BivalTyp

‘trust’

Argument frame: X (trust) Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. and M. have a happy family. M. never deceives P.) P. trusts M .
Predicate label Ru: доверять
Argument frame Ru: X (доверять) Y -у
Stimulus sentence Ru: (У П. и М. дружная семья, М. никогда не обманывает П.) П. доверяет М .

Abaza [z-]qa-c̣a

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN
X: ERG
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
fatíma murád jə-z-qá-l-c̣-əj-ṭ
pn pn 3 sg . m . io - ben - loc -3 sg . f . erg -believe- prs - dcl
‘Fatima trusts Murad.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) cəhe fe-ṣ̂ə

Valency pattern: ERG_BEN
X: ERG
Y: BEN
Locus: Y
č̣ʼale-m pŝaŝe-m cəhe f-j-e-ṣ̂ə
guy- obl girl- obl trust ben -3 sg . erg - dyn -do
‘The girl trusts the guy.’

Aghul quχ.a-

Valency pattern: ABS_POST
X: ABS
Y: POST
Locus: Y
aslan uč.i-n čːučːu-q quχ.a-a
pn self- gen brother- post believe. ipf - prs
‘Aslan trusts his brother.’

Akhvakh (Northern) bužuruƛa

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
pataħi madina-ga buž-iri
pn pn - lat believe- ipf 3
‘Patahi trusts Madina.’

Andi (Zilo) buʒ.u-rado

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.LAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
pat’imati buʒ.u-rado marjam-ʔo
pn [ f ][ nom ] believe. pst - prog pn - super . lat
‘Patimat trusts Mariam.’

Arabic (Jewish Baghdadi) ˀmn

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Abrahām mˀammǝn bī-ya l-Maryam
pn trust. ptcp . ms in- o .3 fs to- pn
‘Abraham trusts Maryam.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ṯaq

Valency pattern: SBJ_b
X: SBJ
Y: b
Locus: Y
Aḥmad yiṯəq b Salwa
pn trust. ipfv .3 m in pn
‘Ahmad trusts Salwa.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) w.ṯ.q

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
Reem btiwṯaq bi-Shadi
pn trust. prs .3 f . sg in- pn
‘Reem trusts Shadi.’

Arabic (standard) waṯiqa

Valency pattern: NOM_biGEN
X: NOM
Y: biGEN
Locus: Y
Salwā taṯiqu b=Aḥmad-a
pn . nom trust. ipf .3 f by= pn - gen
‘Salwa trusts Ahmad’

Archi wiχ

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
paša marin-ni-t wiχ
pn pn - obl - sup be.trusting
‘Pasha trusts Marina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate (stative).

Armenian (Eastern) vstahel

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petros-ə vstahum+ē Mariam-i-n
pn [ nom ]- def trust: prs :3 sg pn - dat - def
‘Petros trusts Mariam.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic avə +ərxay

Valency pattern: SBJ_bi
X: SBJ
Y: bi
Locus: Y
+avvo naša +ərxay=ələ bi baxt-u
dem 3. m person( m ) secure=3 m with woman( f )- p .3 m
‘This man trusts his wife.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate, avə is 'to be'. +ərxay is a dialect realization of +arxayən.

Avar božize

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
ʕali bož-ula marjam-i-da
pn trust- ipf pn - obl - loc
‘Ali trusts Marjam.’

Azerbaijani etibar etmək

Valency pattern: NOM_DATLAT
X: NOM
Y: DATLAT
Locus: Y
Aslan Leyla-ya etibar ed-ir
pn pn - dat / lat trust do- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

Bafut bíì

Valency pattern: SBJ_nu
X: SBJ
Y: nu
Locus: Y
àmbɛ́ à bíí-nᵼ̀ nú sùù
pn sm agree- ipfv body/ prep pn
‘Ambe trusts Suh.’

Bambara dá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù dá-len bɛ́ Fántà lá
pn lie.down- ptcp . res be pn in
‘Seku trusts Fanta.’

