‘be glad’
| Argument frame: |
X
(be glad) about
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. received a letter from M.)
P.
was glad about
the letter
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
радоваться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(радоваться)
Y
-у
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. получил письмо от М.).
П.
обрадовался
письму
.
|
Abaza
aj.gʷərʁ’a
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_IO
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: IO |
| Locus: Y |
| murád |
a-saɮámŝʔa |
d-áj.gʷərʁ’a-d |
|
pn
|
def
-letter
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
+rejoice(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad was glad about the letter.’ |
Adyghe
č̣ʼe-gʷəṣ̂ʷə(-č̣ʼə)
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.BEHIND
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOC.BEHIND |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-r |
pisme-m |
č̣ʼe-gʷəṣ̂ʷə-č̣ʼə-ʁ |
|
парень-
abs
|
письмо-
obl
|
loc
:
behind
-радоваться-
elat
-
pst
|
| ‘Парень обрадовался письму.’ |
Aghul
šad-x.u-
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_DAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| aslan |
k’eǯ.ü-s |
šad-x.u-ne |
|
pn
|
letter-
dat
|
glad-become.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan was glad about the letter.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
xadə
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bi |
| Locus: Y |
| brata |
xdi-la |
bi |
ctava |
|
girl(
f
)
|
rejoice.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
with
|
letter(
m
)
|
| ‘The girl was glad about the letter.’ |
Bambara
nísɔndiya
|
Valency pattern:
DO_SBJ
|
| X: DO |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| lɛ́tɛrɛ` |
ye |
Sékù |
nísɔndiya |
|
letter\
art
|
pfv
.
tr
|
pn
|
gladden
|
| ‘Seku is glad about the letter.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
alegrar-se
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_com
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: com |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
alegr-ou-se |
com |
a |
carta |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
gladden-3
sg
.
pst
-
refl
|
with
|
def
.
f
|
letter(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’ |
Catalan
estar content
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_per
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: per |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
est-ava |
content |
per |
la |
carta |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
be-3
sg
.
ipfv
.
ind
|
glad(
m
)
|
for
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
letter(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Czech
zaradovat se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_nadINS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: nadINS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
nad |
dopis-em |
zaradova-l |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
above
|
letter(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
rejoice(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petr rejoiced over the letter.’ |
Danish
blive glad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
blev |
glad |
for |
brev-et |
|
pn
|
become.
pst
|
glad.
c
.
sg
|
for
|
letter(
n
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter became glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Dutch
blij zijn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_met
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: met |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
was |
blij |
met |
de |
brief |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
cop
.
pst
.3
sg
|
glad
|
with
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
letter(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Eastern Maninka
sɛ́wa
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: la |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bára |
sɛ́wa |
à |
lá |
tù`/nɔ́ti` |
lá. |
|
pn
|
prf
|
rejoice
|
3
sg
|
poss
|
note\
art
|
at
|
| ‘Seku is happy about his note.’ |
English
be glad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_about
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: about |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
was |
glad |
about |
the |
letter. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Estonian
rõõmustama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENule
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENule |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
rõõmusta-s |
kirja |
üle |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be_glad-
pst
.3
sg
|
letter.
sg
.
gen
|
over
|
| ‘Peeter was glad about the letter.’ |
Finnish
iloinen + COP
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
oli |
iloinen |
kirjee-stä |
|
pn
.
nom
|
be.
pst
.3
sg
|
glad.
nom
|
letter-
ela
|
| ‘Pekka was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Forest Enets
ɛdiu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
pazu-go-da |
ɛdema |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
paper-
dat
.
sg
-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
become_glad(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend was glad about the letter’. |
French
se réjouir
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
s’ |
est |
réjouit |
du |
succès |
de |
Michel |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
gladden.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
success(
m
)
|
of
|
pn
(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul was delighted with Michel’s success.’ |
Georgian
ga-Ø-u-xar-d-eb-a (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
c'eril-i |
ga-Ø-u-xar-d-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
letter-
nom
|
prv
:outward-
io
3-
ver
:
o
-be_glad-
intr
(
inch
)-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre was glad about the letter.’ |
German
sich freuen
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_uberDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: uberDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
freu-t |
sich |
über |
den |
Brief |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
gladden-
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
over
|
def
.
