BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘hit (target)’

Argument frame: X (hit) Y
Stimulus sentence: Lightning hit / struck the house .
Predicate label Ru: попасть
Argument frame Ru: X (попадать) в Y (молния в дом)
Stimulus sentence Ru: Молния] попала в [дом .

Abaza [kʷ-]ŝa

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCkwe
X: ABS
Y: LOCkwe
Locus: Y
a-c a-tʒə́ j-á-kʷ-ŝa-d
def -lightning def -house 3 sg . n . abs -3 sg . n . io - loc -fall( aor )- dcl
‘The lightning hit the house.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) je-we

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
šəbλe-r wəne-m q-je-wa-ʁ
thunder- abs house- obl csl -3 sg . io + dat -strike- pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Aghul jarʜ.u-

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
c’ajlapan χul.a-s jarʜ.u-ne
lightning house- dat strike. pf - aor
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Alik Kryz ʕaq'lic

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
k'ul-ca ildirim ʕaq'ul-du
house( f )- obl . in lightning f .fall. pfv - aor . f
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Archi

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
parəl noʟʼ-li-s caχu
lightning house- obl - dat 4.hit. pfv
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic maxə

Valency pattern: SBJ_gu
X: SBJ
Y: gu
Locus: Y
bərka mxi-l gu beta
lightning( m ) beat. pst - ls .3 m in house( m )
‘Lightning hit the house.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar reč’č’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ruq’-alda piri reč’č’-ana
house- obl . nm . loc lightning smash- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Azerbaijani vurmaq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ildırım ev-i vur-du
lightning house- acc strike- pst (3)
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Bambara jìgin

Valency pattern: SBJ_kan
X: SBJ
Y: kan
Locus: Y
kàbapɛrɛn` jìgin-na só ìn kàn
lightning\ art descend- pfv . intr house this on
‘A lightning hit this house.’

Brazilian Portuguese atingir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
o raio ating-iu a casa
def . m lightning( m ) strike-3 sg . pst def . f house( f )
‘The lightning struck the house.’

Catalan entrar

Valency pattern: SBJ_dins
X: SBJ
Y: dins
Locus: Y
la il·luminació va entr-ar dins la casa
def . sg . f lightning( f ) go.3 sg . prs . ind enter- inf in def . sg . f house( f )
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Chirag čabaʁi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
c’alala̰m qal-l-i ča-b-aʁ-ib-le
lightning( abs ) house- obl - super super - n . sg -reach: pf - aor - res . prs .3
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Czech uhodit

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
do dom-u uhodi-l blesk
in house( m )- gen . sg hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] lightning( m )[ nom . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Danish slå ned

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
Lyn-et slog ned i hus-et
lightning( n )- def . sg hit. pst down in house( n )- def . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Dutch inslagen

Valency pattern: SBJ_in
X: SBJ
Y: in
Locus: Y
de bliksemflits sloeg in het huis in
art . def . c lightning( c ) hit. pst in art . def . n house( n ) in
‘The lightning struck the house.’

Eastern Maninka jìi

Valency pattern: SBJ_do(POST)
X: SBJ
Y: do(POST)
Locus: Y
Sánfɛrɛn` bára jìi bón nìn dɔ́.
sky-burst\ art prf descend house this in
‘Lightning hit the house.’

English hit

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Lightning hit the house.

Estonian lööma

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
välk lõ-i majja
lightning. sg . nom hit- pst .3 sg house. sg . ill
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Finnish osua

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
salama osu-i talo-on
l ightning. nom strike- pst .3 sg house- ill
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Forest Enets tɛbu

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kiu tu tɛxɛ pɛ-d tɛba
thunder fire there(loc) wood- dat . sg hit( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘Lightning hit that tree’.

French s’abattre

Valency pattern: SBJ_sur
X: SBJ
Y: sur
Locus: Y
la foudre s’ est abattue sur la maison
def . sg . f lightning( f ) refl be. prs .3 sg bring_down. pst . ptcp . f on def . sg . f house( f )
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Georgian da-Ø-e-c-em-a (FUT)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
saxl-s mex-i da-Ø-e-c-a
house- dat lightning- nom prv :downward- io 3- ver : r -hit- s 3 sg . pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Note: A lightning 'falls' on a house. Other instances of hitting a target while throwing or shooting at it are expressed by the verb mo-Ø-xvd-eb-a [PRV:PROX-IO3-meet-SM-S3SG.INACT] 'X will hit Y'.

German treffen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
der Blitz triff-t das Haus
def . m . nom . sg lightning[ nom . sg ] meet- prs .3 sg def . n . acc . sg house[ acc . sg ]
‘Lightning strikes the house.’

Guinean Kpelle tǒo

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
yèle gbɛ́náà àá tòo bɛ̀lɛ́ ɓâ
sky gun\ l 3 sg . prf fall def \house on1
‘The lightning hit the house.’

