‘hold’
Argument frame: | X (hold) Y |
Stimulus sentence: | P. is holding a book (in his hands). |
Predicate label Ru: | держать |
Argument frame Ru: | X (держать) Y (-а) |
Stimulus sentence Ru: | П. держит книгу (в руках). |
Abaza ma
Valency pattern: IO_ABS |
X: IO |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
a-phʷə́spa | á-pχ’aga | lə́-ma-ṗ |
def -girl | def -book | 3 sg . f . io -be- npst . dcl |
‘The girl is holding the book.’ |
Adyghe ʔəʁ
Valency pattern: TR |
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
pŝaŝe-m | txələ-r | ə-ʔəʁ |
девушка- obl | книга- abs | 3 sg . erg -держать |
‘Девушка держит книгу’ |
Aghul χil.i-ʔ a-
Valency pattern: NA |
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
aslan.a-n | χil.i-ʔ | kitab | a-a |
pn - gen | hand- in | book | { in }be- prs |
‘Aslan is holding a book in his hands.’ | |||
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic davək
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
brata | ctava | dvəkt-u=la | ṗ | id-o |
girl( f ) | book( m ) | seize. res . f - p .3 m =3 f | with | hand( f )- p .3 f |
‘The girl is holding a book in her hands.’ |
Bambara bɛ́/tɛ́
Valency pattern: bolo_SBJ |
X: bolo |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
gáfe` | bɛ́ | Sékù | bólo |
book\ art | be | pn | cntrl |
‘Seku holds a book in his hands.’ | |||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Brazilian Portuguese segurar
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro | segur-a | o | livro |
pn ( m ) | hold-3 sg . prs | def . m | book( m ) |
‘Pedro is holding a book.’ |
Catalan agafar
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en | Pere | està | agaf-ant | un | llibre |
def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | be.3 sg . prs . ind | hold- ger | indf . sg . m | book( m ) |
‘Pere is holding a book.’ |
Czech držet
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr | drží | knih-u |
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | book( f )- acc . sg |
‘Petr is holding a book.’ |
Danish holde
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter | holde-r | en | bog |
pn | hold- prs | indf . sg | book( c ) |
‘Peter is holding a book.’ |
Dutch houden
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet | houd-t | het | boek | vast |
pn (С) | hold-3 sg | art . def . n | book( n ) | tightly |
‘Piet is holding the book tightly.’ |
Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́
Valency pattern: NA |
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Kàfa` | dó | yé | Sékù | bólo` | rɔ́. |
book\ art | indf | be | pn | hand\ art | in |
‘Seku is holding a book.’ | |||||
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predication. |
English hold
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter | is | holding | a | book. |
Estonian hoidma
Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Peeter | hoia-b | raamatu-t | käe-s |
pn . sg . nom | hold- prs .3 sg | book- sg . part | hand- iness |
‘Peeter is holding the book in his hands.’ |
Finnish pitää
Valency pattern: NOM_PART |
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka | pit-ää | kirja-a | käde-ssä-än |
pn . nom | hold- prs .3 sg | book- part | hand- ine - poss .3 sg |
‘Pekka is holding a book in his hand.’ |
Forest Enets nɔɔbera
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi | kasa-jʔ | tʃezi-da | nɔɔbera |
i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | lasso- obl . sg .3 sg | hold( ipfv ).3 sg . s |
‘My friend is holding his lasso’. |
French tenir
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul | tient | un | livre | à | la | main |
pn ( m ) | hold. prs .3 sg | indf . sg . m | book( m ) | to | def . sg . f | hand( f ) |
‘Paul is holding a book in his hand.’ |
Georgian Ø-u-č'ir-av-s (PRS)
Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
p'et're-s | xel-ši | c'ign-i | Ø-u-č'ir-av-s |
pn - dat | hand- pstp : iness | book- nom | io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact |
‘Petre is holding a book in his hand.’ |
German halten
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl | hält | ein | Buch |
pn [ nom . sg ] | hold. prs .3 sg | indf [ n . acc . sg ] | book[ acc . sg ] |
‘Karl is holding a book.’ |
Irish bí
Valency pattern: aige_SBJ |
X: aige |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Tá | leabhar | aige | Pól | in-a | lámh. |
be. prs | book | at | pn | in- poss .3 sg | hand |
