‘hold’
| Argument frame: |
X
(hold)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
is holding
a book
(in his hands).
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
держать
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(держать)
Y
(-а)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
держит
книгу
(в руках).
|
Abaza
ma
|
Valency pattern:
IO_ABS
|
| X: IO |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| a-phʷə́spa |
á-pχ’aga |
lə́-ma-ṗ |
|
def
-girl
|
def
-book
|
3
sg
.
f
.
io
-be-
npst
.
dcl
|
| ‘The girl is holding the book.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
ʔəʁ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| pŝaŝe-m |
txələ-r |
ə-ʔəʁ |
|
girl-
obl
|
book-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-hold
|
| ‘The girl is holding the book.’ |
Aghul
χil.i-ʔ a-
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| aslan.a-n |
χil.i-ʔ |
kitab |
a-a |
|
pn
-
gen
|
hand-
in
|
book
|
{
in
}be-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Alik Kryz
yiqhric
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
ug |
xab-a |
kitab |
yiqhir-ca |
|
pn
-
erg
|
refl
.
m
(
gen
)
|
hand-
in
|
book
|
catch.
pfv
-
perf
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan is holding a book.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| patʼimat-li |
qʼonqʼ |
so-li |
|
pn
-
obl
(
erg
)
|
book
|
take.
pfv
-
cvb
(
evid
)
|
| ‘Pasha is holding a book.’ |
| Note: Resultative construction. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
davək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata |
ctava |
dvəkt-u=la |
ṗ |
id-o |
|
girl(
f
)
|
book(
m
)
|
seize.
res
.
f
-
p
.3
m
=3
f
|
with
|
hand(
f
)-
p
.3
f
|
| ‘The girl is holding a book in her hands.’ |
Avar
kkeze
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-ca |
t’ex |
kkun |
b-ugo |
kodo-b |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
catch.
seq
|
n
-
cop
|
hand.
loc
-
n
|
| ‘Ali is holding a book.’ |
Azerbaijani
tutmaq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
ǝl-i-ndǝ |
bir |
kitab |
tut-ub |
|
pn
|
hand-
poss
3-
loc
|
one
|
book
|
catch-
perf
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan is holding a book.’ |
Bambara
bɛ́/tɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
bolo_SBJ
|
| X: bolo |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| gáfe` |
bɛ́ |
Sékù |
bólo |
|
book\
art
|
be
|
pn
|
cntrl
|
| ‘Seku holds a book in his hands.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Brazilian Portuguese
segurar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
segur-a |
o |
livro |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
hold-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is holding a book.’ |
Catalan
agafar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
està |
agaf-ant |
un |
llibre |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
hold-
ger
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere is holding a book.’ |
Chirag
b-uci
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ʡa̰li-le |
na̰qː-a̰ |
žuz |
b-uc-ub-le |
|
pn
-
erg
|
hand-
loc
|
book(
abs
)
|
n
.
sg
-catch:
pf
-
aor
-
res
.
prs
.3
|
| ‘Ali is holding a book in his hand.’ |
Czech
držet
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
drží |
knih-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hold(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is holding a book.’ |
Danish
holde
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
holde-r |
en |
bog |
|
pn
|
hold-
prs
|
indf
.
sg
|
book(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter is holding a book.’ |
Dutch
houden
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
houd-t |
het |
boek |
vast |
|
pn
(С)
|
hold-3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
book(
n
)
|
tightly
|
| ‘Piet is holding the book tightly.’ |
Eastern Maninka
yé/tɛ́
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Kàfa` |
dó |
yé |
Sékù |
bólo` |
rɔ́. |
|
book\
art
|
indf
|
be
|
pn
|
hand\
art
|
in
|
| ‘Seku is holding a book.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication. |
English
hold
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
hoidma
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
hoia-b |
raamatu-t |
käe-s |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
hold-
prs
.3
sg
|
book-
sg
.
part
|
hand-
iness
|
| ‘Peeter is holding the book in his hands.’ |
Finnish
pitää
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
pit-ää |
kirja-a |
käde-ssä-än |
|
pn
.
