‘be afraid’
| Argument frame: |
X
(be afraid) of
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(P. has to go out of the house, but there is a dog barking in the yard).
P.
is afraid of
the dog
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
бояться
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(бояться)
Y
-а
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. нужно выйти из дома, но во дворе лает собака).
П.
боится
собаки
.
|
Abaza
[ĉ-]ŝa
|
Valency pattern:
ABS_MAL
|
| X: ABS |
| Y: MAL |
| Locus: Y |
| á-č̣’ḳʷən |
a-lá |
d-a-ĉ-ŝ-ə́j-ṭ |
|
def
-boy
|
def
-dog
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-
mal
-be_afraid-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Aghul
guč’a-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_POST.ELAT
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: POST.ELAT |
| Locus: XY |
| aslan.a-s |
χuj.i-q-as |
guč’a-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
dog-
post
-
elat
|
be.afraid-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+zadə
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_men
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: men |
| Locus: Y |
| yala |
mən |
calba |
+bəzday=əl |
|
boy(
m
)
|
from
|
dog(
m
)
|
be_afraid.
prog
=3
m
|
| ‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_de
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: de |
| Locus: Y |
| Pedro |
tem |
medo |
de |
cachorro |
|
| ‘Педру боится собаки.’ |
Czech
bát se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
se |
bojí |
ps-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
be_afraid(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
dog(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr is afraid of the dog.’ |
Finnish
pelätä
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
pelkä-ä |
koira-a |
|
pn
|
be.afraid-
prs
.3
sg
|
dog-
part
|
| ‘Pekka is afraid of the dog.’ |
Forest Enets
piis
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
buniki-jʔ |
piiʔɛ |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
dog-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
be_afraid(
ipfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend is afraid of my dog’. |
Latin
timeo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| miser |
magn-um |
inpende-ns |
time-t |
aer-e |
sax-um |
Tantal-us |
|
poor.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
big-
acc
.
sg
.
n
|
hang-
prs
.
ptcp
.
act
.
acc
.
sg
|
fear[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
air(
m
)-
abl
.
sg
|
stone(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
t
antalus(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘And poor Tantalus fears the big stone hanging in the air.’ |
| Note: (Carus. De Rerum Natura. III, 980) |
Modern Hebrew
mefaχed
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: mi |
| Locus: Y |
| Pinχas |
mefaχed |
me |
ha |
kelev |
|
pn
|
be.afraid[
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
def
|
dog
|
| ‘Pinchas is afraid of the dog.’ |
Nanai
ŋəələ-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petia |
enda-ǯi |
ŋəələ-j-ni |
|
pn
|
dog-
ins
|
be_afraid-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia is afraid of the dog.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å være redd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Per |
er |
redd |
for |
hund-en |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
afraid
|
for
|
dog-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
| ‘Per is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Polish
bać się
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Jacek |
trochę |
boi |
się |
ps-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
a_little
|
fear:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
refl
|
dog-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Jacek is a little afraid of the dog.’ |
Russian
bojatʹsja
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Pet-ja |
bo-it-sja |
sobak-i |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
be_afraid(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
-
refl
|
dog(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’ |
Rutul
gič’era
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_SUP.EL
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: SUP.EL |
| Locus: XY |
| rasul-u-s |
gič’e-r=a |
tɨlɨja-la |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
fear.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
dog.
obl
(
sup
)-
el
|
| ‘Rasul is afraid of the dog.’ |
Skolt Saami
põõllâd
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: LOC |
| Locus: Y |
| Peâtt |
pââll |
piânnj-est |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
fear.
prs
.3
sg
|
dog-
sg
.
loc
|
| ‘Pete is afraid of the dog.’ |
Slovenian
bati se
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
se |
malo |
boji |
ps-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
rfl
|
a_little
|
be_afraid:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
dog-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter is a little afraid of the dog.’ |
Swedish
att vara rädd
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_for
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: for |
| Locus: Y |
| Björn |
är |
rädd |
för |
hund-en |
|
pn
|
be.
prs
|
afraid
|
for
|
dog-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn is afraid of the dog.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Turkish
korkmak
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Mehmet |
köpek-ten |
kork-uyor |
|
pn
|
dog-
abl
|
be_afraid-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet is afraid of the dog.’ |
Ulcha
ŋə̄ləči-
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə |
iŋda-ǯi |
ŋə̄lə-č-i-n |
|
this
|
male
|
child
|
dog-
ins
|
fear-
iter
-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘This boy is afraid of the dog.’ |
Zilo Andi
sːir.i
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_CONT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: CONT |
| Locus: Y |
| ali |
χʷe-tʃ’u |
sːir.i-r |
|
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
dog.
obl
-
cont
|
fear.
pst
-
prog
|
| ‘Ali fears the dog.’ |
