‘hit (target)’
Argument frame: |
X
(hit)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
Lightning
hit / struck
the house
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
попасть
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(попадать) в
Y
(молния в дом)
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
Молния] попала в [дом
.
|
Abaza
[kʷ-]ŝa
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOCkwe
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOCkwe |
Locus: Y |
a-c |
a-tʒə́ |
j-á-kʷ-ŝa-d |
def
-lightning
|
def
-house
|
3
sg
.
n
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-
loc
-fall(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The lightning hit the house.’ |
Adyghe
je-we
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
šəbλe-r |
wəne-m |
q-je-wa-ʁ |
гром-
abs
|
дом-
obl
|
csl
-3
sg
.
io
+
dat
-бить-
pst
|
‘Молния попала в дом.’ |
Aghul
jarʜ.u-
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
c’ajlapan |
χul.a-s |
jarʜ.u-ne |
lightning
|
house-
dat
|
strike.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
maxə
Valency pattern:
SBJ_gu
|
X: SBJ |
Y: gu |
Locus: Y |
bərka |
mxi-l |
gu |
beta |
lightning(
m
)
|
beat.
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
in
|
house(
m
)
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. |
Bambara
jìgin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_kan
|
X: SBJ |
Y: kan |
Locus: Y |
kàbapɛrɛn` |
jìgin-na |
só |
ìn |
kàn |
lightning\
art
|
descend-
pfv
.
intr
|
house
|
this
|
on
|
‘A lightning hit this house.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
atingir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
o |
raio |
ating-iu |
a |
casa |
def
.
m
|
lightning(
m
)
|
strike-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
f
|
house(
f
)
|
‘The lightning struck the house.’ |
Catalan
entrar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_dins
|
X: SBJ |
Y: dins |
Locus: Y |
la |
il·luminació |
va |
entr-ar |
dins |
la |
casa |
def
.
sg
.
f
|
lightning(
f
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
enter-
inf
|
in
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
house(
f
)
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Czech
uhodit
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: doGEN |
Locus: Y |
do |
dom-u |
uhodi-l |
blesk |
in
|
house(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
lightning(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Danish
slå ned
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
Lyn-et |
slog |
ned |
i |
hus-et |
lightning(
n
)-
def
.
sg
|
hit.
pst
|
down
|
in
|
house(
n
)-
def
.
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Dutch
inslagen
Valency pattern:
SBJ_in
|
X: SBJ |
Y: in |
Locus: Y |
de |
bliksemflits |
sloeg |
in |
het |
huis |
in |
art
.
def
.
c
|
lightning(
c
)
|
hit.
pst
|
in
|
art
.
def
.
n
|
house(
n
)
|
in
|
‘The lightning struck the house.’ |
Eastern Maninka
jìi
Valency pattern:
SBJ_do(POST)
|
X: SBJ |
Y: do(POST) |
Locus: Y |
Sánfɛrɛn` |
bára |
jìi |
bón |
nìn |
dɔ́. |
sky-burst\
art
|
prf
|
descend
|
house
|
this
|
in
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
English
hit
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
lööma
Valency pattern:
NOM_ILL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ILL |
Locus: Y |
välk |
lõ-i |
majja |
lightning.
sg
.
nom
|
hit-
pst
.3
sg
|
house.
sg
.
ill
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Finnish
osua
Valency pattern:
NOM_ILL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ILL |
Locus: Y |
salama |
osu-i |
talo-on |
l
ightning.
nom
|
strike-
pst
.3
sg
|
house-
ill
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Forest Enets
tɛbu
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
kiu |
tu |
tɛxɛ |
pɛ-d |
tɛba |
thunder
|
fire
|
there(loc)
|
wood-
dat
.
sg
|
hit(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
‘Lightning hit that tree’. |
French
s’abattre
Valency pattern:
SBJ_sur
|
X: SBJ |
Y: sur |
Locus: Y |
la |
foudre |
s’ |
est |
abattue |
sur |
la |
maison |
def
.
sg
.
f
|
lightning(
f
)
|
refl
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
bring_down.
pst
.
ptcp
.