nom
|
hold-
prs
.3
sg
|
book-
part
|
hand-
ine
-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘Pekka is holding a book in his hand.’ |
Forest Enets
nɔɔbera
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
tʃezi-da |
nɔɔbera |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
lasso-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
hold(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is holding his lasso’. |
French
tenir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
tient |
un |
livre |
à |
la |
main |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
hold.
prs
.3
sg
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
to
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
hand(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul is holding a book in his hand.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-č'ir-av-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
xel-ši |
c'ign-i |
Ø-u-č'ir-av-s |
|
pn
-
dat
|
hand-
pstp
:
iness
|
book-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-hold-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre is holding a book in his hand.’ |
German
halten
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
hält |
ein |
Buch |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hold.
prs
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
book[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is holding a book.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
káa
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| zɛ̀ɓɛ̂ |
káa |
Pépèe |
yée |
ɲá |
|
def
\book
|
cop
|
pn
|
hand
|
on3
|
| ‘Pepee holds the book in his hand.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Icari Dargwa
kʷi=b=uc-uj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
žuz |
kʷi=b=uc-ib-ca=b |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book.
abs
|
in
.
hands
=
n
=hold:
pf
-
aor
-
cop
=
n
|
| ‘Islam is holding a book.’ |
Irish
bí
|
Valency pattern:
aige_SBJ
|
| X: aige |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Tá |
leabhar |
aige |
Pól |
in-a |
lámh. |
|
be.
prs
|
book
|
at
|
pn
|
in-
poss
.3
sg
|
hand
|
| ‘Pól is holding a book in his hands.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
tenere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
tien-e |
un |
libr-o |
in |
man-o |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
hold-3
sg
.
prs
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book-
sg
.
m
|
in
|
hand-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo holds a book in his hands.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| meħamad-li |
kitap |
b-uc-i-le |
naˤq'-i-ze |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
n
-catch.
pfv
-
pret
-
cvb
|
hand-
obl
-
in
|
| ‘Muhammad is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Kalderash Romani
nikərəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
nikər-əl |
ə |
knišk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
hold-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša is holding a book.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| maˁhaˁmad-ǯi |
ktab |
χl.i |
di-b-is-na |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book(
abs
)
|
hand(
in
)
|
res
-
n
.
sg
-catch-
res
|
| ‘Mahamad is holding a book.’ |
Karata
bikkaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ʕali-l |
qoča |
kwadi |
b-ikk-e |
idja |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
hand.
in
|
n
-hold-
pf
|
cop
|
| ‘Ali is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
bucara
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| petja-l |
kiniga |
b-uc-ivca |
naˁq:-bal-c:i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
n
-catch.
pf
-
perf
|
hand-
pl
.
obl
-
inter
|
| ‘Petja is holding a book.’ |
Kazakh
usta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kіtap |
usta-p |
tur |
|
pn
|
book
|
hold-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is holding a book.’ |
Kazym Khanty
jɔšən tǎjti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
kinška |
jɔš-ən |
tǎj-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
book
|
hand-
loc
|
have-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Khoekhoe
hâ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petru-b |
ge |
ǂkhani-s-a |
ǃkhō |
hâ |
|
pn
-3
m
.
sg
|
decl
|
book-3
f
.
sg
-
obl
|
hold
|
pfv
|
| ‘Peter is holding a book.’ |
Khwarshi
j/aqaχa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| di-lo |
uža |
b-aqaχ-χo |
hĩše |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
son\
erg
|
iii
-hold-
prs
|
book(
iii
)
|
| ‘My son is holding a book.’ |
Kina Rutul
χaq’ɨra
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
kitab |
(χɨl-e) |
χ-aq’ɨ-r=a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book(
nom
)
|
(hand.
obl
-
in
)
|
pv
-4.catch.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul is holding a book (in his hands).’ |
Kumyk
tutmaq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| patimat |
kitap-nɨ |
tut-ʁan |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
get.hold-
pf
|
| ‘Patimat is holding the book.’ |
| Note: Apparently, a resultative verb. |
Latin
teneo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| is-que |
hac |
ara-t |
infelix, |
hac |
tene-t |
arm-a |
man-u |
|
he[
nom
.