Icari Dargwa či-ka=tː=aˤq-uj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPLAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPLAT
Locus: Y
qal-lij c'a či-ka=tː=aˤq-ib
house- suplat fire. abs on - down - npl -hit- aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Irish buail

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=bhuail splanc an tigh.
pst =strike lightning def house
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Italian colpire

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
un fulmin-e ha colpito la cas-a
indf . sg . m lightning- sg . m aux .3 sg . prs strike. pst . ptcp def . sg . f house- sg . f
‘The lightning struck the house.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
ʁuʁu b-aˤq-ib qa-j-ze
lightening n -beat. pfv - pret home- obl - in
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Kalderash Romani del

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
ə molnij-a ď-a and-o khər
art . f . dir . sg lighnting- nom . sg give- pst .3 sg in- art . m . dir . sg house[ nom . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
q’uˁrq’.li-n c’a χl.a-k ku<b>k’-nu
lightning- gen fire( abs ) house- cont < n . sg >struck- pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Karata torč’č’anɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
miswa pire torč’č’-en
house. dat lightning strike- pf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Kaytag Dargwa kaˁdaˁqaˁra

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
c’alip kaˁdaˁq-iv uškul-c:i
lightning( npl ) npl .strike. pf - aor school. obl - inter
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Kazakh tüs

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Üy-ge žay tüs-tі
house- dat lightning fall- pst 1.3 sg
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Kazym Khanty χɔjti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pǎλǝŋ_tŭt pet’a-j-en χɔt-a χɔj-ǝs
lightning pn - ep - poss .2 sg house- dat get- pst [3 sg ]
‘Lightning struck Petja’s house.’

Khoekhoe ǂnau

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Nawa-b ge om-s-a go ǂnau
lightning-3 m . sg decl house-3 f . sg - obl rpst hit
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Khwarshi c'oχa

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
piri c'oχ-χa aq-ƛ'o
lightning( iv ) get- pst . w house( iv )- super
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Kina Rutul kiq’ɨra

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER
X: NOM
Y: INTER
Locus: Y
c’aj χal-ɨ-k k-iq’ɨ-r-a
fire( nom ) house- obl - inter pv -4.hit. pfv - cvb
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Kumyk tijmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
jašmɨn üj-ge tij-gen
lightning house- dat touch- pf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Latin percello

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
duo fulmin-a dom-um me-am percul-eri-nt
two. nom . n lightning( n )- nom . pl house( f )- acc . sg my- acc . sg . f strike- prf . conj - act .3 pl
‘Two lightnings have struck my house.’
Note: (Liv. XLV, 41, 1)

Laz o-t(v-al)-u

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
oxo(r)-i-s šimšeγ-i g-Ø-ä-t-u
house- b - dat lightning- nom prv - io 3- ver : r -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘The lightning struck the house.’

Mandarin Chinese jīzhòng

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yí-dào shǎndiàn jīzhòng le zhè-dòng fángzi
one- clf lightning hit pfv this- clf house
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Mano dà

Valency pattern: SBJ_mo
X: SBJ
Y: mo
Locus: Y
gbá̰nà ē dà ká mɔ̀
lightning 3 sg . pst fall house on
‘The lightning hit the house.’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT.LAT
X: NOM
Y: CONT.LAT
Locus: Y
parχ qaj-ze b-aˤq-ib
lightning house- cont ( lat ) n -hit: pfv - pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Mingrelian gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
val-k ʔude-s ki-gi-Ø-a-ntx-u
lightning- erg house- dat aff - prv - io 3- ver : r -fall- s 3 sg . pst
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Modern Hebrew paga

Valency pattern: SBJ_be
X: SBJ
Y: be
Locus: Y
barak paga ba bajt
lightning hit[ pst .3 sg . m ] in+ def house
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Mukhad Rutul jıˤχıˤn

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
χal c'ire jıˤχıˤ-ri
house fire. erg n .strike. pf - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Nanai tojko-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
agǯe tali-ni ǯoo-wa tojko-xa-ni
storm flash. npst - p .3 sg house- obl hit- pst - p .3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Nivkh juɣd

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
var̥par-d taf-tоχ j-uɣ-d
flash- nml house- dat / add 3 sg -enter- ind
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Northern Akhvakh goc’c’uruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
piri č’ila-ge goc’c’-ari
lightning house. pl . nom - loc hit- aor
‘Lightning struck the houses.’

Northern Mansi xojas

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
jowt n’al sāli sam-na xoj-as
bow arrow reindeer eye- lat hit- pst [3 sg ]
‘An arrow hit the reindeer in the eye.’

