‘take’
| Argument frame: |
X
(take)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
took
a book
(from the shelf).
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
взять
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(брать)
Y
(-а)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
взял
книгу
(с полки).
|
Abaza
ʕa-χʷ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| a-phʷə́spa |
á-pχ’aga |
ʕa-l-áχʷ-ṭ |
|
def
-girl
|
def
-book
|
cisl
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-take(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The girl took the book.’ |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
šte
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| pŝaŝe-m |
txəλə-r |
q-ə-šta-ʁ |
|
girl-
obl
|
book-
abs
|
csl
-3
sg
.
erg
-take-
pst
|
| ‘The girl took the book.’ |
Aghul
ʁuš.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
kitab |
ʁuš.u-ne |
(aškːaf.i-as) |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
book
|
take.
pf
-
aor
|
bookshelf-(
in
)
elat
|
| ‘Aslan took a book (from the bookshelf).’ |
Alik Kryz
ğayn-ic
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| terlan-ir |
raf-ul-ar |
kitab |
ğayn-ic |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shelf-
obl
-
pl
|
book
|
take.
pf
-
aor
.
n
|
| ‘Terlan took a book from the shelf.’ |
Archi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| patʼimat-li |
qʼonqʼ |
χːa |
|
pn
-
obl
(
erg
)
|
book
|
4.take.
pfv
|
| ‘Патимат взяла книгу.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
šakəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brata |
škəl-la |
ctava |
mən |
+ustol |
|
girl(
f
)
|
take.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
book(
m
)
|
from
|
table(
m
)
|
| ‘The girl took the book from the table.’ |
Azerbaijani
götürmək
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Aslan |
rǝf-dǝn |
kitab |
götür-dü |
|
pn
|
shelf-
abl
|
book
|
take-
pst
(3)
|
| ‘Aslan took a book from the shelf.’ |
Bambara
tà
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
gáfe` |
tà |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
book\
art
|
take
|
| ‘Seku took a book.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
pegar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
peg-ou |
o |
livro |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
take-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro took a book.’ |
Catalan
agafar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
agaf-ar |
un |
llibre |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
take-
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere took a book.’ |
Czech
vzít
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
vza-l |
knih-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
take(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr took a book.’ |
Danish
tage
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
tog |
en |
bog |
|
pn
|
take.
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
book(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter took a book.’ |
Dutch
pakken
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
een |
boek |
ge-pak-t |
|
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
book(
n
)
|
ptcp
-take-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet took a book.’ |
Eastern Maninka
tà
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
kà |
kafa` |
dó |
tà |
tàbali` |
kàn. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
book\
art
|
indf
|
take
|
table\
art
|
on
|
| ‘Seku took a book from the table.’ |
English
take
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
took |
a |
book |
from |
the |
shelf. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
võtma
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
võtt-is |
raamatu |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
book.
sg
.
gen
|
| ‘Peeter took a book.’ |
Finnish
ottaa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
ott-i |
kirja-n |
kirjahylly-ltä |
|
pn
.
nom
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
book-
gen
|
bookshelf-
abl
|
| ‘Pekka took a book from the shelf.’ |
Forest Enets
mu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
kirba |
mu |
ɔ |
stɔl nʲi-z |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
bread
|
take(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
table
|
surface-
abl
|
| ‘My friend took bread from the table’. |
French
prendre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
pris |
un |
livre |
sur |
le |
rayon |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
take.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
on
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
shelf(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul took a book from the shelf.’ |
Georgian
a-Ø-i-γ-eb-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
taro-dan |
c'ign-i |
a-Ø-i-γ-o |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shelf-
pstp
:
ins
.
abl
|
book-
nom
|
prv
:upward-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-take-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre took a book from the shelf.’ |
| Note: Upward motion is implied. |
German
nehmen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
nahm |
ein |
Buch |
aus |
dem |
Regal |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
take.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
book[
acc
.
