BivalTyp

‘be afraid’

Argument frame: X (be afraid) of Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. has to go out of the house, but there is a dog barking in the yard). P. is afraid of the dog .
Predicate label Ru: бояться
Argument frame Ru: X (бояться) Y -а
Stimulus sentence Ru: (П. нужно выйти из дома, но во дворе лает собака). П. боится собаки .

Abaza [ĉ-]ŝa

Valency pattern: ABS_MAL
X: ABS
Y: MAL
Locus: Y
á-č̣’ḳʷən a-lá d-a-ĉ-ŝ-ə́j-ṭ
def -boy def -dog 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - mal -be_afraid- prs - dcl
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) šʼə-šʼəne

Valency pattern: ABS_LOC
X: ABS
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
č̣ʼale-r he-m šʼ-e-šʼəne
guy- abs dog- obl loc - dyn -be_afraid
‘The guy is afraid of the dog.’

Aghul guč’a-

Valency pattern: DAT_POST.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: POST.ELAT
Locus: XY
aslan.a-s χuj.i-q-as guč’a-a
pn - dat dog- post - elat be.afraid- prs
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

Akhvakh (Northern) ƛuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
hwari χwe-gune ƛ-ere gidi
pn dog- el fear- simul f . cop
‘Pari is afraid of the dog.’

Andi (Zilo) sːir.i

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ali χʷe-tʃ’u sːir.i-r
pn [ m ][ nom ] dog. obl - cont fear. pst - prog
‘Ali fears the dog.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) xāf

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
Aḥmad yəxāf m=ač-čalb
pn be_afraid. ipf .3 m from= def -dog( m )
‘Ahmad is afraid of the dog.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) x.ā.f

Valency pattern: SBJ_min
X: SBJ
Y: min
Locus: Y
Shadi bixāf min il-kaleb
pn be.afraid. prs .3 m . sg from def -dog
‘Shadi is afraid of the dog.’

Arabic (standard) ḫāfa

Valency pattern: NOM_minGEN
X: NOM
Y: minGEN
Locus: Y
Badr-un yaḫāfu min al-kalb-i
pn - nom be_afraid. ipf .3 m from def -dog- gen
‘Badr is afraid of the dog.’

Archi ʟʼinčʼar

Valency pattern: NOM_COMP
X: NOM
Y: COMP
Locus: Y
patʼimat gʷači-li-χur ʟʼinčʼar
pn dog- obl - comp be.afraid
‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +zadə

Valency pattern: SBJ_men
X: SBJ
Y: men
Locus: Y
yala mən calba +bəzday=əl
boy( m ) from dog( m ) be_afraid. prog =3 m
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

Avar ħinq’ize

Valency pattern: NOM_SUBEL
X: NOM
Y: SUBEL
Locus: Y
ʕali ħinq’-un w-ugo ho-jaɬ-uƛ’a
pn fear- seq m - cop dog- obl - subel
‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’

Azerbaijani qorxmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Aslan it-dǝn qorx-ur
pn dog- abl fear- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

Bafut bɔ́ʔɔ̂

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à bɔ́ʔɔ̂ m̀bû já
pn sm be_afraid dog def
‘Ambe is afraid of the dog.’

Bambara síran

Valency pattern: SBJ_nye
X: SBJ
Y: nye
Locus: Y
Sékù bɛ síran wùlu` ɲɛ́
pn ipfv fear dog\ art before
‘Seku is afraid of a dog.’

Belarusian bajacca

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Alieś ba-ic-ca sabak-i
pn [ nom . sg ] be_afraid( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl dog- gen . sg
‘Ales is afraid of the dog.’

Budugh kiç' yıxhar

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
aslan-ız xor-a'r kiç' yıxhar-i
pn - dat dog- abl fear n .be. ipf - prs
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Bulgarian страхувам се

Valency pattern: SBJ_ot
X: SBJ
Y: ot
Locus: Y
Петър се страхува от куче-то
pn refl be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from dog- def . n . sg
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’

Catalan tenir por

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
en Pere té por del gos
def . sg . m pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs . ind fear( f ) of. def . sg . m dog( m )
‘Pere is afraid of the dog.’

Chechen qoeru

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT
X: ABS
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
Islam zhala-x qoeru
pn . abs dog- lat fear. prs
‘Islam is afraid of the dog.’

Chinese (Mandarin) pà

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān pà gǒu
pn be_afraid dog
‘Zhangsan is afraid of the dog.’