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
letter[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is glad about the letter.’ |
Irish
bí an-shásta
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Do=bhí |
Pól |
an-shásta |
leis |
an |
leitir. |
|
pst
=be.
pst
|
pn
|
int
-content
|
with
|
def
|
letter
|
| ‘Pól was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
rallegrarsi
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_per
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: per |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
si |
è |
rallegrat-o |
per |
la |
letter-a |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
refl
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
be_happy.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
for
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
letter-
sg
.
f
|
| ‘Leo was glad about the letter.’ |
Kalderash Romani
raduilpe
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
radui-sajl-o |
kata |
la |
Marijk-ak-o |
pisʼmo |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
rejoice-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
from
|
art
.
f
.
obl
.
sg
|
pn
-
gen
.
sg
-
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
letter.
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša was glad about Marijka’s letter.’ |
| Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used. |
Kazakh
quan
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
xat-qa |
quwan-dï |
|
pn
|
letter-
dat
|
rejoice-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya was glad about the letter.’ |
Kazym Khanty
amǝtti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| pet’a-j-en |
piśma-j-a |
amt-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
letter-
ep
-
dat
|
rejoice-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja was glad about the letter.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_SUPER.TRANS
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: SUPER.TRANS |
| Locus: Y |
| da |
ʁeʁu |
j-ajša |
q'aʁat-ƛ'o-jža |
|
1
sg
.
abs
|
радость
|
ii
-встать\
pst
.
w
|
письмо-
super
-
trans
|
| ‘Я обрадовалась письму.’ |
| Note: The verb agrees with the person who becomes joyful despite the presence of another absolutive NP ‘joy’. |
Kina Rutul
šad jišira
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
kaʁad-a-s |
šad |
jiši-r=a |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
letter-
obl
-
dat
|
joyful
|
1.become.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul was glad about the letter.’ |
Latin
gaudeo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (Tiberi-us) |
gaud-eba-t |
oppress-am |
sedition-em |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
be_glad-
ipfv
.
ind
-
act
.3
sg
|
oppress.
prf
.
ptcp
.
pass
-
acc
.
sg
.
f
|
sedition(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘(Tiberius) was glad that the sedition was crushed.’ |
| Note: (Tac. Ann. I, 52) |
Mandarin Chinese
gāoxìng
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Zhāngsān |
hěn |
gāoxìng |
shōudào |
zhè-fēng |
xìn |
|
pn
|
very
|
glad
|
receive
|
this-
clf
|
letter
|
| ‘Zhangsan is very glad about receiving this letter.’ |
| Note: Not included in the dataset because Y is embedded in a complement clause. |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-xiol-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ERG
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ERG |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
nač'ara-k |
mangaro(t) |
Ø-a-xiol-(u). |
|
pn
-
dat
|
letter-
erg
|
greatly
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-be_glad-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo got pleased by the letter.’ |
Modern Hebrew
samaχ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_legabej
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: legabej |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
samaχ |
legabej |
ha |
miχtav |
|
pn
|
be.glad[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
about
|
def
|
letter
|
| ‘Pinchas was glad about the letter.’ |
Nanai
agda-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DIR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DIR |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
bičxə-či |
agda-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
letter-
dir
|
rejoice-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia was glad about the letter.’ |
Nivkh
ezmud
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_DAT/ADD
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DAT/ADD |
| Locus: Y |
| Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ-dоχ |
e-zmu-d |
|
pn
|
letter-
dat
/
add
|
3
sg
-like-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik was glad about the letter.’ |
Northern Mansi
xotɕajtunkw
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: Not included in the database because this verb can only take clausal complements. |
Northern Yukaghir
pуŋуol=
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Sǝmiǝn |
nimǝlǝ-ŋinˈ |
puŋ-uo-nˈ |
|
pn
|
pattern-
dat
|
glad-
stat
-
intr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien was glad about the letter.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å bli glad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
ble |
glad |
for |
brev-et |
|
pn
|
become.
pst
|
glad
|
for
|
letter-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
| ‘Per was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Polish
ucieszyć się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| generał |
ucieszy-ł |
się |
z |
list-u |
|
general[
nom
.
sg
]
|
become_glad:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
refl
|
from
|
letter-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘The general was glad about the letter.’ |
Russian
obradovatʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
obradova-l-sja |
pisʹm-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
gladden(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]-
refl
|
letter(
n
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja was glad about the letter.’ |
Serbian
obradovati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
se |
obradova-o |
pism-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
gladden-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
letter-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar was glad about the letter.’ |
Shughni
xuš sitow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EQ
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EQ |
| Locus: Y |
| Azim |
tar |
wi |
xāt |
xuš |
sut |
|
pn
|
eq
|
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
letter
|
happy
|
go.
m
.
pst
|
| ‘Azim was glad about the letter.’ |
Skolt Saami
leeʹd kuärǥast
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENdiott
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GENdiott |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
leäi |
kuärǥast |
ǩeeʹrj |
diõtt |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
be.
pst
.3
sg
|
glad
|
letter.
sg
.
gen
|
because.of
|
| ‘Pete was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Slovak
mať radosť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_zGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: zGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
ma-l |
z |
dopis-u |
radosť |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have(
ipfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
from
|
letter(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
joy(
f
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Peter rejoiced over the letter.’ |
Slovenian
razveseliti se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| general |
se |
je |
razveseli-l |
pism-a |
|
general[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
aux
.3
sg
|
rejoice:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
letter-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘The general was glad about the letter.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
ʂad bûn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: be |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
be |
name-ke |
ʂad |
bû-Ø |
|
pn
|
to
|
letter-
def
|
glad
|
be.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Spanish
alegrarse
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
se |
alegr-ó |
de |
la |
carta |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
refl
.3
sg
|
rejoice-
aor
.3
sg
|
from
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
letter[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’ |
Swedish
att bli glad
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_over
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: over |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
blev |
glad |
över |
brev-et |
|
pn
|
become.
pst
|
glad
|
over
|
letter-
def
.
n
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
UND_LOC
|
| X: UND |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Na-galak |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
sulat |
|
statpv
.
pfv
-glad
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
letter
|
| ‘Pedro was glad about the letter.’ |
| Note: Can you change the voice and turn the letter into the subject here? |
Telugu
santōṣiṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_OBLvalla
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBLvalla |
| Locus: Y |
| pravīṇ |
uttāramu |
valla |
saṁtōṣiṁcāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
answer(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
by
|
rejoice.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen was glad about the letter.’ |
Turkish
sevinmek
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
mektub-a |
sevin-di |
|
pn
|
letter-
dat
|
rejoice-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet was glad about the letter.’ |
Ulcha
bārači-
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| bārač-i |
piktə-wər, |
ti |
xərəkə-wə |
|
be_glad-
prs
|
child-
refl
.
pl
|
that
|
frog-
acc
|
| ‘[They] are glad about their child, this little frog.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because arguably inanimate Y cannot be overtly expressed. This example is taken from natural texts. |
Uzbek
quvonmoq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
xat-ka |
quvon-di |
|
pn
|
letter-
dat
|
be_happy-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja was glad about the letter.’ |
West Central Oromo
gammada
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| obsaa-n |
t'alajaa |
sana-tti |
gammad-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
letter.
abs
|
that-
loc
|
please-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa was glad about the letter.’ |
Zilo Andi
<j>-erh.ann-ij
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: CONT.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| pat’imati |
pismo-tʃ’u-kːu |
j-erh.ann-ij |
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
letter-
cont
-
el
|
f
-rejoice.
pst
-
pf
|
| ‘Patimat rejoiced over the letter.’ |