sg
]
|
from
|
def
.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
shelf[
dat
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl took a book from the shelf.’ |
Icari Dargwa
гьатт-асс-иб
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| Islam-il |
žuz |
hatː-asː-ib |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book.
abs
|
up
-take:
pf
-
pret
|
| ‘Islam took a book.’ |
Irish
tóg
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Do=thóg |
Pól |
leabhar |
do-n |
seilf. |
|
pst
=take
|
pn
|
book
|
for-
def
|
shelf
|
| ‘Pól took a book from the shelf.’ |
Italian
prendere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
preso |
un |
libr-o |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
take.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo took a book.’ |
Kalderash Romani
lel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
ľ-a |
ə |
knišk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
art
.
f
.
dir
.
sg
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša took a book.’ |
Kazakh
al
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kіtap-tï |
al-dï |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
take-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya took the book.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wŭti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| petˊa-j-en |
(nŏrǝm |
ewǝλt) |
kinška |
wŭ-s |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
(shelf
|
from)
|
book
|
take-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’ |
Khwarshi
j/aha
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| šamil-i |
b-ajsa |
hĩše |
ƛen-ƛ'o-žo |
|
pn
-
erg
|
iii
-take\
pst
.
w
|
book(
iii
)
|
shelf(
iv
)-
super
-
el
|
| ‘Shamil took a book from the shelf.’ |
Kina Rutul
lešur
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
l-ešu-r |
kitab |
|
pn
-
erg
|
pv
-1.take.
pfv
-
cvb
|
book(
nom
)
|
| ‘Rasul took a book.’ |
Kumyk
almaq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| basir |
kitap-nɨ |
al-d-ɨ |
taχča-dan |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
take-
pst
-3
sg
|
shelf-
abl
|
| ‘Basir took the book from the shelf.’ |
Latin
capio
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (Attis) |
nive-is |
citat-a |
cep-it |
man-ibus |
leve |
typan-um |
|
pn
(
f
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
white-
abl
.
pl
|
fast-
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
take[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
hand(
f
)-
abl
.
pl
|
lightly
|
tambour(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘(Attis) hastily took a lightweight tambour with her white hands.’ |
| Note: (Cat. Carm. 63,8) |
Laz
o-zd-im-u
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABL |
| Locus: Y |
| Käzim-i-k |
ferd-išen |
kitab-i |
k-e-Ø-zd-u. |
|
pn
-
b
-
erg
|
shelf-
abl
|
book-
nom
|
aff
-
prv
-
do
3-take-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Käzim took a book from the shelf.’ |
Mandarin Chinese
ná
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
cóng |
jiàzi |
shàng |
ná |
le |
yì-běn |
shū |
|
pn
|
from
|
shelf
|
on
|
take
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
book
|
| ‘Zhangsan took a book from the shelf.’ |
Mano
sí
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pèé |
ē |
sɛ́ɓɛ̀ |
sí |
|
pn
|
3
sg
.
pst
|
book
|
take
|
| ‘Pe took a book.’ |
Mingrelian
gil-Ø-i-γ-an-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
c'ing-i |
ge-gl-Ø-i-γ-u |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book-
nom
|
pfv
-
prv
-
do
3-
ver
:
s
-take-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo took a book from the shelf.’ |
| Note: The position of the book is considered either at the A’s eye level or above thereof. |
Modern Hebrew
lakaχ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
lakaχ |
sefer |
|
pn
|
take[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
book
|
| ‘Pinchas took a book.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
lešuˤn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
kitab |
lešuˤ-ri |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
(
n
)take.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Murad took a book.’ |
Nanai
ǯapa-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
polka-ǯea |
daŋsa-wa |
ǯapa-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
shelf-
abl
|
book-
obl
|
take-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’ |
Nivkh
ɣеd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ |
ɣе-d |
|
pn
|
book
|
take-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik took a book.’ |
Northern Mansi
wis
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| āji-riɕ |
wi-s |
nēpak |
pasan-əl |
|
girl-
dim
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
book
|
table-
el
|
| ‘The girl took a book from the table.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
mǝnˈ=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
kinigǝ-lǝ |
mǝnˈ-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
take-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien took a book.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å ta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
tok |
ei |
bok |
fra |
hyll-a |
|
pn
|
take.