Bartangi

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Ahmed Abdullo=ri bowari δê-t
pn pn = dat trust give-3 sg
‘Ahmed trusts Abdullo.’

Belarusian daviarać

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Alieś daviara-je Alien-je
pn [ nom . sg ] trust( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Ales trusts Alena.’

Budugh eħtiba'r süʔü

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
aslan-ır leyla' eħtiba'r süʔü-rü
pn - erg pn ( loc ) trust( a ) a .do. ipfv - nonpst
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

Bulgarian imam doverie

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petăr ima doverie na Maria
pn have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg trust on pn
‘Petar trusts Maria.’

Catalan confiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
en Pere confi-a en la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) trust-3 sg . prs . ind in def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere trusts Maria.’

Chechen tiesha

Valency pattern: ABS_LAT
X: ABS
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
Islam Madina-x tiesha
pn . abs pn - lat believe. prs
‘Islam trusts Madina.’

Chinese (Mandarin) xìnrèn

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān xìnrèn Lǐsì
pn trust pn
‘Zhangsan trusts Lisi.’

Chirag iχtibar ke-b-išːi

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
ʡa̰li-le cin-na xadi-l-i iχtibar ke-b-irxː-le
pn - erg self. sg - gen wife- obl - super permission( abs ) down - n . sg -put: pf - dur . prs .3
‘Ali trusts his wife.’

Croatian imati povjerenja

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Per-o ima povjerenj-a u Marij-u
pn - nom . sg have( ipfv ). prs .3 sg trust- gen . sg in pn - acc . sg
‘Pero trusts Marija.’

Czech věřit

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr věří Michal-ovi
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] trust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- dat . sg
‘Petr trusts Michal.’

Danish stole

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Peter stole-r på Marie
pn rely- prs on pn
‘Peter trusts Marie.’

Dargwa (Itsari) či-B-iχː-araj

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.LAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: Y
Islam Madina-li-j či-w-iχː-a=ca-w
pn ( abs ) pn - obl - super ( lat ) on - m -believe. ipfv - prs = cop - m
‘Islam trusts Madina.’

Dargwa (Kadar) mar-CL-uh-es / mar-CL-ur-es

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
meħamad mar-0-ur-ar ʡaˤšura-ke
pn true- m -become. ipfv - th pn - super
‘Muhammad trusts Ashura.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) inaldi vihara

Valency pattern: GEN_DATLAT
X: GEN
Y: DATLAT
Locus: XY
Petja-la Maša-j inaldi bi
pn - gen pn - datlat trusting exst . n
‘Petja trusts Misha.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
atːa w-iχː-ul=saw sin-na gal-i
father m -trust. ipfv - cnv . prog = cop . m (3) refl . obl - gen boy- dat
‘The boy trusts his friend.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) irχ k-až-iz/k-arž-iz

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER(LAT)
X: NOM
Y: SUPER(LAT)
Locus: Y
tːutːeš sune-la uršːi-jaˤ irχ k-arg-u
father refl . obl - gen boy- super ( lat ) belief down -put. ipfv -3 hab . prs
‘The father trusts his son.’

Dargwa (Tsugni) če-b-b-iχː-i

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER.ESS
X: NOM
Y: SUPER.ESS
Locus: Y
durħaˤ-li-ge-w tatːi če-w-w-iχː-uˤle=caj
boy- obl - super - m . ess father on - m . ess - m -keep. ipfv - cnv . prog = cop : m (3)
‘The father trusts his son.’

Dutch vertrouwen

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet vertrouw-t Marie
pn ( c ) trust-3 sg pn ( c )
‘Piet trusts Marie.’

Enets (Forest) dʲeɔdur

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
kasa-jʔ nɛ-xo-da dʲeɔduŋa
man- nom . sg .1 sg woman- dat . sg - obl . sg .3 sg trust( ipfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend trusts his wife’.

English trust

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter trusts Mary.

Estonian usaldama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter usalda-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom trust- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter trusts Maret.’