sg
]-and
|
this.
abl
.
sg
.
f
|
plough[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
unhappy.
nom
.
sg
|
this.
abl
.
sg
.
f
|
hold[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
weapon(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
| ‘And he, an impious man, is ploughing with one arm, holding weapons in the other.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Tristia. V, 10, 24) |
Laz
o-krač-u
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| Käzim-i-s |
kitab-i |
Ø-o-krač-un-Ø |
|
pn
-
b
-
dat
|
book-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-hold-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Käzim is holding a book.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
ná zhe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
zhèng |
ná |
zhe |
yì-běn |
shū |
|
pn
|
right
|
hold
|
dur
|
one-
clf
|
book
|
| ‘Zhangsan is holding a book.’ |
Mano
kɔ̀ be
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Pèé |
kɔ̀ |
lɛ̄ |
sɛ́ɓɛ̀ |
mɔ̀ |
|
pn
|
arm
|
3
sg
.
exi
|
book
|
on
|
| ‘Pe is holding a book.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pat’imat-li-ni |
kung |
b-uc-i-le |
le-b |
kʷe-b |
|
pn
-
obl
-
erg
|
book
|
n
-take:
pfv
-
pst
-
cvb
|
be-
n
|
in.hands-
n
(
ess
)
|
| ‘Patimat is holding a book.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-k'eb-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
c'ing-i |
xe-s |
Ø-u-k'eb-u(n)-Ø |
|
pn
-
dat
|
book-
nom
|
hand-
dat
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-hold-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is holding a book in his hand.’ |
Modern Hebrew
maχzik
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
maχzik |
sefer |
|
pn
|
hold[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
book
|
| ‘Pinchas is holding a book.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
χaq'ın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
kitab |
χaq'ı-r |
a |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
(
n
)catch.
pf
-
seq
|
be_in
|
| ‘Murad is holding a book.’ |
Nanai
ǯapača-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
ŋaala-do-i |
daŋsa-wa |
ǯapa-ča-j-ni |
|
pn
|
hand-
dat
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
book-
obl
|
grab-
res
-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Nivkh
evd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ |
e-v-d |
|
pn
|
book
|
3
sg
-hold-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik is holding a book.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
bixuruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| patħudi-de |
ʁoča |
b-ix-e |
godi |
kwadi |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
n
-hold-
seq
|
n
.
cop
|
hand.
in
|
| ‘Pathudi is holding a book.’ |
Northern Mansi
ūri
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pājel |
ūr-i |
nēpak |
kāt-ta |
|
pn
|
hold-
npst
.3
sg
|
book
|
hand-
loc
|
| ‘Pasha is holding a book in his hand(s).’ |
Northern Yukaghir
mо̄j=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
kinigǝ-lǝ |
mōj-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
hold-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is holding a book.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å holde
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
holde-r |
ei |
bok |
i |
hend-ene |
|
pn
|
hold-
prs
|
indf
.
f
.
sg
|
book
|
in
|
hand-
def
.
pl
|
| ‘Per is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Polish
trzymać
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Franek |
trzyma |
książk-ę |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hold:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Franek is holding a book.’ |
Russian
deržatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
derž-it |
knig-u |
v |
ruk-ax |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
hold(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
in
|
hand(
f
)-
loc
.
pl
|
| ‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Serbian
držati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
drži |
knjig-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
hold.
prs
.3
sg
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is holding a book.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
χaqhɨ-n
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
χaqhɨ-r |
a |
kitab |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
(
n
)catch.
pf
-
seq
|
exist
|
book
|
| ‘Basir is holding a book.’ |
Shughni
anǰīvdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed=i |
mu |
kitob |
anǰūv-d |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
1
sg
.
obl
|
book
|
hold-
pst
|
| ‘Ahmed was holding my book.’ |
Skolt Saami
tuõʹllʼjed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
tuõʹlla-i |
ǩeeʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
hold.