‘Pól is holding a book in his hands.’ | |||||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian tenere
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo | tien-e | un | libr-o | in | man-o |
pn ( m ) | hold-3 sg . prs | indf . sg . m | book- sg . m | in | hand- sg . f |
‘Leo is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Kalderash Romani nikərəl
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o | Murš-a | nikər-əl | ə | knišk-a |
art . m . dir . sg | pn - nom . sg | hold- prs .3 sg | art . f . dir . sg | book- acc . sg |
‘Murša is holding a book.’ |
Kazakh usta
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya | kіtap | usta-p | tur |
pn | book | hold- cvb | stand.3 sg |
‘Petya is holding a book.’ |
Kazym Khanty jɔšən tǎjti
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en | kinška | jɔš-ən | tǎj-ǝλ |
pn - ep - poss .2 sg | book | hand- loc | have- npst [3 sg ] |
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Valency pattern: TR |
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
di-lo | uža | b-aqaχ-χo | hĩše |
1 sg . o - gen 2 | сын\ erg | iii -держать- prs | книга( iii ) |
‘Мой сын держит книгу.’ |
Kina Rutul χaq’ɨra
Valency pattern: TR |
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a | kitab | (χɨl-e) | χ-aq’ɨ-r=a |
pn - erg | book( nom ) | (hand. obl - in ) | pv -4.catch. pfv - cvb =be |
‘Rasul is holding a book (in his hands).’ |
Latin teneo
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
is-que | hac | ara-t | infelix, | hac | tene-t | arm-a | man-u |
he[ nom . sg ]-and | this. abl . sg . f | plough[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg | unhappy. nom . sg | this. abl . sg . f | hold[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg | weapon( n )- acc . pl | hand( f )- abl . sg |
‘And he, an impious man, is ploughing with one arm, holding weapons in the other.’ | |||||||
Note: (Ov. Tristia. V, 10, 24) |
Mandarin Chinese ná zhe
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān | zhèng | ná | zhe | yì-běn | shū |
pn | right | hold | dur | one- clf | book |
‘Zhangsan is holding a book.’ |
Mingrelian Ø-u-k'eb-un-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern: DAT_NOM |
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
čelo-s | c'ing-i | xe-s | Ø-u-k'eb-u(n)-Ø. |
pn - dat | book- nom | hand- dat | io 3- ver : o -hold- sm - s 3 sg . inact |
‘Chelo is holding a book in his hand.’ |
Modern Hebrew maχzik
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas | maχzik | sefer |
pn | hold[ ptcp . sg . m ] | book |
‘Pinchas is holding a book.’ |
Nanai ǯapača-
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia | ŋaala-do-i | daŋsa-wa | ǯapa-ča-j-ni |
pn | hand- dat - p . refl . sg | book- obl | grab- res - npst - p .3 sg |
‘Petia is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Nivkh evd
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik | pitɣəŋ | e-v-d |
pn | book | 3 sg -hold- ind |
‘Kaskazik is holding a book.’ |
Northern Mansi ūri
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pājel | ūr-i | nēpak | kāt-ta |
pn | hold- npst .3 sg | book | hand- loc |
‘Pasha is holding a book in his hand(s).’ |
Northern Yukaghir mо̄j=
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn | kinigǝ-lǝ | mōj-mǝ-lǝ |
pn | book- acc | hold- tr - of .3 sg |
‘Semien is holding a book.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål å holde
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per | holde-r | ei | bok | i | hend-ene |
pn | hold- prs | indf . f . sg | book | in | hand- def . pl |
‘Per is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Polish trzymać
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Franek | trzyma | książk-ę |
pn [ nom . sg ] | hold: ipfv . prs .3 sg | book- acc . sg |
‘Franek is holding a book.’ |
Russian deržatʹ
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja | derž-it | knig-u | v | ruk-ax |
pn ( m )- nom . sg | hold( ipfv )- prs .3 sg | book( f )- acc . sg | in | hand( f )- loc . pl |
‘Petja is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Serbian držati
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar | drži | knjig-u |
pn . nom . sg | hold. prs .3 sg | book- acc . sg |
‘Petar is holding a book.’ |
Shughni anǰīvdow
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Ahmed=i | mu | kitob | anǰūv-d |
pn =3 sg | 1 sg . obl | book | hold- pst |
‘Ahmed was holding my book.’ |
Skolt Saami tuõʹllʼjed