Chirag ruχː b-učːi

Valency pattern: ABS_ANTE.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ANTE.ELAT
Locus: Y
ʡa̰le sːika-sa-rka ruχː-ukː-le
pn ( abs ) bear- ante - elat fear-( m . sg ) lv : ipf - dur .3
‘Ali is afraid of the bear.’

Croatian bojati se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Per-o se boji ps-a
pn - nom . sg refl be_afraid. prs .3 sg dog- gen . sg
‘Pero is afraid of the dog.’

Czech bát se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petr se bojí ps-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg dog( m )- gen . sg
‘Petr is afraid of the dog.’

Danish være bange

Valency pattern: SBJ_for
X: SBJ
Y: for
Locus: Y
Peter er bange for hund-en
pn be. prs afraid for dog( c )- def . sg
‘Peter is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Itsari) uruχː-B-ik'ʷ-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_ANTE.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: ANTE.ELAT
Locus: Y
Islam χːʷe-l-sa-r uruχː-ik'ʷ-il=ca-w
pn ( abs ) dog- obl - ante - el fear-( m ) lv . ipfv - cvb = cop - m
‘Islam is afraid of the dog.’

Dargwa (Kadar) uruχ-CL-uk'-as (IPFV)

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad χʷa-l-zaka uruχ-0-uk'-ar
pn dog- obl - el fear- m -say. ipfv - th
‘Muhammad is afraid of the dog.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) uruχli vihara

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTEL
X: NOM
Y: ANTEL
Locus: Y
Petja χvaˁ-l-sar uruχli=ca
pn dog- obl - antel afraid= cop (3)
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTEABL
X: NOM
Y: ANTEABL
Locus: Y
gal χʷi-l-ta-l uχ k-ul=saw
boy dog- obl - ante - abl fear ( m )say. ipfv - prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) uruχ b-ič'-iž

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTE.ESS
X: NOM
Y: ANTE.ESS
Locus: Y
uršːi χʷaˤ-li-sa-w uruχ k'-ule=saj
boy dog- obl - ante - m . ess fear m .say- prog . cnv = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) uruχ b-ik'ʷ-i

Valency pattern: NOM_ANTE.ABL.DOWN
X: NOM
Y: ANTE.ABL.DOWN
Locus: Y
durħaˤ χːʷe-sa-rka uruχ w-ik'-ule=caj
boy dog- ante - abl . down fear m -say- cnv . prog = cop : m (3)
‘The boy is afraid of the dog.’

Dutch bang zijn

Valency pattern: SBJ_van
X: SBJ
Y: van
Locus: Y
Piet is bang van de hond
pn (С) cop .3 sg afraid of art . def . c dog( c )
‘Piet is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Enets (Forest) piis

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ buniki-jʔ piiʔɛ
i man- nom . sg .1 sg dog- nom . sg .1 sg be_afraid( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend is afraid of my dog’.

English be afraid

Valency pattern: SBJ_of
X: SBJ
Y: of
Locus: Y
Peter is afraid of the dog.
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Estonian kartma

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter karda-b koera
pn . sg . nom fear- prs .3 sg dog. sg . part
‘Peeter is afraid of the dog.’

Finnish pelätä

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka pelkä-ä koira-a
pn be.afraid- prs .3 sg dog- part
‘Pekka is afraid of the dog.’

French avoir peur

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Paul a peur de ce chien
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg fear( f ) of this. sg . m dog( m )
‘Paul is afraid of this dog.’

Gban gbɛ̰̏

Valency pattern: SBJ_ga
X: SBJ
Y: ga
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ‶ gbɛ̰̏ kpűkpɔ̏ nɔ̰́ gȁ
pn 3 sg ipfv \be_afraid dog that in_front_of
‘Zan is afraid of the dog.’

Georgian Ø-e-šin-i-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_GEN
X: DAT
Y: GEN
Locus: XY
p'et're-s ʒaγl-is Ø-e-šin-i-a
pn - dat dog- gen io 3- ver : r -fear- stat - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre is afraid of the dog.’

German Angst haben

Valency pattern: NOM_vorDAT
X: NOM
Y: vorDAT
Locus: Y
Karl hat Angst vor dem Hund
pn [ nom . sg ] have. prs .3 sg fear[ acc . sg ] in.front def . m . dat . sg dog[ dat . sg ]
‘Karl is afraid of the dog.’

Hebrew (modern) mefaχed

Valency pattern: SBJ_mi
X: SBJ
Y: mi
Locus: Y
Pinχas mefaχed me ha kelev
pn be.afraid[ sg . m ] from def dog
‘Pinchas is afraid of the dog.’