Northern Yukaghir ǝjū=

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
möŋǝr lаčil nimǝ-ɣa ǝji-č
thunder fire house- loc get- intr .3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Norwegian Bokmål å treffe

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
lyn-et traff hus-et
lightning- def . n . sg hit. pst house- def . n . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Polish trafić

Valency pattern: NOM_wACC
X: NOM
Y: wACC
Locus: Y
piorun trafi-ł w dom
lightning[ nom . sg ] strike: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] in house[ acc . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Russian popastʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC
X: NOM
Y: vACC
Locus: Y
molni-ja popa-l-a v dom
lightning( f )- nom . sg hit( pfv )- pst - f . sg in house( m )[ acc . sg ]
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Serbian pogoditi

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
munja je pogodi-la u kuću
lightning. nom . sg be. prs .3 sg hit- part . perf . f . sg in house- acc . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Shinaz Rutul kejq'ɨ-n

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
χaˁl-a hihi-d c'aj kejq'ɨ-r χal-ɨkj
sky- super n .throw. pf - attr fire n .touch. pf - aor house- cont
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Shughni δêdow1

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
otex̌ak=ta čīd δod
lightning= em house give. pst
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Skolt Saami kõõsksted

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
teârmmaztoll kõõskst-i põʹrtt-e
lightning. sg . nom flash- pst .3 sg house- sg . ill
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Slovak udrieť

Valency pattern: NOM_doGEN
X: NOM
Y: doGEN
Locus: Y
Blesk udre-l do dom-u
lightning( m )[ nom . sg ] hit( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] in house( m )- gen . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Slovenian udariti

Valency pattern: NOM_vACC
X: NOM
Y: vACC
Locus: Y
v hiš-o je udari-l-a strel-a
in house- acc . sg aux .3 sg hit: pfv - lpt - f . sg lightning- nom . sg
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Sorani Kurdish dan

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
brîske le maɫ-ek=em=î da-Ø
lightning from house- def =1 sg . pc =3 sg . pc give. pst -3 sg
‘Lightning hit my house.’

Southern Rutul yıˤxıˤn

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
yildirim-e-re xal yıˤxıˤ-r
lightning- obl - erg house n .strike. pf - aor
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Spanish caer

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
el rayo cay-ó en una casa
art . def . sg . m lightning[ sg . m ] fall- aor .3 sg in art . ndef . sg . f house[ sg . f ]
‘The lightning struck the house.’

Standard Arabic waqaʕa

Valency pattern: NOM_alaaGEN
X: NOM
Y: alaaGEN
Locus: Y
waqaʕa l-barq-u ʕalā l-bayt-i
fall. pf .3 m def -lightning( m )- nom on def -house- gen
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Svan

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kor-s xel-Ø x-e-jäx
house- dat lightning- nom io 3- ver : sup -fall_upon
‘Lightning struck (lit. ‘fell upon’) the house.’

Swedish att slå ner

Valency pattern: SBJ_i
X: SBJ
Y: i
Locus: Y
blixt-en slog ner i hus-et
lightning- def . n . sg hit. pst down in house- def . n . sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’
Note: Phrasal verb (ner is not a flagging device). An alternative is Blixten träffade huset (this transitive pattern is the default choice in most other situations where something hits the target).

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
T<in>ama-an ng kidlat ang bahay
< pfv >hit- lv gen lightning subj house
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Telugu paḍu

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLpai
X: NOM
Y: OBLpai
Locus: Y
iṁṭi pai piḍugu paḍiṁdi
house( n ). sg . obl over thunderbolt( n ). sg . nom fall. pst .3 sg . nm
‘Lightning fell on the house.’

Tsakhur ulossuy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
zabyalav хav-ıle ulossu
lightning house- superel ( n )fall. pf
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-arx b-icː-iz/b-ilcː-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: INTER(LAT)
Locus: Y
c'a-la bartːa tːultːa-cːe b-arx b-ic-ur
fire- gen hatchet tree- inter ( lat ) right n -stand. pfv - pret (3)
‘Lightning hit the tree.’

Tsugni Dargwa ačː-i / ičː-i

Valency pattern: NOM_INTER(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: INTER(LAT)
Locus: Y
q'arqːa naˤq-li-cːe ačː-ib
stone hand- obl - inter ( lat ) get/hit. pfv - pret (3)
‘The stone hit the hand.’

Turkish düşmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
yıldırım ev-e düş-tü
lightning house- dat fall- pst
‘Lightning hit the house.’

Turoyo mḥayṣəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
u barqo mḥayṣe-le u bayto
art . m lightning( m ) catch. pfv - ls .3 m art . m house( m )
‘The lightning hit the house.’

Ulcha nāŋgu-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
agdi xagdu-wa nāŋgu-xa-n
thunder house- acc hit_target- pst -3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

Uzbek tušmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čaqmoq uy-ga tuš-ti
lightning house- dat get_down- pst .3 sg
‘Lightning struck the house.’

West Central Oromo rukkuta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
balak'k'eessaa-n man-ittʃa rukkut-e
lightening- nom house- def . abs hit-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Lightening hit the house.’

Zilo Andi <b>-aχ.o-j

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
piri b-aχ.o-j reʃu-ʔa
lightning[ inan 1][ nom ] inan 1-end_up. pst - pf wood- super
‘The lightning fell on the tree.’