‘hit (target)’
| Argument frame: | X (hit) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | Lightning hit / struck the house . |
| Predicate label Ru: | попасть |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (попадать) в Y (молния в дом) |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | Молния] попала в [дом . |
Abaza [kʷ-]ŝa
| Valency pattern: ABS_LOCkwe |
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOCkwe |
| Locus: Y |
| a-c | a-tʒə́ | j-á-kʷ-ŝa-d |
| def -lightning | def -house | 3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . n . io - loc -fall( aor )- dcl |
| ‘The lightning hit the house.’ | ||
Aghul jarʜ.u-
| Valency pattern: ERG_DAT |
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| c’ajlapan | χul.a-s | jarʜ.u-ne |
| lightning | house- dat | strike. pf - aor |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic maxə
| Valency pattern: SBJ_gu |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: gu |
| Locus: Y |
| bərka | mxi-l | gu | beta |
| lightning( m ) | beat. pst - ls .3 m | in | house( m ) |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | |||
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. | |||
Brazilian Portuguese atingir
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| o | raio | ating-iu | a | casa |
| def . m | lightning( m ) | strike-3 sg . pst | def . f | house( f ) |
| ‘The lightning struck the house.’ | ||||
Catalan entrar
| Valency pattern: SBJ_dins |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: dins |
| Locus: Y |
| la | il·luminació | va | entr-ar | dins | la | casa |
| def . sg . f | lightning( f ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | enter- inf | in | def . sg . f | house( f ) |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||||||
Czech uhodit
| Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN |
| X: NOM |
| Y: doGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| do | dom-u | uhodi-l | blesk |
| in | house( m )- gen . sg | hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | lightning( m )[ nom . sg ] |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | |||
Danish slå ned
| Valency pattern: SBJ_i |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: i |
| Locus: Y |
| Lyn-et | slog | ned | i | hus-et |
| lightning( n )- def . sg | hit. pst | down | in | house( n )- def . sg |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | ||||
Dutch inslagen
| Valency pattern: SBJ_in |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: in |
| Locus: Y |
| de | bliksemflits | sloeg | in | het | huis | in |
| art . def . c | lightning( c ) | hit. pst | in | art . def . n | house( n ) | in |
| ‘The lightning struck the house.’ | ||||||
Estonian lööma
| Valency pattern: NOM_ILL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ILL |
| Locus: Y |
| välk | lõ-i | majja |
| lightning. sg . nom | hit- pst .3 sg | house. sg . ill |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||
Finnish osua
| Valency pattern: NOM_ILL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ILL |
| Locus: Y |
| salama | osu-i | talo-on |
| l ightning. nom | strike- pst .3 sg | house- ill |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||
Forest Enets tɛbu
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| kiu | tu | tɛxɛ | pɛ-d | tɛba |
| thunder | fire | there(loc) | wood- dat . sg | hit( pfv ).3 sg . s |
| ‘Lightning hit that tree’. | ||||
German treffen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| der | Blitz | triff-t | das | Haus |
| def . m . nom . sg | lightning[ nom . sg ] | meet- prs .3 sg | def . n . acc . sg | house[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Lightning strikes the house.’ | ||||
Italian finire
| Valency pattern: SBJ_in |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: in |
| Locus: Y |
| un | fulmin-e | è | finit-o | nel-la | cas-a |
| indf . sg . m | lightning- sg . m | aux .3 sg . prs | strike. pst . ptcp - sg . m | in. def . sg - f | house- sg . f |
| ‘The lightning struck the house.’ | |||||
Kazakh tüs
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Üy-ge | žay | tüs-tі |
| house- dat | lightning | fall- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty χɔjti
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pǎλǝŋ_tŭt | pet’a-j-en | χɔt-a | χɔj-ǝs |
| lightning | pn - ep - poss .2 sg | house- dat | get- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Lightning struck Petja’s house.’ | |||
Latin percello