Hindi ḍar lagnā

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Pratīk ko kutte se ḍar lag-t-ā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . obl acc / dat dog( m ). sg . obl abl fear( m ). sg . dir apply- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek is afraid of the dog.’

Indonesian (standard) takut

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Dewi takut anjing
pn be_afraid dog
‘Dewi is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Irish bí eagla

Valency pattern: ar_roimh
X: ar
Y: roimh
Locus: XY
Tá eagla air Phól roimh an gadhar.
be. prs fear on pn in.front.of def dog
‘Pól is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian aver paura

Valency pattern: SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo ha paur-a del can-e
pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs fear- sg . f of. def . sg . m dog- sg . m
‘Leo is afraid of the dog.’

Karata ɬebaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_CONT
X: NOM
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
ʕali χwaj-č’o ɬeb-da
pn dog- cont fear- ipf
‘Ali is afraid of the dog.’

Kazakh qorq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya it-ten qorq-adï
pn dog- abl be_afraid- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya is afraid of the dog.’

Khanty (Kazym) păλti

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMewelt
X: NOM
Y: NOMewelt
Locus: Y
petˊa-j-en amp-ǝλ ewǝλt păλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg dog- poss .3 sg from be_afraid. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

Khoekhoe ǃao

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Sara-s ge ari-b-a ra ǃao
pn -3 f . sg decl dog-3 m . sg - obl ipfv fear
‘Sara is afraid of the dog.’

Khwarshi j/uƛ’a

Valency pattern: ABS_CONT
X: ABS
Y: CONT
Locus: Y
di-ja uža u:ƛ'a ʁʷe-qo
1 sg . o - gen 1 son( i ) [ i ]be.afraid\ gnt dog( iii )- cont
‘My son is afraid of the dog.’

Kpelle (Guinean) ɲɔ̀w

Valency pattern: SBJ_bha
X: SBJ
Y: bha
Locus: Y
Pépèe káa ɲɔ̀w-íì ɲìlé-i ɲɛ́i ɓâ
pn cop be_afraid- inf def \dog- art dem on1
‘Pepee is afraid of this dog.’

Kryz (Alik) kiç'a xhiyic

Valency pattern: DAT_ADEL
X: DAT
Y: ADEL
Locus: XY
terlan-iz xvara-var kiç'a şe-re
pn - dat dog. obl - adel fear. cvb be. ipfv - prs . n
‘Terlan is afraid of the dog.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) kić xhayic

Valency pattern: DAT_ADEL
X: DAT
Y: ADEL
Locus: XY
aslan-iz xor-avar kişa-re
pn - dat dog- adel fear. ipf - prs . n
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’

Kryz (proper) kiç' i

Valency pattern: DAT_SUBEL
X: DAT
Y: SUBEL
Locus: XY
aslan-is xor-kir kiç' i
pn - dat dog- subel fear cop . n
‘Aslan is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kumyk qorqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
patimat it-den qorq-a
pn dog- abl fear-3 sg
‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’

Kurdish (Sorani) tirsîn

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_le
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa le seg-eke de-tirs-ê
pn from dog- def ind -fear. prs -3 sg
‘Hiwa is afraid of the dog.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) tirsîn (intr)

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_jiOBL
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: jiOBL
Locus: Y
zilam ji kuçik di-tirs-e
man from dog( m ) prs -be_afraid. ipfv -3 sg
‘The man is afraid of the dog.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Maħammad kːačːi-j-a niha us-la-j ur
pn dog- sup - el afraid 1.say- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p
‘Mohammad is afraid of the dog.’

Latin timeo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
miser magn-um inpende-ns time-t aer-e sax-um Tantal-us
poor. nom . sg . m big- acc . sg . n hang- prs . ptcp . act . acc . sg fear[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg air( m )- abl . sg stone( n )- acc . sg t antalus( m )- nom . sg
‘And poor Tantalus fears the big stone hanging in the air.’
Note: (Carus. De Rerum Natura. III, 980)

Laz o-šk'ur-in-u

Valency pattern: DAT_ABL
X: DAT
Y: ABL
Locus: XY
Käzim-i-s ǯoγo(r)-išen Ø-a-šk'u(r)-in-en-Ø
pn - b - dat dog- abl io 3- ver : r -fear- r . ext - sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Käzim is afraid of the dog.’

Lezgian (Yargun) kiç’e jen

Valency pattern: DAT_SUB/POSTEL
X: DAT
Y: SUB/POSTEL
Locus: XY
Sahib-a-z kiçˈ-i-kaa kiçˈe-zva
pn - obl - dat dog- obl - sub / postel be.scared- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib is afraid of the dog.’

Macedonian se plaši

Valency pattern: SBJ_od
X: SBJ
Y: od
Locus: Y
Petar se plaši od kuče
pn refl be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg from dog
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’

Maninka (Eastern) sílan

Valency pattern: SBJ_nye
X: SBJ
Y: nye
Locus: Y
Sékù yé sílan-na wùlu` ɲɛ́.
pn be fear- inf . la dog\ art before
‘Seku is afraid of the dog.’

Mano túó

Valency pattern: SBJ_lee
X: SBJ
Y: lee
Locus: Y
Sèé lɛ́ɛ̀ tùò gbá̰ lɛ̀ɛ̄
pn 3 sg . ipfv be_afraid: ipfv dog to
‘Se is afraid of dogs.’

Mansi (Northern) pili

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
āji-riɕ pil-i kūt’uw-əl
girl- dim be_afraid- npst .3 sg dog- el
‘The girl is afraid of the dog.’

Mehweb uruχ -aqaˁs

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.EL
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.EL
Locus: Y
Patʼimat χʷe-li-če-la uruχ kʼ-uwe le-r
pn dog- obl - super - el afraid lv : ipfv - cvb be- f
‘Patimat is afraid of the dog.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-šk'ur-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_ALL
X: DAT
Y: ALL
Locus: XY
čelo-s ǯoγor-(i)ša Ø-o-šk'ur-u(n)-Ø
pn - dat dog- all io 3- ver : sup -fear- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo is afraid of the dog.’

Nanai ŋəələ-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
Petia enda-ǯi ŋəələ-j-ni
pn dog- ins be_afraid- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia is afraid of the dog.’

Nivkh kʰlud

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Irgun qanŋ + xlu-d
pn dog + be.afraid- ind
‘Irgun is afraid of the dog.’

Norwegian Bokmål å være redd

Valency pattern: SBJ_for
X: SBJ
Y: for
Locus: Y
Per er redd for hund-en
pn be. prs afraid for dog- def . m . sg
‘Per is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Oromo (West Central) sodaata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n sar-ittʃa sodaat-e
pn - nom dog- def . abs be_afraid.3 sg . m - pfv
‘Obsa is afraid of the dog.’

Persian tarsīdan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM
X: NOM
Y: azNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad az sag tarsīde-ast
pn from dog be_afraid. pp - cop .3 sg
‘Ahmad is afraid of the dog.’

Polish bać się

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Jacek trochę boi się ps-a
pn [ nom . sg ] a_little fear: ipfv . prs .3 sg refl dog- gen . sg
‘Jacek is a little afraid of the dog.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) ter medo

Valency pattern: SBJ_de
X: SBJ
Y: de
Locus: Y
Pedro tem medo de cachorro
pn ( m ) have.3 sg . prs fear( m ) of dog( m )
‘Pedro is afraid of a dog.’

Romani (Kalderash) daral

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
o Murš-a dara-l kata źukəl
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg fear- prs .3 sg from dog[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša is afraid of the dog.’

Russian bojatʹsja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Pet-ja bo-it-sja sobak-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg be_afraid( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl dog( f )- gen . sg
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

Rutul (Kina) gič’era

Valency pattern: DAT_SUP.EL
X: DAT
Y: SUP.EL
Locus: XY
rasul-u-s gič’e-r=a tɨlɨja-la
pn - obl - dat fear. ipfv - cvb =be dog. obl ( sup )- el
‘Rasul is afraid of the dog.’

Rutul (Mukhad) gič'in

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s tılıj-aala gič'e-re
pn - obl - dat dog. obl - superel fear. ipf - hab
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

Rutul (Shinaz) gič' v-iši-n

Valency pattern: DAT_EL
X: DAT
Y: EL
Locus: XY
basir-ɨs gič' ij tɨlɨj-la
pn - dat fear( a ) cop dog. obl - el
‘Basir is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Southern) kiç’e yişin

Valency pattern: DAT_SUPEREL
X: DAT
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: XY
murad-ı-s q'at'ay-aala kiç'e-r
pn - obl - dat dog- superel fear. ipf - prs
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

Saami (Skolt) põõllâd

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
Peâtt pââll piânnj-est
pn . sg . nom fear. prs .3 sg dog- sg . loc
‘Pete is afraid of the dog.’

Serbian plašiti se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petar se plaši ps-a
pn . nom . sg refl frighten. prs .3 sg dog- gen . sg
‘Petar is afraid of the dog.’