Finnish luottaa

Valency pattern: NOM_ILL
X: NOM
Y: ILL
Locus: Y
Pekka luott-aa Matti-in
pn . nom trust- prs .3 sg pn - ill
‘Pekka trusts Matti.’

French faire confiance

Valency pattern: SBJ_NDIR.OBJ
X: SBJ
Y: NDIR.OBJ
Locus: Y
Paul fait confiance à Marie
pn ( m ) make. prs .3 sg trust( f ) to pn ( f )
‘Paul trusts Marie.’

Gascon hida

Valency pattern: SBJ_a
X: SBJ
Y: a
Locus: Y
Pèir se hida a Maria
pn refl trust. prs .3 sg to pn
‘Pèir trusts Maria.’

Gban gbí kpɔ̋

Valency pattern: SBJ_ye
X: SBJ
Y: ye
Locus: Y
Zá̰ ∅ gbí kpɔ́ Mɔ̰̈bì yɛ̋
pn 3 sg breast ipfv \spread pn with
‘Zan trusts Monbi.’

Georgian Ø-e-nd-ob-a (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø mašo-s Ø-e-nd-ob-a
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : r -trust- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Petre trusts Masho.’

German vertrauen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Karl vertrau-t Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] trust- prs .3 sg pn [ dat . sg ]
‘Karl trusts Marie.’

Hebrew (modern) someχ

Valency pattern: SBJ_al
X: SBJ
Y: al
Locus: Y
Pinχas someχ al Menaχem
pn trust[ ptcp . sg . m ] on pn
‘Pinchas trusts Menachem.’

Hindi ṭrasṭ karnā

Valency pattern: ERG_OBLpar
X: ERG
Y: OBLpar
Locus: Y
Pratīk Mohan par ṭrasṭ kar-t-ā hɛ
pn ( m ). sg . dir pn ( m ). sg . obl on trust do- ipfv - m . sg prs .3 sg
‘Prateek trusts Mohan.’

Indonesian (standard) percaya

Valency pattern: SBJ_kepada
X: SBJ
Y: kepada
Locus: Y
Ahmad percaya kepada Siti
pn believe for2 pn
‘Ahmad trusts Siti.’

Irish bí muinín

Valency pattern: aige_as
X: aige
Y: as
Locus: XY
Tá muinín aige Pól as Mháire.
be. prs trust at pn from pn
‘Pól trusts Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian fidarsi

Valency pattern: SBJ_di
X: SBJ
Y: di
Locus: Y
Leo si fid-a di Maria
pn ( m ) refl trust-3 sg . prs of pn ( f )
‘Leo trusts Maria.’

Karata bežwaɬa

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ʕali marjam-ja bežu-da
pn pn - dat trust- ipf
‘Ali trusts Marjam.’

Kazakh sen

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ɣa sen-edі
pn pn - dat trust- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya trusts Masha.’

Khanty (Kazym) ewǝλti

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
pet’a-j-en maša-j-en-a ewǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .2 sg - dat believe. npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǂgomǃgâ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a ǂgomǃgâ hâ
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl trust pfv
‘Peter trusts Maria.’

Khwarshi buža

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
c'aldoq'an buža-ha učitel-ƛ'o
pupil believe- prs teacher- super
‘The pupil trusts the teacher.’

Komi-Permyak веритны

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Петя верит-ӧ Маша-вö
pn верить- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Петя верит Маше.’

Komi-Zyrian eski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a esk-e̮ Maša-li̮
pn believe- prs .3 pn - dat
‘Petja trusts Masha.’

Kpelle (Guinean) láa

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Pépèe láa-ì Hèhee lá
pn lie. stat - pred pn on2
‘Pepee trusts Hehee.’

Kryz (Alik) ihtibar varic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
terlan-ir leyla-ğ ihtibar yi-ryu
pn - erg pn - super respect( f ) do. ipfv - prs . f
‘Terlan trusts Leyla.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) iʕtibar varic

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leyla-ğ iʕtibar i-ro
pn - erg pn - super trust( f ) do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

Kryz (proper) ehtibar varic

Valency pattern: ERG_APUD
X: ERG
Y: APUD
Locus: Y
aslan-ir leylox ehtibar vi-rü
pn - erg pn . apud trust( f ) f .do. ipf - prs . f
‘Aslan trusts Leyla.’