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt | tuõʹlla-i | ǩeeʹrj |
pn . sg . nom | hold. prs .3 sg | book. sg . acc |
‘Pete is holding a book.’ |
Slovak držať
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter | drží | knih-u |
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | hold( ipfv ). prs .3 sg | book( f )- acc . sg |
‘Peter is holding a book.’ |
Slovenian držati
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter | drži | knjig-o |
pn [ nom . sg ] | hold: ipfv . prs .3 sg | book- acc . sg |
‘Peter is holding a book.’ |
Sorani Kurdish be destewe bûn
Valency pattern: EXT_SBJ |
X: EXT |
Y: SBJ |
Locus: X |
Hîwa | kitêb-êk=î | be | dest-ewe-(y)e |
pn | book- indf =3 sg . pc | to | hand- dem -be. prs .3 sg |
‘Hiwa is holding a book in his hand.’ | |||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The exact nature of the OBL.3SG marker is not clear (ambiguous). |
Spanish tener
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro | tien-e | un | libro | en | la-s | mano-s |
pn [ sg . m ] | have- prs .3 sg | art . ndef . sg . m | book[ sg . m ] | in | art . def . f - pl | hand[ sg . f ]- pl |
‘Pedro is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Swedish att hålla
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn | håll-er | en | bok | i | händ-erna |
pn | hold- prs | indf . c . sg | book | in | hand- def . pl |
‘Björn is holding a book.’ |
Valency pattern: ACT_BARE |
X: ACT |
Y: BARE |
Locus: Y |
May | hawak | na | libro | si | Pedro |
exist | hold | lin | book | pers . subj | pn |
‘Pedro is holding a book’ | |||||
Note: Non-verbal construction. RG suggested to treat this construction “as similar to AV”. For that reason, ‘Pedro’ is classified as ACT (in fact, one of the linguists RG consulted suggested exactly the contrary, i.e. to treat unconjugated verbs, here and elsewhere, as parallel to PV). Grammatically, “hawak na” is a preposed modifier to “libro” (not unlike adjectives); “One can actually also say “may libro na hawak”, and “na hawak” is a relative clause”. Thus, “libro” has a very special status here in that it has no flag at all (hence, classified as BARE). There is a solid ground to believe that ‘the book’ is not the subject (Cf. RG’s remark that Sabbagh (2009) wrote that “Concretely, all existential sentences are impersonal constructions in that they have no overt subject and the nominal pivot functions as an internal argument of some sort. That the pivot (e.g., held book) is an internal argument rather than a subject is established by a couple of observations. First, one property of subjects in Tagalog is that they can serve as the shared subject of coordinated predicates… By contrast, non-subjects (namely, direct objects and VP-internal agents) cannot serve as the shared argument of coordinated predicates (see Kroeger 1993: 35; Sabbagh 2008)… With respect to this type of argument sharing, the pivot in existential sentences appears to pattern as a non-subject (i.e., internal argument) rather than as a subject.” Alternative is the stative construction with the pattern ACT_UND: “Hawak-hawak ni Pedro ang libro” [held PERS.GEN PN SUBJ book] ‘Pedro is holding the book.’ |
Telugu paṭṭukōnu
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pravīṇ | pustakānni | paṭṭukuni | unnāḍu |
pn ( m ). sg . nom | book( n ). sg . acc | take_hold. cvb . ant | be. prs .3 sg . m |
‘Praveen is holding a book.’ |
Turkish tutmak
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet | kitap | tut-uyor |
pn | book | hold- prs |
‘Mehmet is holding a book.’ |
Ulcha ǯapča-
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
xusə | piktə | ŋāla-ǯi | daŋsa-wa | ǯap-č-i-ni |
male | child | hand- ins | book- acc | take- res - prs -3 sg |
‘The boy is holding a book in his hands.’ |
Uzbek ušlamoq
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya | kitob-ni | ušla-b | tur-ib-ti |
pn | book- acc | hold- cvb | stand- prs 4-3 sg |
‘Petja is holding a book.’ |
West Central Oromo k'abata
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n | kitaaba | k'ab-at-ee | dʒir-a |
pn - nom | book. abs | hold- mid - pfv . conv | aux -3 sg . m . npst |
‘Obsa is holding a book.’ |
Valency pattern: CONT_NOM |
X: CONT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
ali-tʃ’u | kodu | χutʃa |
pn - cont | hands. in | book[ inan 2][ nom ] |
‘Ali is holding a book.’ | ||
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |