BivalTyp

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‘trust’

Argument frame:

X (trust) Y

Stimulus sentence:

(P. and M. have a happy family. M. never deceives P.) P. trusts M .

Predicate label Ru:

доверять

Argument frame Ru:

X (доверять) Y -у

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(У П. и М. дружная семья, М. никогда не обманывает П.) П. доверяет М .

Abaza [z-]qa-c̣a

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN

X: ERG

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

fatíma	murád	jə-z-qá-l-c̣-əj-ṭ
pn	pn	3 sg . m . io - ben - loc -3 sg . f . erg -believe- prs - dcl
‘Fatima trusts Murad.’

Adyghe cəhe fe-ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN

X: ERG

Y: BEN

Locus: Y

č̣ʼale-m	pŝaŝe-m	cah	f-j-e-ṣ̂ə
парень- obl	девушка- obl	доверие	ben -3 sg . erg - dyn -делать
‘Девушка доверяет парню.’

Aghul quχ.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST

X: ABS

Y: POST

Locus: Y

aslan	uč.i-n	čːučːu-q	quχ.a-a
pn	self- gen	brother- post	believe. ipf - prs
‘Aslan trusts his brother.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic avə +ərxay

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi

X: SBJ

Y: bi

Locus: Y

+avvo	naša	+ərxay=ələ	bi	baxt-u
dem 3. m	person( m )	secure=3 m	with	woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man trusts his wife.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'. +ərxay is a dialect realization of +arxayən.

Bambara dá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	dá-len	bɛ́	Fántà	lá
pn	lie.down- ptcp . res	be	pn	in
‘Seku trusts Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese confiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em

X: SBJ

Y: em

Locus: Y

Pedro	confi-a	em	Maria
pn ( m )	trust-3 sg . prs	in	pn ( f )
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’

Catalan confiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en

X: SBJ

Y: en

Locus: Y

en	Pere	confi-a	en	la	Maria
def . sg . m	pn ( m )	trust-3 sg . prs . ind	in	def . sg . f	pn ( f )
‘Pere trusts Maria.’

Czech věřit

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petr	věří	Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	trust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr trusts Michal.’

Danish stole

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Peter	stole-r	på	Marie
pn	rely- prs	on	pn
‘Peter trusts Marie.’

Dutch vertrouwen

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Piet	vertrouw-t	Marie
pn ( c )	trust-3 sg	pn ( c )
‘Piet trusts Marie.’

Eastern Maninka lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la

X: SBJ

Y: la

Locus: Y

Sékù	lá-nin	Fántà	lá.
pn	lay- ptcp . res	pn	at
‘Seku trusts Fanta.’

English trust

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Peter	trusts	Mary.

Estonian usaldama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART

X: NOM

Y: PART

Locus: Y

Peeter	usalda-b	Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom	trust- prs .3 sg	pn - sg . part
‘Peeter trusts Maret.’

Finnish luottaa

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL

X: NOM

Y: ILL

Locus: Y

Pekka	luott-aa	Matti-in
pn . nom	trust- prs .3 sg	pn - ill
‘Pekka trusts Matti.’

Forest Enets dʲeɔdur

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

kasa-jʔ	nɛ-xo-da	dʲeɔduŋa
man- nom . sg .1 sg	woman- dat . sg - obl . sg .3 sg	trust( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend trusts his wife’.

French faire confiance

Valency pattern: SBJ_a

X: SBJ

Y: a

Locus: Y

Paul	fait	confiance	à	Marie
pn ( m )	make. prs .3 sg	trust( f )	to	pn ( f )
‘Paul trusts Marie.’

Georgian Ø-e-nd-ob-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

p'et're-Ø	mašo-s	Ø-e-nd-ob-a
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : r -trust- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre trusts Masho.’

German vertrauen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Karl	vertrau-t	Marie
pn [ nom . sg ]	trust- prs .3 sg	pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl trusts Marie.’

Irish bí muinín

Valency pattern: aige_as

X: aige

Y: as

Locus: XY

Tá	muinín	aige	Pól	as	Mháire.
be. prs	trust	at	pn	from	pn
‘Pól trusts Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian fidarsi

Valency pattern: SBJ_di

X: SBJ

Y: di

Locus: Y

Leo	si	fid-a	di	Maria
pn ( m )	refl	trust-3 sg . prs	of	pn ( f )
‘Leo trusts Maria.’

Kalderash Romani paťalpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande

X: NOM

Y: ande

Locus: Y

o	Murš-a	paťa-l-pe	ande	Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg	pn - nom . sg	believe- prs .3 sg - refl	in	pn - nom . sg
‘Murša trusts Marijka.’

Kazakh sen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ɣa	sen-edі
pn	pn - dat	trust- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya trusts Masha.’

Kazym Khanty ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

pet’a-j-en	maša-j-en-a	ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat	believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER

X: ABS

Y: SUPER

Locus: Y

c'aldoq'an	buža-ha	učitel-ƛ'o
ученик	верить- prs	учитель- super
‘Ученик верит учителю.’

