‘be afraid’
| Argument frame: |
X
(be afraid) of
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. has to go out of the house, but there is a dog barking in the yard).
P.
is afraid of
the dog
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
бояться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(бояться)
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. нужно выйти из дома, но во дворе лает собака).
П.
боится
собаки
.
|
Abaza
[ĉ-]ŝa
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_MAL
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: MAL |
| Locus: Y |
| á-č̣’ḳʷən |
a-lá |
d-a-ĉ-ŝ-ə́j-ṭ |
|
def
-boy
|
def
-dog
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-
mal
-be_afraid-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
šʼə-šʼəne
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| č̣ʼale-r |
he-m |
šʼ-e-šʼəne |
|
guy-
abs
|
dog-
obl
|
loc
-
dyn
-be_afraid
|
| ‘The guy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Aghul
guč’a-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_POST.ELAT
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: POST.ELAT |
| Locus: XY |
| aslan.a-s |
χuj.i-q-as |
guč’a-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dog-
post
-
elat
|
be.afraid-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’ |
Alik Kryz
kiç'a xhiyic
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ADEL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ADEL |
| Locus: XY |
| terlan-iz |
xvara-var |
kiç'a |
şe-re |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dog.
obl
-
adel
|
fear.
cvb
|
be.
ipfv
-
prs
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan is afraid of the dog.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_COMP
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: COMP |
| Locus: Y |
| patʼimat |
gʷači-li-χur |
ʟʼinčʼar |
|
pn
|
dog-
obl
-
comp
|
be.afraid
|
| ‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate (so-called "stative"). |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+zadə
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| yala |
mən |
calba |
+bəzday=əl |
|
boy(
m
)
|
from
|
dog(
m
)
|
be_afraid.
prog
=3
m
|
| ‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Avar
ħinq’ize
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUBEL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUBEL |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
ħinq’-un |
w-ugo |
ho-jaɬ-uƛ’a |
|
pn
|
fear-
seq
|
m
-
cop
|
dog-
obl
-
subel
|
| ‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’ |
Azerbaijani
qorxmaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Aslan |
it-dǝn |
qorx-ur |
|
pn
|
dog-
abl
|
fear-
ipfv
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’ |
Bambara
síran
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_nye
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: nye |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
bɛ |
síran |
wùlu` |
ɲɛ́ |
|
pn
|
ipfv
|
fear
|
dog\
art
|
before
|
| ‘Seku is afraid of a dog.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
ter medo
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
tem |
medo |
de |
cachorro |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.3
sg
.
prs
|
fear(
m
)
|
of
|
dog(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro is afraid of a dog.’ |
Catalan
tenir por
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| en |
Pere |
té |
por |
del |
gos |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
fear(
f
)
|
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
dog(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere is afraid of the dog.’ |
Chirag
ruχː b-učːi
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_ANTE.ELAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: ANTE.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| ʡa̰le |
sːika-sa-rka |
ruχː-ukː-le |
|
pn
(
abs
)
|
bear-
ante
-
elat
|
fear-(
m
.
sg
)
lv
:
ipf
-
dur
.3
|
| ‘Ali is afraid of the bear.’ |
Czech
bát se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
bojí |
ps-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
be_afraid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
dog(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is afraid of the dog.’ |
Danish
være bange
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
er |
bange |
for |
hund-en |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
afraid
|
for
|
dog(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Dutch
bang zijn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_van
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
is |
bang |
van |
de |
hond |
|
pn
(С)
|
cop
.3
sg
|
afraid
|
of
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
dog(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Eastern Maninka
sílan
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_nye
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: nye |
| Locus: Y |
| Sékù |
yé |
sílan-na |
wùlu` |
ɲɛ́. |
|
pn
|
be
|
fear-
inf
.
la
|
dog\
art
|
before
|
| ‘Seku is afraid of the dog.’ |
English
be afraid
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_of
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: of |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
is |
afraid |
of |
the |
dog. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Estonian
kartma
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
karda-b |
koera |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
fear-
prs
.3
sg
|
dog.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter is afraid of the dog.’ |
Finnish
pelätä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
pelkä-ä |
koira-a |
|
pn
|
be.afraid-
prs
.3
sg
|
dog-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is afraid of the dog.’ |
Forest Enets
piis
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
buniki-jʔ |
piiʔɛ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
dog-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
be_afraid(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is afraid of my dog’. |
French
avoir peur
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Paul |
a |
peur |
de |
ce |
chien |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
fear(
f
)
|
of
|
this.
sg
.
m
|
dog(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul is afraid of this dog.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-šin-i-a (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_GEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: XY |
| p'et're-s |
ʒaγl-is |
Ø-e-šin-i-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dog-
gen
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-fear-
stat
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Petre is afraid of the dog.’ |
German
Angst haben
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_vorDAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: vorDAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Karl |
hat |
Angst |
vor |
dem |
Hund |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
fear[
acc
.
sg
]
|
in.front
|
def
.
m
.
dat
.
sg
|
dog[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl is afraid of the dog.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
ɲɔ̀w
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_bha
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: bha |
| Locus: Y |
| Pépèe |
káa |
ɲɔ̀w-íì |
ɲìlé-i |
ɲɛ́i |
ɓâ |
|
pn
|
cop
|
be_afraid.
inf
|
def
\dog-
art
|
dem
|
on1
|
| ‘Pepee is afraid of this dog.’ |
Icari Dargwa
uruχː-ik'ʷ-araj
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_ANTE.ELAT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: ANTE.ELAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Islam |
χːʷe-l-sa-r |
uruχː-ik'ʷ-il-ca=w |
|
pn
.
abs
|
dog-
obl
-
ante
-
elat
|
fear-(
m
)
lv
:
ipf
-
conv
-
cop
=
m
|
| ‘Islam is afraid of the dog.’ |
Irish
bí eagla
|
Valency pattern:
ar_roimh
|
| X: ar |
| Y: roimh |
| Locus: XY |
| Tá |
eagla |
air |
Phól |
roimh |
an |
gadhar. |
|
be.
prs
|
fear
|
on
|
pn
|
in.front.of
|
def
|
dog
|
| ‘Pól is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
aver paura
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: di |
| Locus: Y |
| Leo |
ha |
paur-a |
del |
can-e |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.3
sg
.
prs
|
fear-
sg
.
f
|
of.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
dog-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo is afraid of the dog.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| meħamad |
χʷa-l-zaka |
uruχ-0-uk'-ar |
|
pn
|
dog-
obl
-
el
|
fear-
m
-say.
ipfv
-
th
|
| ‘Muhammad is afraid of the dog.’ |
Kalderash Romani
daral
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
dara-l |
kata |
źukəl |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
fear-
prs
.3
sg
|
from
|
dog[
nom
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Murša is afraid of the dog.’ |
Kandyk Tabasaran
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_APUD.ELAT
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: APUD.ELAT |
| Locus: XY |
| fatima.ji-z |
χuj-ir.i-x-a |
guc’-uru |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dog-
pl
-
apud
-
elat
|
be.afraid-
hab
|
| ‘Fatima is afraid of the dog.’ |
Karata
ɬebaɬa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| ʕali |
χwaj-č’o |
ɬeb-da |
|
pn
|
dog-
cont
|
fear-
ipf
|
| ‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’ |
Kaytag Dargwa
uruχwiʁara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ANTEL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ANTEL |
| Locus: Y |
| petja |
χvaˁ-l-sar |
uruχ-li-ca |
|
pn
|
dog-
obl
-
antel
|
fear-
erg
-
cop
|
| ‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Kazakh
qorq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Petya |
it-ten |
qorq-adï |
|
pn
|
dog-
abl
|
be_afraid-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya is afraid of the dog.’ |
Kazym Khanty
păλti
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMewelt
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: NOMewelt |
| Locus: Y |
| petˊa-j-en |
amp-ǝλ |
ewǝλt |
păλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
dog-
poss
.3
sg
|
from
|
be_afraid.
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’ |
Khoekhoe
ǃao
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Sara-s |
ge |
ari-b-a |
ra |
ǃao |
|
pn
-3
f
.
sg
|
decl
|
dog-3
m
.
sg
-
obl
|
ipfv
|
fear
|
| ‘Sara is afraid of the dog.’ |
Khwarshi
j/uƛ’a
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_CONT
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| di-ja |
uža |
u:ƛ'a |
ʁʷe-qo |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
1
|
son(
i
)
|
[
i
]be.afraid\
gnt
|
dog(
iii
)-
cont
|
| ‘My son is afraid of the dog.’ |
Kina Rutul
gič’era
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUP.EL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SUP.EL |
| Locus: XY |
| rasul-u-s |
gič’e-r=a |
tɨlɨja-la |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
fear.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
dog.
obl
(
sup
)-
el
|
| ‘Rasul is afraid of the dog.’ |
Kumyk
qorqmaq
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| patimat |
it-den |
qorq-a |
|
pn
|
dog-
abl
|
fear-3
sg
|
| ‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’ |
Latin
timeo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| miser |
magn-um |
inpende-ns |
time-t |
aer-e |
sax-um |
Tantal-us |
|
poor.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
big-
acc
.
sg
.
n
|
hang-
prs
.
ptcp
.
act
.
acc
.
sg
|
fear[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
air(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
stone(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
t
antalus(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘And poor Tantalus fears the big stone hanging in the air.’ |
| Note: (Carus. De Rerum Natura. III, 980) |
Laz
o-šk'ur-in-u
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: XY |
| Käzim-i-s |
ǯoγo(r)-išen |
Ø-a-šk'u(r)-in-en-Ø |
|
pn
-
b
-
dat
|
dog-
abl
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-fear-
r
.
ext
-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Käzim is afraid of the dog.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
pà
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
pà |
gǒu |
|
pn
|
be_afraid
|
dog
|
| ‘Zhangsan is afraid of the dog.’ |
Mano
túó
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_lee
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: lee |
| Locus: Y |
| Sèé |
lɛ́ɛ̀ |
tùò |
gbá̰ |
lɛ̀ɛ̄ |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
ipfv
|
be_afraid:
ipfv
|
dog
|
to
|
| ‘Se is afraid of dogs.’ |
Mehweb
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPER.EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Pat’imat |
χʷe-li-če-la |
uruχ |
k'-uwe |
le-r |
|
pn
|
dog-
obl
-
super
-
e
l
|
afraid
|
lv
-
cvb
|
be-
f
|
| ‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-šk'ur-un-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ALL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ALL |
| Locus: XY |
| čelo-s |
ǯoγor-(i)ša |
Ø-o-šk'ur-u(n)-Ø |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dog-
all
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-fear-
sm
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo is afraid of the dog.’ |
Modern Hebrew
mefaχed
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mi |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
mefaχed |
me |
ha |
kelev |
|
pn
|
be.afraid[
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
def
|
dog
|
| ‘Pinchas is afraid of the dog.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
gič'in
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUPEREL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SUPEREL |
| Locus: XY |
| murad-ı-s |
tılıj-aala |
gič'e-re |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
dog.
obl
-
superel
|
fear.
ipf
-
hab
|
| ‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’ |
Nanai
ŋəələ-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
enda-ǯi |
ŋəələ-j-ni |
|
pn
|
dog-
ins
|
be_afraid-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is afraid of the dog.’ |
Nivkh
kʰlud
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Irgun |
qanŋ |
+ |
xlu-d |
|
pn
|
dog
|
+
|
be.afraid-
ind
|
| ‘Irgun is afraid of the dog.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
ƛuruƛa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| hwari |
χwe-gune |
ƛ-ere |
gidi |
|
pn
|
dog-
el
|
fear-
simul
|
f
.
cop
|
| ‘Pari is afraid of the dog.’ |
Northern Mansi
pili
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| āji-riɕ |
pil-i |
kūt’uw-əl |
|
girl-
dim
|
be_afraid-
npst
.3
sg
|
dog-
el
|
| ‘The girl is afraid of the dog.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
iŋiǝ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
lа̄mǝ-lǝ |
iŋiǝ-m |
|
pn
|
dog-
acc
|
fear-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien is afraid of the dog.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være redd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
er |
redd |
for |
hund-en |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
afraid
|
for
|
dog-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Polish
bać się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Jacek |
trochę |
boi |
się |
ps-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
a_little
|
fear:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
dog-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Jacek is a little afraid of the dog.’ |
Russian
bojatʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
bo-it-sja |
sobak-i |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
be_afraid(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
dog(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’ |
Serbian
plašiti se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Petar |
se |
plaši |
ps-a |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
refl
|
frighten.
prs
.3
sg
|
dog-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
gič' v-iši-n
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_EL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: XY |
| basir-ɨs |
gič' |
ij |
tɨlɨj-la |
|
pn
-
dat
|
fear(
a
)
|
cop
|
dog.
obl
-
el
|
| ‘Basir is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Shughni
x̌oǰ δêrtow
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_EL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: EL |
| Locus: Y |
| Ahmed |
as |
kūd |
x̌oǰ |
δêr-t |
|
pn
|
el
|
dog
|
fear
|
aux
-3
sg
|
| ‘Ahmed is afraid of the dog.’ |
Skolt Saami
põõllâd
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
pââll |
piânnj-est |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
fear.
prs
.3
sg
|
dog-
sg
.
