .3 sg | book- acc . sg |
| ‘Peter is holding a book.’ | ||
Sorani Kurdish be destewe bûn
| Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ |
| X: EXT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Hîwa | kitêb-êk=î | be | dest-ewe-(y)e |
| pn | book- indf =3 sg . pc | to | hand- dem -be. prs .3 sg |
| ‘Hiwa is holding a book in his hand.’ | |||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The exact nature of the OBL.3SG marker is not clear (ambiguous). | |||
Spanish tener
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | tien-e | un | libro | en | la-s | mano-s |
| pn [ sg . m ] | have- prs .3 sg | art . ndef . sg . m | book[ sg . m ] | in | art . def . f - pl | hand[ sg . f ]- pl |
| ‘Pedro is holding a book in his hands.’ | ||||||
Swedish att hålla
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | håll-er | en | bok | i | händ-erna |
| pn | hold- prs | indf . c . sg | book | in | hand- def . pl |
| ‘Björn is holding a book.’ | |||||
| Valency pattern: ACT_BARE |
| X: ACT |
| Y: BARE |
| Locus: Y |
| May | hawak | na | libro | si | Pedro |
| exist | hold | lin | book | pers . subj | pn |
| ‘Pedro is holding a book’ | |||||
| Note: Non-verbal construction. RG suggested to treat this construction “as similar to AV”. For that reason, ‘Pedro’ is classified as ACT (in fact, one of the linguists RG consulted suggested exactly the contrary, i.e. to treat unconjugated verbs, here and elsewhere, as parallel to PV). Grammatically, “hawak na” is a preposed modifier to “libro” (not unlike adjectives); “One can actually also say “may libro na hawak”, and “na hawak” is a relative clause”. Thus, “libro” has a very special status here in that it has no flag at all (hence, classified as BARE). There is a solid ground to believe that ‘the book’ is not the subject (Cf. RG’s remark that Sabbagh (2009) wrote that “Concretely, all existential sentences are impersonal constructions in that they have no overt subject and the nominal pivot functions as an internal argument of some sort. That the pivot (e.g., held book) is an internal argument rather than a subject is established by a couple of observations. First, one property of subjects in Tagalog is that they can serve as the shared subject of coordinated predicates… By contrast, non-subjects (namely, direct objects and VP-internal agents) cannot serve as the shared argument of coordinated predicates (see Kroeger 1993: 35; Sabbagh 2008)… With respect to this type of argument sharing, the pivot in existential sentences appears to pattern as a non-subject (i.e., internal argument) rather than as a subject.” Alternative is the stative construction with the pattern ACT_UND: “Hawak-hawak ni Pedro ang libro” [held PERS.GEN PN SUBJ book] ‘Pedro is holding the book.’ | |||||
Telugu paṭṭukōnu
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ | pustakānni | paṭṭukuni | unnāḍu |
| pn ( m ). sg . nom | book( n ). sg . acc | take_hold. cvb . ant | be. prs .3 sg . m |
| ‘Praveen is holding a book.’ | |||
Turkish tutmak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | kitap | tut-uyor |
| pn | book | hold- prs |
| ‘Mehmet is holding a book.’ | ||
Ulcha ǯapča-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə | piktə | ŋāla-ǯi | daŋsa-wa | ǯap-č-i-ni |
| male | child | hand- ins | book- acc | take- res - prs -3 sg |
| ‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’ | ||||
Uzbek ušlamoq
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | kitob-ni | ušla-b | tur-ib-ti |
| pn | book- acc | hold- cvb | stand- prs 4-3 sg |
| ‘Petja is holding a book.’ | |||
West Central Oromo k'abata
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n | kitaaba | k'ab-at-ee | dʒir-a |
| pn - nom | book. abs | hold- mid - pfv . conv | aux -3 sg . m . npst |
| ‘Obsa is holding a book.’ | |||
| Valency pattern: CONT_NOM |
| X: CONT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-tʃ’u | kodu | χutʃa |
| pn - cont | hands. in | book[ inan 2][ nom ] |
| ‘Ali is holding a book.’ | ||
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. | ||