Shughni x̌oǰ δêrtow

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_EL
X: NOM.CL
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Ahmed as kūd x̌oǰ δêr-t
pn el dog fear aux -3 sg
‘Ahmed is afraid of the dog.’

Slovak báť sa

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter sa bojí ps-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] refl . acc be_afraid( ipfv ). prs .3 sg dog( m )- gen . sg
‘Peter is afraid of the dog.’

Slovenian bati se

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Peter se malo boji ps-a
pn [ nom . sg ] rfl a_little be_afraid: ipfv . prs .3 sg dog- gen . sg
‘Peter is a little afraid of the dog.’

Spanish temer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro tem-e a=l perro
pn [ sg . m ] fear- prs .3 sg dir . obj . anm = art . def . sg . m dog[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’

Svan x-a-q'luːn-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_BEN
X: DAT
Y: BEN
Locus: XY
maizer-s žeγ-išd x-a-q'luːn-i
pn - dat dog- ben io 3- ver : sup -be_afraid- prs
‘Mainzer is afraid of the dog.’

Swedish att vara rädd

Valency pattern: SBJ_for
X: SBJ
Y: for
Locus: Y
Björn är rädd för hund-en
pn be. prs afraid for dog- def . c . sg
‘Björn is afraid of the dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: DAT_APUD.ELAT
X: DAT
Y: APUD.ELAT
Locus: XY
fatima.ji-z χuj-ir.i-x-a guc’-uru
pn - dat dog- pl - apud - elat be.afraid- hab
‘Fatima is afraid of the dog.’

Tagalog matakot

Valency pattern: ACT_CAUSE
X: ACT
Y: CAUSE
Locus: Y
na-ta~takot si Pedro sa aso
av . ipfv - ipfv ~be_afraid pers . subj pn dat dog
‘Pedro is afraid of the dog.’
Note: The Y-argument i) can be introduced by an explicit causal marker and ii) can be promoted to subject in the causal voice construction.

Telugu bhayamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki ā kukk' aṁṭē bhayamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat dem . dist dog( n ). sg . nom that_is fear( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen is afraid of that dog.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur qhaˁrq’ıˁniy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad хoye-le qhaˁyq’aˁn vo-r
pn dog. obl - superel m .fear. ipf cop - h
‘Murad is afraid of the dog.’

Tswana tshaba

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ngw-ana o-tshab-a Ø-ntša
sg -child(1) s i :cl1-fear- fv sg -dog(9)
‘The child is afraid of the dog.’

Turkish korkmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet köpek-ten kork-uyor
pn dog- abl be_afraid- prs
‘Mehmet is afraid of the dog.’

Turoyo zoyəʕ

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_m
X: SBJ.SS
Y: m
Locus: Y
Gabriyel ko-zoyəʕ m-u kalbo d ko-nowəḥ
pn prs -be_afraid. ipfv .3 m from- art . m dog( m ) rel prs -bark. ipfv .3 m
‘Gabriyel is afraid of the dog that is barking.’

Twi suro

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi suro ᴐkraman no
pn fear. prs dog def
‘Kofi is afraid of the dog.’

Udmurt ki̮škani̮

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Pet'a puni̮-leś ki̮ška
pn . nom dog- abl be_afraid. prs .3 sg
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

Ukrainian bojatysja

Valency pattern: NOM_GEN
X: NOM
Y: GEN
Locus: Y
Petr-o boj-it’-sja sobak-y
pn ( m )- nom . sg be_afraid( ipfv )- prs .3 sg - refl dog( f )- gen . sg
‘Petro is afraid of the dog.’

Ulcha ŋə̄ləči-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS
X: NOM
Y: INS
Locus: Y
əj xusə piktə iŋda-ǯi ŋə̄lə-č-i-n
this male child dog- ins fear- iter - prs -3 sg
‘This boy is afraid of the dog.’

Uzbek qo’rqimoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya itt-i-n qo’rqi-yab-ti
pn dog- poss .3 sg - acc be_afraid- prs 1-3 sg
‘Petja is afraid of the dog.’

Wolof ragal

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
dama ragal xaj b-i
f oc v .s i :1 sg fear dog( b ) cl b - def
‘I’m afraid of the dog.’

Yukaghir (Northern) iŋiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn lа̄mǝ-lǝ iŋiǝ-m
pn dog- acc fear- tr .3 sg
‘Semien is afraid of the dog.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_ra.PSTP
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: ra.PSTP
Locus: Y
oxɨr kutɨk=ra tɛrs-ɛn-o
pn dog=from fear. prs - aug -3 sg . m
‘Oxir is afraid of the dog.’