Kina Rutul ilamiš riɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP

X: NOM

Y: SUP

Locus: Y

madina	ilamiš	r-iɁi	ǯi-dɨ	χɨnχ-ɨ
pn ( nom )	trust	2- cop	self- attr	child- obl ( sup )
‘Madina trusts her child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Latin fido

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

ut	nec	duc-i	milit-es,	nec	milit-ibus	dux	satis	fide-re-t
conj	and_not	general( m )- dat . sg	soldier( m )- dat . pl	and_not	soldier( m )- dat . pl	general( m ). nom . sg	enough	trust- ipfv . sbjv - act .3 sg
‘... when neither the soldiers trust the general, nor the general suffieciently relied on the soldiers.’
Note: (Liv. X, 18, 6)

Mandarin Chinese xìnrèn

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Zhāngsān	xìnrèn	Lǐsì
pn	trust	pn
‘Zhangsan trusts Lisi.’

Mingrelian Ø-o-nd-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT

X: ERG

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

čelo-Ø	anučia-s	Ø-o-nd-u(n)-Ø.
pn - nom	pn - dat	io 3- ver : sup -trust- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo trusts Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent calque of the Georgian original.

Modern Hebrew someχ

Valency pattern: SBJ_al

X: SBJ

Y: al

Locus: Y

Pinχas	someχ	al	Menaχem
pn	trust[ ptcp . sg . m ]	on	pn
‘Pinchas trusts Menachem.’

Nanai agdača-

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: OBL

Locus: TR

Petia	Maša-wə	agda-ča-j-ni
pn	pn - obl	believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia trusts Masha.’

Nivkh jaχtt

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD

X: SBJ

Y: DAT/ADD

Locus: Y

Kaskazik	Ajsana-rоχ	j-aχt-t
pn	pn - dat / add	3 sg -trust- ind
‘Kaskazik trusts Ajsana.’

Northern Mansi *

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Yukaghir ǝwiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Sǝmiǝn	Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ	mǝr	ǝwiǝ-m
pn	pn - acc	aff	believe- tr .3 sg
‘Semien trusts Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å stole på

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

Per	stole-r	på	Kari
pn	trust- prs	on	pn
‘Per trusts Kari.’
Note: Phrasal verb (på is not a flagging device).

Polish ufać

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Michał	ufa	Janas-owi
pn [ nom . sg ]	trust: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg
‘Michał trusts Janas.’

Russian doverjatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Pet-ja	doverja-et	Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg	trust( ipfv )- prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

Serbian imati poverenje

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC

X: NOM

Y: uACC

Locus: Y

Petar	ima	poverenj-e	u	Marij-u
pn . nom . sg	have. prs .3 sg	trust- acc . sg	in	pn - acc . sg
‘Petar trusts Maria.’

Shughni bowar δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

Ahmed	Saida-ra	bowari	δī-d
pn	pn - lat	trust	give-3 sg
‘Ahmed trusts Saida.’

Skolt Saami naʹddjõõttâd

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Peâtt	naʹddjââtt	Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom	trust. prs .3 sg	pn . sg . acc
‘Pete trusts Maria’

Slovak dôverovať

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	dôveruje	Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ]	trust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg	pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter trusts Maria.’

Slovenian zaupati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Peter	zaupa	An-i
pn [ nom . sg ]	trust: ipfv . prs .3 sg	pn - dat . sg . f
‘Peter trusts Ana.’

Sorani Kurdish mitmane kirdin

Valency pattern: EXT_be

X: EXT

Y: be

Locus: XY

Hîwa	mitmane=î	be	Perî-î-e
pn	trust=3 sg . pc	to	pn - obl -be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa trusts Pari.’

Spanish confiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en

X: SBJ

Y: en

Locus: Y

Pedro	confí-a	en	María
pn [ sg . m ]	trust- prs .3 sg	in	pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’

Swedish att lita

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa

X: SBJ

Y: pa

Locus: Y

Björn	lita-r	på	Maja
pn	trust- prs	on	pn
‘Björn trusts Maja.’
Note: For some speakers, lita på is rather a (transitive) phrasal verb.

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC

X: ACT

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

Nag-ti~tiwala	si	Pedro	kay	Maria
av - ipfv ~trust	pers . subj	pn	pers . dat	pn
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn Maria into the subject here?

Telugu nammakamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante

X: DAT

Y: ante

Locus: XY

pravīṇ-ki	madhuri	aṁṭē	nammakamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat	pn ( f ). sg . nom	that_is	credit( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen trusts Madhuri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Turkish güvenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Mehmet	Filiz-e	güven-iyor
pn	pn - dat	trust- prs
‘Mehmet trusts Filiz.’

Ulcha agdi-

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT

X: NOM

Y: LAT

Locus: Y

əńi-n	mə̄n	piktə-ti	agd-i-ni
mother-3 sg	self	child- lat	believe- prs -3 sg
‘Mother trusts her child.’

Uzbek išonmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT

X: NOM

Y: DAT

Locus: Y

Petya	Maša-ga	išon-a-di
pn	pn - dat	believe- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

West Central Oromo amana

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ABS

Locus: TR

obsaa-n	tolaa	aman-a
pn - nom	pn . abs	trust-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa trusts Tola.’

Zilo Andi buʒ.u-rado

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT

X: NOM

Y: SUPER.LAT

Locus: Y

pat’imati	buʒ.u-rado	marjam-ʔo
pn [ f ][ nom ]	believe. pst - prog	pn - super . lat
‘Patimat trusts Mariam.’