prs
.3
sg
|
book.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete is holding a book.’ |
Slovak
držať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
drží |
knih-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hold(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is holding a book.’ |
Slovenian
držati
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
drži |
knjig-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hold:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is holding a book.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
be destewe bûn
|
Valency pattern:
EXT_SBJ
|
| X: EXT |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Hîwa |
kitêb-êk=î |
be |
dest-ewe-(y)e |
|
pn
|
book-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
to
|
hand-
dem
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is holding a book in his hand.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. The exact nature of the 3SG.PC marker is not clear (ambiguous). |
Southern Rutul
faqhın
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
kitab |
faqha-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
(
n
).catch.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad is holding a book.’ |
Spanish
tener
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
tien-e |
un |
libro |
en |
la-s |
mano-s |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
have-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
book[
sg
.
m
]
|
in
|
art
.
def
.
f
-
pl
|
hand[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
| ‘Pedro is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Standard Arabic
masaka
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Badr-u-n |
yamsiku |
kitāb-a-n |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
seize.
ipf
.3
m
|
book-
acc
-
indef
|
| ‘Badr is holding a book.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| maizer-s |
ši-isga |
lǝir-Ø |
x-o-qdaːn-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
hand-
iness
|
book-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-hold-
prs
|
| ‘Maizer is holding a book in his hand.’ |
Swedish
att hålla
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
håll-er |
en |
bok |
i |
händ-erna |
|
pn
|
hold-
prs
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
book
|
in
|
hand-
def
.
pl
|
| ‘Björn is holding a book.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
SBJNV_LIN
|
| X: SBJNV |
| Y: LIN |
| Locus: XY |
| May |
hawak |
na |
libro |
si |
Pedro |
|
exist
|
hold
|
lin
|
book
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro is holding a book’ |
Telugu
paṭṭukōnu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
pustakānni |
paṭṭukuni |
unnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
book(
n
).
sg
.
acc
|
take_hold.
cvb
.
ant
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen is holding a book.’ |
Tsakhur
aq:q:iy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-ee |
kitab |
aq:q:ı |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
n
.hold.
pf
|
| ‘Murad is holding a book.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
ka-b-uc-iz/ka-b-urc-iz
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG/LOC(LAT) |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| uršːi-le |
nuqba-cːe |
kniža |
ka-b-uc-ible=saj |
|
boy-
erg
/
loc
(
lat
)
|
hand.
pl
.
obl
-
inter
(
lat
)
|
book
|
down
-
n
-keep.
pfv
-
pret
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
b-uc-i / b-urc-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
žuz |
nuqba-cːe-b |
b-uc-ible=caj |
|
boy-
erg
|
book
|
hand.
pl
.
obl
-
inter
-
n
(
ess
)
|
n
-keep.
pfv
-
cnv
.
pret
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Turkish
tutmak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
kitap |
tut-uyor |
|
pn
|
book
|
hold-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is holding a book.’ |
Turoyo
zobəṭ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Gabriyel |
ko-zobəṭ |
u |
kṯowo |
b |
iḏ-e |
|
pn
|
prs
-hold.
ipfv
.3
m
|
art
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
in
|
hand(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Gabriyel is holding the book in his hands.’ |
Ulcha
ǯapča-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xusə |
piktə |
ŋāla-ǯi |
daŋsa-wa |
ǯap-č-i-ni |
|
male
|
child
|
hand-
ins
|
book-
acc
|
take-
res
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Uzbek
ušlamoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kitob-ni |
ušla-b |
tur-ib-ti |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
hold-
cvb
|
stand-
prs
4-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is holding a book.’ |
West Central Oromo
k'abata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
kitaaba |
k'ab-at-ee |
dʒir-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
book.
abs
|
hold-
mid
-
pfv
.
conv
|
aux
-3
sg
.
m
.
npst
|
| ‘Obsa is holding a book.’ |
Zilo Andi
0
|
Valency pattern:
CONT_NOM
|
| X: CONT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| ali-tʃ’u |
kodu |
χutʃa |
|
pn
-
cont
|
hands.
in
|
book[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
| ‘Ali is holding a book.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