Kumyk inanmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
patimat musa-ʁa inan-a
pn pn - dat trust-3 sg
‘Patimat trusts Musa.’

Kurdish (Sorani) mitmane bûn

Valency pattern: EXT_be
X: EXT
Y: be
Locus: XY
Hîwa mitmane=î be Perî-î-e
pn trust=3 sg . pc to pn - obl -be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa trusts Pari.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) ewl hatin (intr)

Valency pattern: EXT_liOBL
X: EXT
Y: liOBL
Locus: XY
pîrek ewleyîy-a wê li zilam di-hat
woman trust- ez . f she. obl . f at man prs -come. pfv .3 sg
‘The woman trusted the man.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: GEN_SUP
X: GEN
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Maħammad wiχšala d-ul-la-j ur Aˁšura-j
pn trust 4-do- ipfv - cvb . ipfv 1.be. prs .3 p pn - sup
‘Mohammad trusts Ashura.’
Note: This structure is binominative because of the TAM form. The verb is transitive.

Latin fido

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
ut nec duc-i milit-es, nec milit-ibus dux satis fide-re-t
conj and_not general( m )- dat . sg soldier( m )- dat . pl and_not soldier( m )- dat . pl general( m ). nom . sg enough trust- ipfv . sbjv - act .3 sg
‘... when neither the soldiers trust the general, nor the general suffieciently relied on the soldiers.’
Note: (Liv. X, 18, 6)

Laz o-nd-u

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Käzim-i-s Fatma-Ø Ø-o-nd-un-Ø
pn - b - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -trust- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim trusts Fatma.’

Lezgian (Yargun) ixtibarin

Valency pattern: ERG_SUP
X: ERG
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
Sahib-a Lale-da-l ixtibar-zva
pn - erg pn - obl - sup trust- prs
‎‎‎‘Sahib trusts Lale.’

Macedonian veruva

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT(na)
X: SBJ
Y: DAT(na)
Locus: Y
Petar ì veruva na Maja
pn pro .3 sg . f . dat believe( ipfv ). prs .3 sg on pn
‘Petar trusts Maja.’

Maltese fada

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Ġwanni jifdi lil Mary
pn trust. ipf . m .3 sg to pn
‘Ġwanni trusts Mary.’
Note: The preposition “lil” is not obligatory with this verb. This is an example of the DOM system.

Maninka (Eastern) lá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
Sékù lá-nin Fántà lá.
pn lay- ptcp . res pn at
‘Seku trusts Fanta.’

Mano láá

Valency pattern: SBJ_la
X: SBJ
Y: la
Locus: Y
ŋ́ŋ̀ làà à là
1 sg . ipfv spread: ipfv 3 sg on
‘I trust him.’

Mansi (Northern) *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Mehweb dirχdeš le-

Valency pattern: GEN_SUPER.LAT
X: GEN
Y: SUPER.LAT
Locus: XY
Islam-la d-irχ-deš le-r Madina-če
pn - gen npl -believe: ipfv - nmlz be- npl pn - super ( lat )
‘Islam trusts Madina.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. The controller of the prefixal gender marker on the action nominal is unclear.

Mingrelian Ø-o-nd-un-Ø (PRS)

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
čelo-Ø anučia-s Ø-o-nd-u(n)-Ø
pn - nom pn - dat io 3- ver : sup -trust- sm - s 3 sg . inact
‘Chelo trusts Anuchia.’
Note: This verb phrase is a recent calque from Georgian.

Nanai agdača-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wə agda-ča-j-ni
pn pn - obl believe- res - npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia trusts Masha.’

Nivkh jaχtt

Valency pattern: SBJ_DAT/ADD
X: SBJ
Y: DAT/ADD
Locus: Y
Kaskazik Ajsana-rоχ j-aχt-t
pn pn - dat / add 3 sg -trust- ind
‘Kaskazik trusts Ajsana.’