loc
|
| ‘Pete is afraid of the dog.’ |
Slovak
báť sa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
sa |
bojí |
ps-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
be_afraid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
dog(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is afraid of the dog.’ |
Slovenian
bati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
malo |
boji |
ps-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
a_little
|
be_afraid:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
dog-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is a little afraid of the dog.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
tirsîn
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_le
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: le |
| Locus: Y |
| Hîwa |
le |
seg-eke |
de-tirs-ê |
|
pn
|
from
|
dog-
def
|
ind
-fear.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa is afraid of the dog.’ |
Southern Rutul
kiç’e yişin
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUPEREL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SUPEREL |
| Locus: XY |
| murad-ı-s |
q'at'ay-aala |
kiç'e-r |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
dog-
superel
|
fear.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’ |
Spanish
temer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
tem-e |
a=l |
perro |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
fear-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
=
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
dog[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’ |
Standard Arabic
ḫāfa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_minGEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: minGEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Badr-u-n |
yaḫāfu |
min |
al-kalb-i |
|
pn
-
nom
-
indef
|
be_afraid.
ipf
.3
m
|
from
|
def
-dog-
gen
|
| ‘Badr is afraid of the dog.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_BEN
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: BEN |
| Locus: XY |
| maizer-s |
žeγ-išd |
x-a-q'luːn-i |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dog-
ben
|
io
3-
ver
:
sup
-be_afraid-
prs
|
| ‘Mainzer is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: žeγ-iš [dog-GEN] is also possible. |
Swedish
att vara rädd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
är |
rädd |
för |
hund-en |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
afraid
|
for
|
dog-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
ACT_CAUSE
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: CAUSE |
| Locus: Y |
| Na-ta~takot |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
aso |
|
av
.
ipfv
-
ipfv
~be_afraid
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
dog
|
| ‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promotoed to subject in the causal voice construction. |
Telugu
bhayamu + COP
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ante
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ante |
| Locus: XY |
| pravīṇ-ki |
ā |
kukk' |
aṁṭē |
bhayamu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
dem
.
dist
|
dog(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
that_is
|
fear(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
| ‘Praveen is afraid of that dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Tsakhur
qhaˁrq’ıˁniy
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPEREL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUPEREL |
| Locus: Y |
| murad |
хoye-le |
qhaˁyq’aˁn |
vo-r |
|
pn
|
dog.
obl
-
superel
|
m
.fear.
ipf
|
cop
-
h
|
| ‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’ |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
uruχ b-ič'-iž
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ANTE.ESS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ANTE.ESS |
| Locus: Y |
| uršːi |
χʷaˤ-li-sa-w |
uruχ |
k'-ule=saj |
|
boy
|
dog-
obl
-
ante
-
m
.
ess
|
fear
|
m
.say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
uruχ b-ik'ʷ-i
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ANTE.ABL.DOWN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ANTE.ABL.DOWN |
| Locus: Y |
| durħaˤ |
χːʷe-sa-rka |
uruχ |
w-ik'-ule=caj |
|
boy
|
dog-
ante
-
abl
.
down
|
fear
|
m
-say-
cnv
.
prog
=
cop
:
m
(3)
|
| ‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Turkish
korkmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
köpek-ten |
kork-uyor |
|
pn
|
dog-
abl
|
be_afraid-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is afraid of the dog.’ |
Turoyo
zoyəʕ
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ.SS_m
|
| X: SBJ.SS |
| Y: m |
| Locus: Y |
| Gabriyel |
ko-zoyəʕ |
m-u |
kalbo |
d |
ko-nowəḥ |
|
pn
|
prs
-be_afraid.
ipfv
.3
m
|
from-
art
.
m
|
dog(
m
)
|
rel
|
prs
-bark.
ipfv
.3
m
|
| ‘Gabriyel is afraid of the dog that is barking.’ |
Ulcha
ŋə̄ləči-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə |
iŋda-ǯi |
ŋə̄lə-č-i-n |
|
this
|
male
|
child
|
dog-
ins
|
fear-
iter
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘This boy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Uzbek
qo’rqimoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
itt-i-n |
qo’rqi-yab-ti |
|
pn
|
dog-
poss
.3
sg
-
acc
|
be_afraid-
prs
1-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’ |
West Central Oromo
sodaata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
sar-ittʃa |
sodaat-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
dog-
def
.
abs
|
be_afraid.3
sg
.
m
-
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa is afraid of the dog.’ |
Zilo Andi
sːir.i
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
χʷe-tʃ’u |
sːir.i-r |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
dog.
obl
-
cont
|
fear.
pst
-
prog
|
| ‘Ali fears the dog.’ |
