BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘hold’

Argument frame: X (hold) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. is holding a book (in his hands).
Predicate label Ru: держать
Argument frame Ru: X (держать) Y (-а)
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. держит книгу (в руках).

Abaza ma

Valency pattern: IO_ABS
X: IO
Y: ABS
Locus: X
a-phʷə́spa á-pχ’aga lə́-ma-ṗ
def -girl def -book 3 sg . f . io -be- npst . dcl
‘The girl is holding the book.’

Adyghe ʔəʁ

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
pŝaŝe-m txələ-r ə-ʔəʁ
девушка- obl книга- abs 3 sg . erg -держать
‘Девушка держит книгу’

Aghul χil.i-ʔ a-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan.a-n χil.i-ʔ kitab a-a
pn - gen hand- in book { in }be- prs
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic davək

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
brata ctava dvəkt-u=la id-o
girl( f ) book( m ) seize. res . f - p .3 m =3 f with hand( f )- p .3 f
‘The girl is holding a book in her hands.’

Bambara bɛ́/tɛ́

Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ
X: bolo
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
gáfe` bɛ́ Sékù bólo
book\ art be pn cntrl
‘Seku holds a book in his hands.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Brazilian Portuguese segurar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro segur-a o livro
pn ( m ) hold-3 sg . prs def . m book( m )
‘Pedro is holding a book.’

Catalan agafar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere està agaf-ant un llibre
def . sg . m pn ( m ) be.3 sg . prs . ind hold- ger indf . sg . m book( m )
‘Pere is holding a book.’

Czech držet

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr drží knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr is holding a book.’

Danish holde

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter holde-r en bog
pn hold- prs indf . sg book( c )
‘Peter is holding a book.’

Dutch houden

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet houd-t het boek vast
pn (С) hold-3 sg art . def . n book( n ) tightly
‘Piet is holding the book tightly.’

Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Kàfa` dó yé Sékù bólo` rɔ́.
book\ art indf be pn hand\ art in
‘Seku is holding a book.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication.

English hold

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter is holding a book.

Estonian hoidma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter hoia-b raamatu-t käe-s
pn . sg . nom hold- prs .3 sg book- sg . part hand- iness
‘Peeter is holding the book in his hands.’

Finnish pitää

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka pit-ää kirja-a käde-ssä-än
pn . nom hold- prs .3 sg book- part hand- ine - poss .3 sg
‘Pekka is holding a book in his hand.’

Forest Enets nɔɔbera

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ tʃezi-da nɔɔbera
i man- nom . sg .1 sg lasso- obl . sg .3 sg hold( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is holding his lasso’.

French tenir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul tient un livre à la main
pn ( m ) hold. prs .3 sg indf . sg . m book( m ) to def . sg . f hand( f )
‘Paul is holding a book in his hand.’

Georgian Ø-u-č'ir-av-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s xel-ši c'ign-i Ø-u-č'ir-av-s
pn - dat hand- pstp : iness book- nom io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is holding a book in his hand.’

German halten

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl hält ein Buch
pn [ nom . sg ] hold. prs .3 sg indf [ n . acc . sg ] book[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl is holding a book.’

Irish

Valency pattern: aige_SBJ
X: aige
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
leabhar aige Pól in-a lámh.
be. prs book at pn in- poss .3 sg hand
‘Pól is holding a book in his hands.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian tenere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo tien-e un libr-o in man-o
pn ( m ) hold-3 sg . prs indf . sg . m book- sg . m in hand- sg . f
‘Leo is holding a book in his hands.’

Kalderash Romani nikərəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a nikər-əl ə knišk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg hold- prs .3 sg art . f . dir . sg book- acc . sg
‘Murša is holding a book.’

Kazakh usta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kіtap usta-p tur
pn book hold- cvb stand.3 sg
‘Petya is holding a book.’

Kazym Khanty jɔšən tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en kinška jɔš-ən tǎj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg book hand- loc have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
di-lo uža b-aqaχ-χo hĩše
1 sg . o - gen 2 сын\ erg iii -держать- prs книга( iii )
‘Мой сын держит книгу.’

Kina Rutul χaq’ɨra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a kitab (χɨl-e) χ-aq’ɨ-r=a
pn - erg book( nom ) (hand. obl - in ) pv -4.catch. pfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul is holding a book (in his hands).’

Latin teneo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
is-que hac ara-t infelix, hac tene-t arm-a man-u
he[ nom . sg ]-and this. abl . sg . f plough[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg unhappy. nom . sg this. abl . sg . f hold[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg weapon( n )- acc . pl hand( f )- abl . sg
‘And he, an impious man, is ploughing with one arm, holding weapons in the other.’
Note: (Ov. Tristia. V, 10, 24)

Mandarin Chinese ná zhe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān zhèng zhe yì-běn shū
pn right hold dur one- clf book
‘Zhangsan is holding a book.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-k'eb-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s c'ing-i xe-s Ø-u-k'eb-u(n)-Ø.
pn - dat book- nom hand- dat io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is holding a book in his hand.’

Modern Hebrew maχzik

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas maχzik sefer
pn hold[ ptcp . sg . m ] book
‘Pinchas is holding a book.’