f
|
on
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
house(
f
)
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-e-c-em-a (FUT)
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
saxl-s |
mex-i |
da-Ø-e-c-a |
house-
dat
|
lightning-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-hit-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Note: A lightning 'falls' on a house. Other instances of hitting a target while throwing or shooting at it are expressed by the verb mo-Ø-xvd-eb-a [PRV:PROX-IO3-meet-SM-S3SG.INACT] 'X will hit Y'. |
German
treffen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
der |
Blitz |
triff-t |
das |
Haus |
def
.
m
.
nom
.
sg
|
lightning[
nom
.
sg
]
|
meet-
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
house[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Lightning strikes the house.’ |
Irish
buail
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Do=bhuail |
splanc |
an |
tigh. |
pst
=strike
|
lightning
|
def
|
house
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Italian
finire
Valency pattern:
SBJ_in
|
X: SBJ |
Y: in |
Locus: Y |
un |
fulmin-e |
è |
finit-o |
nel-la |
cas-a |
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
lightning-
sg
.
m
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
strike.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
in.
def
.
sg
-
f
|
house-
sg
.
f
|
‘The lightning struck the house.’ |
Kalderash Romani
del
Valency pattern:
NOM_ande
|
X: NOM |
Y: ande |
Locus: Y |
ə |
molnij-a |
ď-a |
and-o |
khər |
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
lighnting-
nom
.
sg
|
give-
pst
.3
sg
|
in-
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
house[
nom
.
sg
]
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Kazakh
tüs
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Üy-ge |
žay |
tüs-tі |
house-
dat
|
lightning
|
fall-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χɔjti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
pǎλǝŋ_tŭt |
pet’a-j-en |
χɔt-a |
χɔj-ǝs |
lightning
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
house-
dat
|
get-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Lightning struck Petja’s house.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER
|
X: ABS |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
piri |
c'oχ-χa |
aq-ƛ'o |
молния(
iv
)
|
попадать-
pst
.
w
|
дом(
iv
)-
super
|
‘Молния попала в дом.’ |
Kina Rutul
kiq’ɨra
Valency pattern:
NOM_INTER
|
X: NOM |
Y: INTER |
Locus: Y |
c’aj |
χal-ɨ-k |
k-iq’ɨ-r-a |
fire(
nom
)
|
house-
obl
-
inter
|
pv
-4.hit.
pfv
-
cvb
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Latin
percello
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
duo |
fulmin-a |
dom-um |
me-am |
percul-eri-nt |
two.
nom
.
n
|
lightning(
n
)-
nom
.
pl
|
house(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
my-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
strike-
prf
.
conj
-
act
.3
pl
|
‘Two lightnings have struck my house.’ |
Note: (Liv. XLV, 41, 1) |
Mandarin Chinese
jīzhòng
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
yí-dào |
shǎndiàn |
jīzhòng |
le |
zhè-dòng |
fángzi |
one-
clf
|
lightning
|
hit
|
pfv
|
this-
clf
|
house
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Mingrelian
gi-Ø-a-ntx-ap-un-Ø (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
elva-k |
ʔude-s |
ki-gi-Ø-a-ntx-u. |
lightning-
erg
|
house-
dat
|
aff
-
prv
-
io
3-
ver
:
r
-fall-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Modern Hebrew
paga
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
X: SBJ |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
barak |
paga |
ba |
bajt |
lightning
|
hit[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
in+
def
|
house
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Nanai
tojko-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
agǯe |
tali-ni |
ǯoo-wa |
tojko-xa-ni |
storm
|
flash.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
house-
obl
|
hit-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Nivkh
juɣd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DAT/ADD |
Locus: Y |
var̥par-d |
taf-tоχ |
j-uɣ-d |
flash-
nml
|
house-
dat
/
add
|
3
sg
-enter-
ind
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Northern Mansi
xojas
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
jowt |
n’al |
sāli |
sam-na |
xoj-as |
bow
|
arrow
|
reindeer
|
eye-
lat
|
hit-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘An arrow hit the reindeer in the eye.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
ǝjū=
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
möŋǝr |
lаčil |
nimǝ-ɣa |
ǝji-č |
thunder
|
fire
|
house-
loc
|
get-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å treffe
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
lyn-et |
traff |
hus-et |
lightning-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
hit.
pst
|
house-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Polish
trafić
Valency pattern:
NOM_wACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: wACC |
Locus: Y |
piorun |
trafi-ł |
w |
dom |
lightning[
nom
.