pst
|
indf
.
f
.
sg
|
book
|
from
|
shelf-
def
.
f
.
sg
|
| ‘Per took a book from the shelf.’ |
Polish
wziąć
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Ewaryst |
wzią-ł |
książk-ę |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
take:
pfv
\
m
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ewaryst took a book.’ |
Russian
vzjatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
vzja-l |
knig-u |
s |
polk-i |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
take(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
from
|
shelf(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’ |
Serbian
uzeti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
uze-o |
knjig-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
take-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar took a book.’ |
Shughni
zêx̌tow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim=i |
kitob |
as |
tažerka-ti |
zox̌-t |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
book
|
el
|
shelf-
sup
|
take-
pst
|
| ‘Azim took a book from the shelf.’ |
Skolt Saami
väʹldded
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
vaaʹld-i |
ǩeeʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
book.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete took a book.’ |
Slovak
zobrať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
zobra-l |
knih-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
take(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter took a book.’ |
Slovenian
vzeti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
vze-l |
knjig-o |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
take:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter took a book.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
heɫ girtin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
kitêb-êk=î |
le-ser |
taq-eke |
heɫ-girt-Ø |
|
pn
|
book-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
from-head
|
shelf-
def
|
prev
-catch.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa took a book from the shelf.’ |
| Note: The 3SG.PC morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. |
Southern Rutul
laˤşuˤn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| murad-a |
kitab |
laˤşuˤ-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book
|
(
n
)take.
pf
-
indic
|
| ‘Murad took a book.’ |
Spanish
coger
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ha |
cogi-do |
un |
libro |
de=l |
estante |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
take-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
book[
sg
.
m
]
|
from=
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
shelf[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro took a book from the shelf.’ |
Svan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| maizer-d |
taro-xen |
lǝir-Ø |
än-Ø-k'id |
|
pn
-
erg
|
shelf-
abl
|
book-
nom
|
prv
:
prox
-
do
3-take
|
| ‘Maizer took a book from the shelf.’ |
Swedish
att ta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
tog |
en |
bok |
från |
hylla-n |
|
pn
|
take.
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
book
|
from
|
shelf-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
| ‘Björn took a book from the shelf.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| K<um>uha |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
libro |
|
<
av
>
pfv
.take
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
book
|
| ‘Pedro took a book.’ |
Telugu
tīsukōnu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
oka |
pustakamu |
tīsukunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
one
|
book(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
take.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen took a book.’ |
Tsugni Dargwa
k-asː-i / ka-jsː-i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| durħaˤ-li |
žuz |
ka-sː-ib |
|
boy-
erg
|
book
|
down
-take.
pfv
-
pret
(3)
|
| ‘The boy took a book.’ |
Turkish
almak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
kitab-ı |
raf-tan |
al-dı |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
shelf-
abl
|
take-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet took the book from the shelf.’ |
Ulcha
ǯapa-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə |
pēŋga-ǯi |
daŋsa-wa |
ǯapa-xa-ni |
|
this
|
male
|
child
|
shelf-
ins
|
book-
acc
|
take-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘This boy took a book from the shelf.’ |
Uzbek
olmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
kitob-ni |
ol-di |
|
pn
|
book-
acc
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja took a book.’ |
West Central Oromo
fuɗata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
kitaaba |
fuɗat-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
book.
abs
|
take-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa took a book.’ |
Zilo Andi
<r>-iχ.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di |
χutʃa |
r-iχ.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
book[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
inan
2-take.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Ali took a book.’ |
