‘understand (language)’
Argument frame: |
X
(understand)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
P.
understands
French
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
понимать#язык#
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(понимать)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
понимает
французский язык
.
|
Abaza
ʕa-[gʷə.n-]ʕʷə
Valency pattern:
LOCgwene_ABS
|
X: LOCgwene |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
fatíma |
francúz–bəzŝá |
ʕá-l-gʷə.n-ʕʷ-əj-d |
pn
|
f
rench–language
|
cisl
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
loc
-understand-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘Fatima understands French.’ |
Adyghe
qə-gʷə-rə-ʔʷe
Valency pattern:
LOC.HEART.PRV.INSTR_ABS
|
X: LOC.HEART.PRV.INSTR |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
pŝaŝe-m |
frencʷəzə–bze-r |
qə-gʷə-r-e-ʔʷe |
девушка-
obl
|
француз–язык-
abs
|
csl
-
loc
:
heart
-
instr
-
dyn
-сказать
|
‘Девушка понимает французский язык.’ |
Aghul
ʁawur.di arx.a-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
aslan |
ʡurus |
č’al.a-n |
ʁawur.di |
arx.a-a |
pn
|
russian
|
speech-
gen
|
understanding(
in
)
|
{
in
}get.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘Aslan understands Russian.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṗarmə
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
brun-i |
+ṗarmuy=əl |
lišana=ət |
suray |
son(
m
)-
p
.1
sg
|
understand.
prog
=3
m
|
language(
m
)=
rel
|
a
ssyrian.
pl
|
‘My son understands the Assyrian language.’ |
Bambara
fàamu
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
ye |
kúma |
ìn |
fàamu |
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
speech
|
this
|
understand
|
‘Seku understood these words.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
entender
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
entend-e |
francês |
pn
(
m
)
|
understand-3
sg
.
prs
|
f
rench(
m
)
|
‘Pedro understands French.’ |
Catalan
entendre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en |
Pere |
entèn |
francès |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
understand.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
f
rench(
m
)
|
‘Pere understands French.’ |
Czech
rozumět
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
rozumí |
francouzštin-ě |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
f
.
dat
.
sg
|
‘Petr understands French.’ |
Danish
forstå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
forstå-r |
fransk |
pn
|
understand-
prs
|
french(
n
).
sg
|
‘Peter understands French.’ |
Dutch
verstaan
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
verstaa-t |
Frans |
pn
(
c
)
|
understand-3
sg
|
f
rench
|
‘Piet understands French.’ |
Eastern Maninka
ɲáye
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Sékù |
yé |
fàranse` |
ɲáye-la. |
pn
|
be
|
f
rench\
art
|
understand-
inf
.
la
|
‘Seku understands French.’ |
English
understand
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
understands |
French. |
|
|
|
|
Estonian
aru saama
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
X: NOM |
Y: ELA |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
saa-b |
prantsuse |
keele-st |
aru |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
get-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench
|
language-
ela
|
wit.
sg
.
part
|
‘Peeter understands French.’ |
Finnish
ymmärtää
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
X: NOM |
Y: PART |
Locus: Y |
Pekka |
ymmärt-ää |
ranska-a |
pn
.
nom
|
understand-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
part
|
‘Pekka understands French.’ |
Forest Enets
kameku
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
dʲurak |
baza |
kamekuɔ-za |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
n
enets
|
language
|
understand(
ipfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
‘My friend understands the Nenets language’. |
French
comprendre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
comprend |
l’ |
allemand |
pn
(
m
)
|
understand.
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
g
erman(
m
)
|
‘Paul understands German.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-sm-i-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
p'et're-s |
prangul-i |
Ø-e-sm-i-s |
pn
-
dat
|
f
rench-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-hear-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘Petre understands French.’ |
German
verstehen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
versteh-t |
Französisch |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench[
acc
.
sg
}
|
‘Karl understands French.’ |
Note: In this example, the second argument is not a real NP, but with different arguments, the pattern is clearly transitive. |
Irish
tuig
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Tuig-eann |
Pól |
Fraincis. |
understand-
prs
|
pn
|
f
rench
|
‘Pól understands French.’ |
Italian
capire
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo |
capisc-e |
il |
frances-e |
pn
(
m
)
|
understand-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
f
rench-
sg
.
m
|
‘Leo understands French.’ |
Kalderash Romani
aťarəl
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
o |
Murš-a |
aťarə-l |
francusko |
śib |
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
understand-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench
|
language[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Murša understands French.’ |
Kazakh
tüs-іn
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
frantsuwz |
tіl-і-n |
tüs-іn-edі |
pn
|
f
rench
|
language-
poss
3-
acc
|
understand-
refl
-
prs
2.3
sg
|
‘Petya understands the French language.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǫλti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
pet’a-j-en |
χǎnti |
jasǝŋ |
χǫλ |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
k
hanty
|
language
|
hear.
npst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Petja understands the Khanty language.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
X: DAT |
Y: ABS |
Locus: X |
di-l |
dahab |
bič’i:da |
aƛ'ilzis |
mec |
1
sg
.