Norwegian Bokmål å stole på

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per stole-r på Kari
pn trust- prs on pn
‘Per trusts Kari.’
Note: Phrasal verb (på is not a flagging device).

Oromo (West Central) amana

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n tolaa aman-a
pn - nom pn . abs trust-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa trusts Tola.’

Persian e'temād dāštan

Valency pattern: NOM_beNOM
X: NOM
Y: beNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad be mariam e'temād dār-ad
pn to pn trust have. prs -3 sg
‘Ahmad trusts Mariam.’

Polish ufać

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Michał ufa Janas-owi
pn [ nom . sg ] trust: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg
‘Michał trusts Janas.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) confiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_em
X: SBJ
Y: em
Locus: Y
Pedro confi-a em Maria
pn ( m ) trust-3 sg . prs in pn ( f )
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’

Romani (Kalderash) paťalpe

Valency pattern: NOM_ande
X: NOM
Y: ande
Locus: Y
o Murš-a paťa-l-pe ande Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg believe- prs .3 sg - refl in pn - nom . sg
‘Murša trusts Marijka.’

Romanian a avea încredere

Valency pattern: NOM_in
X: NOM
Y: in
Locus: Y
Petru are încreder-e în Maria
pn have. prs .3 sg trust- indf . dir in pn
‘Petru trusts Maria.’

Russian doverjatʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet-ja doverja-et Maš-e
pn ( m )- nom . sg trust( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

Rutul (Kina) ilamiš riɁi

Valency pattern: NOM_SUP
X: NOM
Y: SUP
Locus: Y
madina ilamiš r-iɁi ǯi-dɨ χɨnχ-ɨ
pn ( nom ) trust 2- cop self- attr child- obl ( sup )
‘Madina trusts her child.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Mukhad) iχtibar vıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad-a majram-ıı iχtibar vaʔa-ra
pn - erg pn - super trust( a ) a .do. ipf - hab
‘Murad trusts Majram.’

Rutul (Myukhrek)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPER
X: NOM
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
mırad xatun-u ilamiş yiʔi
pn pn - super trust m . cop
‘Murad trusts Khatun.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Rutul (Shin-Borch) ixtibar hıʔın

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
murad-a ayten-aa ixtibar haʔa-r
pn - erg pn - super faith ( n )do. ipf - prs
‘Murad trusts Ayten.’

Rutul (Shinaz) umud v-iši-n

Valency pattern: ATTR_SUPER
X: ATTR
Y: SUPER
Locus: XY
basir-dɨ hamıʔ umud ʁa peri-j
pn - attr now trust( a ) be_on pn - super
‘Basir trusts Peri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent.

Saami (Skolt) naʹddjõõttâd

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt naʹddjââtt Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom trust. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete trusts Maria’

Sagada božiłi buwa

Valency pattern: ERG_SUPER
X: ERG
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
Pat’imat-e božiłi b-u-xosi Maħamad-ƛ’o
pn - erg belief( iii ) iii -do- prs . ptcp pn - super
‘Patimat trusts Magomed.’

Serbian imati poverenje

Valency pattern: NOM_uACC
X: NOM
Y: uACC
Locus: Y
Petar ima poverenj-e u Marij-u
pn . nom . sg have. prs .3 sg trust- acc . sg in pn - acc . sg
‘Petar trusts Maria.’

Shughni bowari δêdow1

Valency pattern: NOM.CL_DAT
X: NOM.CL
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Ahmed Saida-ra bowari δī-d
pn pn - dat trust give-3 sg
‘Ahmed trusts Saida.’

Slovak dôverovať

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter dôveruje Mári-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] trust( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Peter trusts Maria.’

Slovenian zaupati

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Peter zaupa An-i
pn [ nom . sg ] trust: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - dat . sg . f
‘Peter trusts Ana.’

Spanish confiar

Valency pattern: SBJ_en
X: SBJ
Y: en
Locus: Y
Pedro confí-a en María
pn [ sg . m ] trust- prs .3 sg in pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’

Svan x-e-munden-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø lile-s x-e-munden-i
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : r -trust- prs
‘Maizer trusts Lile.’

Swedish att lita

Valency pattern: SBJ_pa
X: SBJ
Y: pa
Locus: Y
Björn lita-r på Maja
pn trust- prs on pn
‘Björn trusts Maja.’
Note: For some speakers, lita på is rather a (transitive) phrasal verb.

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: GEN_ABS
X: GEN
Y: ABS
Locus: X
rasul.i-n maˁhaˁmad.ǯi-in quʁval al
pn - gen pn - super trust( abs ) ( super )be
‘Rasul trusts Mahamad’.

Tagalog magtiwala

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
nag-ti~tiwala si Pedro kay Maria
av - ipfv ~trust pers . subj pn pers . dat pn
‘Pedro trusts Maria.’
Note: The GEN encoding of the Y is not possible.

Telugu nammakamu + COP

Valency pattern: DAT_ante
X: DAT
Y: ante
Locus: XY
pravīṇ-ki madhuri aṁṭē nammakamu
pn ( m ). sg . obl - dat pn ( f ). sg . nom that_is credit( n ). sg . nom
‘Praveen trusts Madhuri.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Tsakhur dalbı qhirzıriy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERLAT
X: NOM
Y: SUPERLAT
Locus: Y
murad-ee leyla-y-lqha dalbı qhiyzar
pn - erg pn - obl - superlat support m .prop. ipf
‘Murad trusts Leyla.’

Tswana ikanya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ngw-ana o-tshwanets-e go-ikanya ba-tsadi ba-gagwe
sg -child(1) s i :cl1-must. prf - fv inf -trust pl -parent(3) cl2. gen -cl1. pro
‘A child must trust his parents.’

Turkish güvenmek

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Mehmet Filiz-e güven-iyor
pn pn - dat trust- prs
‘Mehmet trusts Filiz.’

Turoyo kit- tuxlono

Valency pattern: OBJAGR_b
X: OBJAGR
Y: b
Locus: XY
Gabriyel kət-le tuxlono b Maryam
pn exi - ls .3 m trust in pn
‘Gabriyel trusts Maryam.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Twi wᴐ awerɛhyɛm

Valency pattern: SBJ_mu
X: SBJ
Y: mu
Locus: Y
Kofi wᴐ nana mu awerɛhyɛm
pn have. prs grandfather in trust
‘Kofi has trust in grandfather.’

Udi ext'ibərbes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS/DAT
Locus: TR
Rafael-en Ruslan-a ext'ibər=e=b-sa
pn - erg pn - dat trust=3 sg = lv - prs
‘Rafael trusts Ruslan.’

Udmurt oski̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Pet'a Maša-li̮ osk-je
pn . nom pn - dat trust- prs .3 sg
‘Petja trusts Masha.’

Ukrainian dovirjaty

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petr-o dovirjaj-e Marij-i
pn ( m )- nom . sg trust( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- dat . sg
‘Petro trusts Mariya.’

Ulcha agdi-

Valency pattern: NOM_LAT
X: NOM
Y: LAT
Locus: Y
əńi-n mə̄n piktə-ti agd-i-ni
mother-3 sg self child- lat believe- prs -3 sg
‘Mother trusts her child.’

Uzbek išonmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT
X: NOM
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Petya Maša-ga išon-a-di
pn pn - dat believe- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja trusts Maša.’

Wolof wóolu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
yow rekk laa wóolu
2 sg only f oc o / x .s i :1 sg trust
‘It’s only in you that I trust.’

Yukaghir (Northern) ǝwiǝ=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ mǝr ǝwiǝ-m
pn pn - acc aff believe- tr .3 sg
‘Semien trusts Akulina.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
itibar-e ɛj bɨ=ajɛ ɛst=o
trust- ez . m 3 sg . m . obl by=3 sg . f . obl exist= cop .3 sg . m
‘He trusts her.’
Note: Not included in the database because X is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.