sg
]
|
strike:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
in
|
house[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Russian
popastʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_vACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: vACC |
Locus: Y |
molni-ja |
popa-l-a |
v |
dom |
lightning(
f
)-
nom
.
sg
|
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
-
f
.
sg
|
in
|
house(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Serbian
pogoditi
Valency pattern:
NOM_uACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: uACC |
Locus: Y |
munja |
je |
pogodi-la |
u |
kuću |
lightning.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
hit-
part
.
perf
.
f
.
sg
|
in
|
house-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Shughni
δêdow1
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
otex̌ak=ta |
čīd |
δod |
lightning=
em
|
house
|
give.
pst
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Skolt Saami
kõõsksted
Valency pattern:
NOM_ILL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ILL |
Locus: Y |
teârmmaztoll |
kõõskst-i |
põʹrtt-e |
lightning.
sg
.
nom
|
flash-
pst
.3
sg
|
house-
sg
.
ill
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Slovak
udrieť
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: doGEN |
Locus: Y |
Blesk |
udre-l |
do |
dom-u |
lightning(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
hit(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
in
|
house(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Slovenian
udariti
Valency pattern:
NOM_vACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: vACC |
Locus: Y |
v |
hiš-o |
je |
udari-l-a |
strel-a |
in
|
house-
acc
.
sg
|
aux
.3
sg
|
hit:
pfv
-
lpt
-
f
.
sg
|
lightning-
nom
.
sg
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
lêdan
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
X: SBJ |
Y: le |
Locus: Y |
brîske |
le |
maɫ-ek=em=î |
da-Ø |
lightning
|
from
|
house-
def
=1
sg
.
pc
=3
sg
.
pc
|
give.
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Lightning hit my house.’ |
Spanish
caer
Valency pattern:
SBJ_en
|
X: SBJ |
Y: en |
Locus: Y |
el |
rayo |
cay-ó |
en |
una |
casa |
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
lightning[
sg
.
m
]
|
fall-
aor
.3
sg
|
in
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
house[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘The lightning struck the house.’ |
Swedish
att slå ner
Valency pattern:
SBJ_i
|
X: SBJ |
Y: i |
Locus: Y |
blixt-en |
slog |
ner |
i |
hus-et |
lightning-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
hit.
pst
|
down
|
in
|
house-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (ner is not a flagging device). An alternative is Blixten träffade huset (this transitive pattern is the default choice in most other situations where something hits the target). |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
T<in>ama-an |
ng |
kidlat |
ang |
bahay |
<
pv
>
pfv
~hit-
lv
|
gen
|
lightning
|
subj
|
house
|
‘Lightning hit / struck the house.’ |
Note: ??? Can you change the voice and turn the lightning into the subject here? Alternative is a construction where the X-argument is semantically incorporated into the verb: “Na-kidlat-an ang bahay” [POTPV.PFV-strike_by_lightning-LV SUBJ house] ‘Lightning hit / struck the house’. |
Telugu
paḍu
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLpai
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBLpai |
Locus: Y |
iṁṭi |
pai |
piḍugu |
paḍiṁdi |
house(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
over
|
thunderbolt(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
fall.
pst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘Lightning fell on the house.’ |
Turkish
düşmek
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
yıldırım |
ev-e |
düş-tü |
lightning
|
house-
dat
|
fall-
pst
|
‘Lightning hit the house.’ |
Ulcha
nāŋgu-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
agdi |
xagdu-wa |
nāŋgu-xa-n |
thunder
|
house-
acc
|
hit_target-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
Uzbek
tušmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čaqmoq |
uy-ga |
tuš-ti |
lightning
|
house-
dat
|
get_down-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Lightning struck the house.’ |
West Central Oromo
rukkuta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
balak'k'eessaa-n |
man-ittʃa |
rukkut-e |
lightening-
nom
|
house-
def
.
abs
|
hit-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Lightening hit the house.’ |
Zilo Andi
<b>-aχ.o-j
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER |
Locus: Y |
piri |
b-aχ.o-j |
reʃu-ʔa |
lightning[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
inan
1-end_up.
pst
-
pf
|
wood-
super
|
‘The lightning fell on the tree.’ |