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| duo | fulmin-a | dom-um | me-am | percul-eri-nt |
| two. nom . n | lightning( n )- nom . pl | house( f )- acc . sg | my- acc . sg . f | strike- prf . conj - act .3 pl |
| ‘Two lightnings have struck my house.’ | ||||
| Note: (Liv. XLV, 41, 1) | ||||
Modern Hebrew paga
| Valency pattern: SBJ_be |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| barak | paga | ba | bajt |
| lightning | hit[ pst .3 sg . m ] | in+ def | house |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | |||
Nanai tojko-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| agǯe | tali-ni | ǯoo-wa | tojko-xa-ni |
| storm | flash. npst - p .3 sg | house- obl | hit- pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | |||
Nivkh juɣd
| Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT/ADD |
| Locus: Y |
| var̥par-d | taf-tоχ | j-uɣ-d |
| flash- nml | house- dat / add | 3 sg -enter- ind |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å treffe
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| lyn-et | traff | hus-et |
| lightning- def . n . sg | hit. pst | house- def . n . sg |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | ||
Polish trafić
| Valency pattern: NOM_wACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: wACC |
| Locus: Y |
| piorun | trafi-ł | w | dom |
| lightning[ nom . sg ] | strike: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | in | house[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | |||
Russian popastʹ
| Valency pattern: NOM_vACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: vACC |
| Locus: Y |
| molni-ja | popa-l-a | v | dom |
| lightning( f )- nom . sg | hit( pfv )- pst - f . sg | in | house( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | |||
Rutul kiq’ɨra
| Valency pattern: NOM_INTER |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INTER |
| Locus: Y |
| c’aj | χal-ɨ-k | k-iq’ɨ-r-a |
| fire( nom ) | house- obl - inter | pv -4.hit. pfv - cvb |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||
Serbian pogodila
| Valency pattern: NOM_uACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: uACC |
| Locus: Y |
| munja | je | pogodi-la | u | kuću |
| молния. nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | попасть- part . perf . f . sg | в | дом- acc . sg |
| ‘Молния попала в дом.’ | ||||
Shughni δêdow1
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| otex̌ak=ta | čīd | δod |
| lightning= em | house | give. pst |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | ||
Skolt Saami kõõsksted
| Valency pattern: NOM_ILL |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ILL |
| Locus: Y |
| teârmmaztoll | kõõskst-i | põʹrtt-e |
| lightning. sg . nom | flash- pst .3 sg | house- sg . ill |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||
Slovenian udariti
| Valency pattern: NOM_vACC |
| X: NOM |
| Y: vACC |
| Locus: Y |
| v | hiš-o | je | udari-l-a | strel-a |
| in | house- acc . sg | aux .3 sg | hit: pfv - lpt - f . sg | lightning- nom . sg |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||||
Spanish caer
| Valency pattern: SBJ_en |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: en |
| Locus: Y |
| el | rayo | cay-ó | en | una | casa |
| art . def . sg . m | lightning[ sg . m ] | fall- aor .3 sg | in | art . ndef . sg . f | house[ sg . f ] |
| ‘The lightning struck the house.’ | |||||
Swedish att slå ner
| Valency pattern: SBJ_i |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: i |
| Locus: Y |
| blixt-en | slog | ner | i | hus-et |
| lightning- def . n . sg | hit. pst | down | in | house- def . n . sg |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | ||||
| Note: Phrasal verb (ner is not a flagging device). An alternative is Blixten träffade huset (this transitive pattern is the default choice in most other situations where something hits the target). | ||||
Turkish düşmek
| Valency pattern: NOM_DAT |
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| yıldırım | ev-e | düş-tü |
| lightning | house- dat | fall- pst |
| ‘Lightning hit the house.’ | ||
Ulcha nāŋgu-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| agdi | xagdu-wa | nāŋgu-xa-n |
| thunder | house- acc | hit_target- pst -3 sg |
| ‘Lightning struck the house.’ | ||
Zilo Andi <b>-aχ.o-j
| Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER |
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER |
| Locus: Y |
| piri | b-aχ.o-j | reʃu-ʔa |
| lightning[ inan 1][ nom ] | inan 1-end_up. pst - pf | wood- super |
| ‘The lightning fell on the tree.’ | ||