‘take’
Argument frame: |
X
(take)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
took
a book
(from the shelf).
|
Predicate label Ru: |
взять
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(брать)
Y
(-а)
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
взял
книгу
(с полки).
|
Abaza
ʕa-χʷ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
a-phʷə́spa |
á-pχ’aga |
ʕa-l-áχʷ-ṭ |
def
-girl
|
def
-book
|
cisl
-3
sg
.
f
.
erg
-take(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘The girl took the book.’ |
Aghul
ʁuš.u-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a |
kitab |
ʁuš.u-ne |
(aškːaf.i-as) |
pn
(
erg
)
|
book
|
take.
pf
-
aor
|
bookshelf-(
in
)
elat
|
‘Aslan took a book (from the bookshelf).’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
šakəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
brata |
škəl-la |
ctava |
mən |
+ustol |
girl(
f
)
|
take.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
book(
m
)
|
from
|
table(
m
)
|
‘The girl took the book from the table.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
pegar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
peg-ou |
o |
livro |
pn
(
m
)
|
take-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
‘Pedro took a book.’ |
Catalan
agafar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
va |
agaf-ar |
un |
llibre |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
take-
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book(
m
)
|
‘Pere took a book.’ |
Czech
vzít
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petr |
vza-l |
knih-u |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
take(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petr took a book.’ |
Danish
tage
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
tog |
en |
bog |
pn
|
take.
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
book(
c
)
|
‘Peter took a book.’ |
Dutch
pakken
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
een |
boek |
ge-pak-t |
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
book(
n
)
|
ptcp
-take-
ptcp
|
‘Piet took a book.’ |
Estonian
võtma
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter |
võtt-is |
raamatu |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
book.
sg
.
gen
|
‘Peeter took a book.’ |
Finnish
ottaa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
ott-i |
kirja-n |
kirjahylly-ltä |
pn
.
nom
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
book-
gen
|
bookshelf-
abl
|
‘Pekka took a book from the shelf.’ |
Forest Enets
mu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
kirba |
mu |
ɔ |
stɔl nʲi-z |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
bread
|
take(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
table
|
surface-
abl
|
‘My friend took bread from the table’. |
German
nehmen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
nahm |
ein |
Buch |
aus |
dem |
Regal |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
take.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
book[
acc
.
sg
]
|
from
|
def
.
n
.
dat
.
sg
|
shelf[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl took a book from the shelf.’ |
Italian
prendere
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
ha |
preso |
un |
libr-o |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
take.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
book-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo took a book.’ |
Kazakh
al
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
kіtap-tï |
al-dï |
pn
|
book-
acc
|
take-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya took the book.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wŭti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
petˊa-j-en |
(nŏrǝm |
ewǝλt) |
kinška |
wŭ-s |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
(shelf
|
from)
|
book
|
take-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’ |
Latin
capio
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(Attis) |
nive-is |
citat-a |
cep-it |
man-ibus |
leve |
typan-um |
pn
(
f
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
white-
abl
.
pl
|
fast-
nom
.
sg
.
f
|
take[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
hand(
f
)-
abl
.
pl
|
lightly
|
tambour(
n
)-
acc
.
sg
|
‘(Attis) hastily took a lightweight tambour with her white hands.’ |
Note: (Cat. Carm. 63,8) |
Modern Hebrew
lakaχ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
lakaχ |
sefer |
pn
|
take[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
book
|
‘Pinchas took a book.’ |
Nanai
ǯapa-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
polka-ǯea |
daŋsa-wa |
ǯapa-xa-ni |
pn
|
shelf-
abl
|
book-
obl
|
take-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia took a book from the shelf.’ |
Nivkh
ɣеd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
pitɣəŋ |
ɣе-d |
pn
|
book
|
take-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik took a book.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å ta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
tok |
ei |
bok |
fra |
hyll-a |
pn
|
take.
pst
|
indf
.
f
.
sg
|
book
|
from
|
shelf-
def
.
f
.
sg
|
‘Per took a book from the shelf.’ |
Polish
wziąć
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Ewaryst |
wzią-ł |
książk-ę |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
take:
pfv
\
m
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Ewaryst took a book.’ |
Russian
vzjatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
vzja-l |
knig-u |
s |
polk-i |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
take(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
book(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
from
|
shelf(
f
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petja took a book from the shelf.’ |
Rutul
lešur
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a |
l-ešu-r |
kitab |
pn
-
erg
|
pv
-1.take.
pfv
-
cvb
|
book(
nom
)
|
‘Rasul took a book.’ |
Serbian
uzeo
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
je |
uze-o |
knjig-u |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
быть.
prs
.3
sg
|
взять-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
книга-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Петар взял книгу.’ |
Shughni
zêx̌tow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Azim=i |
kitob |
as |
tažerka-ti |
zox̌-t |
pn
=3
sg
|
book
|
el
|
shelf-
sup
|
take-
pst
|
‘Azim took a book from the shelf.’ |
Skolt Saami
väʹldded
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
vaaʹld-i |
ǩeeʹrj |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
take-
pst
.3
sg
|
book.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete took a book.’ |
Slovenian
vzeti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
je |
vze-l |
knjig-o |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
take:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
book-
acc
.
sg
|
‘Peter took a book.’ |
Spanish
coger
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
ha |
cogi-do |
un |
libro |
de=l |
estante |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
take-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
book[
sg
.
m
]
|
from=
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
shelf[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro took a book from the shelf.’ |
Swedish
att ta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
tog |
en |
bok |
från |
hylla-n |
pn
|
take.
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
book
|
from
|
shelf-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
‘Björn took a book from the shelf.’ |
Turkish
almak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
kitab-ı |
raf-tan |
al-dı |
pn
|
book-
acc
|
shelf-
abl
|
take-
pst
|
‘Mehmet took the book from the shelf.’ |
Ulcha
ǯapa-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
əj |
xusə |
piktə |
pēŋga-ǯi |
daŋsa-wa |
ǯapa-xa-ni |
this
|
male
|
child
|
shelf-
ins
|
book-
acc
|
take-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘This boy took a book from the shelf.’ |
Zilo Andi
<r>-iχ.i
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ali-di |
χutʃa |
r-iχ.i |
pn
-
erg
|
book[
inan
2][
nom
]
|
inan
2-take.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Ali took a book.’ |