Nanai ǯapača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia ŋaala-do-i daŋsa-wa ǯapa-ča-j-ni
pn hand- dat - p . refl . sg book- obl grab- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’

Nivkh evd

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik pitɣəŋ e-v-d
pn book 3 sg -hold- ind
‘Kaskazik is holding a book.’

Northern Mansi ūri

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pājel ūr-i nēpak kāt-ta
pn hold- npst .3 sg book hand- loc
‘Pasha is holding a book in his hand(s).’

Northern Yukaghir mо̄j=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn kinigǝ-lǝ mōj-mǝ-lǝ
pn book- acc hold- tr - of .3 sg
‘Semien is holding a book.’

Norwegian Bokmål å holde

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per holde-r ei bok i hend-ene
pn hold- prs indf . f . sg book in hand- def . pl
‘Per is holding a book in his hands.’

Polish trzymać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Franek trzyma książk-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] hold: ipfv . prs .3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Franek is holding a book.’

Russian deržatʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja derž-it knig-u v ruk-ax
pn ( m )- nom . sg hold( ipfv )- prs .3 sg book( f )- acc . sg in hand( f )- loc . pl
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’

Serbian držati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar drži knjig-u
pn . nom . sg hold. prs .3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Petar is holding a book.’

Shughni anǰīvdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Ahmed=i mu kitob anǰūv-d
pn =3 sg 1 sg . obl book hold- pst
‘Ahmed was holding my book.’

Skolt Saami tuõʹllʼjed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt tuõʹlla-i ǩeeʹrj
pn . sg . nom hold. prs .3 sg book. sg . acc
‘Pete is holding a book.’

Slovak držať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter drží knih-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg book( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter is holding a book.’

Slovenian držati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter drži knjig-o
pn [ nom . sg ] hold: ipfv . prs .3 sg book- acc . sg
‘Peter is holding a book.’

Sorani Kurdish be destewe bûn

Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ
X: EXT
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Hîwa kitêb-êk=î be dest-ewe-(y)e
pn book- indf =3 sg . pc to hand- dem -be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa is holding a book in his hand.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The exact nature of the OBL.3SG marker is not clear (ambiguous).

Spanish tener

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro tien-e un libro en la-s mano-s
pn [ sg . m ] have- prs .3 sg art . ndef . sg . m book[ sg . m ] in art . def . f - pl hand[ sg . f ]- pl
‘Pedro is holding a book in his hands.’

Swedish att hålla

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn håll-er en bok i händ-erna
pn hold- prs indf . c . sg book in hand- def . pl
‘Björn is holding a book.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_BARE
X: ACT
Y: BARE
Locus: Y
May hawak na libro si Pedro
exist hold lin book pers . subj pn
‘Pedro is holding a book’
Note: Non-verbal construction. RG suggested to treat this construction “as similar to AV”. For that reason, ‘Pedro’ is classified as ACT (in fact, one of the linguists RG consulted suggested exactly the contrary, i.e. to treat unconjugated verbs, here and elsewhere, as parallel to PV). Grammatically, “hawak na” is a preposed modifier to “libro” (not unlike adjectives); “One can actually also say “may libro na hawak”, and “na hawak” is a relative clause”. Thus, “libro” has a very special status here in that it has no flag at all (hence, classified as BARE). There is a solid ground to believe that ‘the book’ is not the subject (Cf. RG’s remark that Sabbagh (2009) wrote that “Concretely, all existential sentences are impersonal constructions in that they have no overt subject and the nominal pivot functions as an internal argument of some sort. That the pivot (e.g., held book) is an internal argument rather than a subject is established by a couple of observations. First, one property of subjects in Tagalog is that they can serve as the shared subject of coordinated predicates… By contrast, non-subjects (namely, direct objects and VP-internal agents) cannot serve as the shared argument of coordinated predicates (see Kroeger 1993: 35; Sabbagh 2008)… With respect to this type of argument sharing, the pivot in existential sentences appears to pattern as a non-subject (i.e., internal argument) rather than as a subject.” Alternative is the stative construction with the pattern ACT_UND: “Hawak-hawak ni Pedro ang libro” [held PERS.GEN PN SUBJ book] ‘Pedro is holding the book.’

Telugu paṭṭukōnu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ pustakānni paṭṭukuni unnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom book( n ). sg . acc take_hold. cvb . ant be. prs .3 sg . m
‘Praveen is holding a book.’

Turkish tutmak

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet kitap tut-uyor
pn book hold- prs
‘Mehmet is holding a book.’

Ulcha ǯapča-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
xusə piktə ŋāla-ǯi daŋsa-wa ǯap-č-i-ni
male child hand- ins book- acc take- res - prs -3 sg
‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’

Uzbek ušlamoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya kitob-ni ušla-b tur-ib-ti
pn book- acc hold- cvb stand- prs 4-3 sg
‘Petja is holding a book.’

West Central Oromo k'abata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n kitaaba k'ab-at-ee dʒir-a
pn - nom book. abs hold- mid - pfv . conv aux -3 sg . m . npst
‘Obsa is holding a book.’

Zilo Andi 0

Valency pattern: CONT_NOM
X: CONT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ali-tʃ’u kodu χutʃa
pn - cont hands. in book[ inan 2][ nom ]
‘Ali is holding a book.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.