o
-
dat
|
небольшой
|
понимать\
gnt
|
хваршинский
|
язык(
iii
)
|
‘Я немного понимаю хваршинский язык.’. |
Kina Rutul
gijirq’ara
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUB |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
francuskij |
č’ilɨ-χda |
gi-jirq’a-r=a |
pn
(
nom
)
|
french
|
language.
obl
-
sub
|
pv
-1.understand.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul understands French.’ |
Latin
scio
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
is |
omn-is |
lingu-as |
sci-t, |
sed |
dissimula-t |
sci-ens |
ne |
sci-re |
that.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
each-
acc
.
pl
|
language(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
know[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
but
|
hide[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
know-
prs
.
ptcp
.
act
.
nom
.
sg
|
not
|
know[
prs
.
act
]-
inf
|
‘He knows all languages, but, knowing them, simulates not knowing (them).’ |
Note: (Pl. Poen. 112) |
Mandarin Chinese
dǒng
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
dǒng |
fǎyǔ |
pn
|
understand
|
f
rench
|
‘Zhangsan understands French.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-a-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
čelo-s |
prangul-(i) |
Ø-a-rčkil-e(n)-Ø. |
pn
-
dat
|
f
rench-(
nom
)
|
io
3-
pot
-hear-
pot
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
‘Chelo understands French.’ |
Note: The verb is the lexicalized potential form of ‘to hear’. |
Modern Hebrew
mevin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas |
mevin |
tsarfatit |
pn
|
understand[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
f
rench
|
‘Pinchas understands French.’ |
Nanai
otoli-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
francuskij |
xəsə-wə |
otoli-ni |
pn
|
f
rench
|
word-
obl
|
be_able.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia understands French.’ |
Nivkh
jajmd
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik |
lоci |
+ |
duf |
j-ajm-d |
pn
|
r
ussian
|
+
|
language
|
3
sg
-understand-
ind
|
‘Kaskazik understands Russian.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
möri=
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Sǝmiǝn |
čupčǝ-d-аrū-lǝ |
mǝ |
möri-m |
pn
|
c
hukchi-
gen
-language-
acc
|
aff
|
understand-
tr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien understands Chukchi.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å forstå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
forstå-r |
fransk |
pn
|
understand-
prs
|
f
rench
|
‘Per understands French.’ |
Polish
rozumieć
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Staszek |
rozumie |
język |
francusk-i |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
language[
acc
.
sg
]
|
f
rench-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
‘Staszek understands French.’ |
Russian
ponimatʹ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja |
ponima-et |
francuzsk-ij |
jazyk |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
understand(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
language(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Petja understands French.’ |
Serbian
razumeti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar |
razume |
francusk-i |
jezik |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
understand.
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
language.
acc
.
sg
|
‘Petar understands French.’ |
Shughni
fāmtow
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Saida |
xuɣ̌nůni |
fam-t |
pn
|
s
hughni
|
know-3
sg
|
‘Saida understands Shughni.’ |
Skolt Saami
fiʹttjed
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt |
fiʹttai |
franskk-ǩiõl |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
understand.
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-language.
sg
.
acc
|
‘Pete understands French.’ |
Slovak
rozumieť
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
rozumie |
francúzštin-e |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
|
‘Peter understands French.’ |
Slovenian
razumeti
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter |
razume |
francosk-i |
jezik |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
language[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Peter understands French.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
têgeîʂtin
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Hîwa |
Fer̂anseî |
tê-de-g-a |
pn
|
f
rench
|
prev
-
ind
-arrive.
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Hiwa understands French.’ |
Spanish
entender
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
entiend-e |
el |
francés |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
understand-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
f
rench[
sg
.
m
]
|
‘Pedro understands French.’ |
Swedish
att förstå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn |
förstå-r |
franska |
pn
|
understand-
prs
|
f
rench
|
‘Björn understands French.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: ACT |
Y: UND |
Locus: TR |
Naka-ka~intindi |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
French |
potav
-
ipfv
~understand
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
f
rench
|
‘Pedro understands French.’ |
Telugu
arthamu agu
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
X: DAT |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
pravīṇ-ki |
preṁcibhāṣa |
artham' |
avutuṁdi |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
f
rench_language(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
meaning(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
become.
npst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘Praveen understands French.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Turkish
anlamak
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet |
Fransız |
dil-i-ni |
anlı-yor |
pn
|
f
rench
|
language-
p
.3-
acc
|
understand-
prs
|
‘Mehmet understands the French language.’ |
Ulcha
utuli-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
ama |
nāńi |
xəsə-wə-n |
utul-i-ni |
father
|
u
lcha
|
word-
acc
-3
sg
|
understand-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘Father understands Ulcha.’ |
Uzbek
tušunmoq
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya |
francuz |
tili-ni |
tušun-a-di |
pn
|
f
rench
|
language-
acc
|
understand-
prs
2-3
sg
|
‘Petja understands French.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗagaʔa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
boontuu-n |
afaan |
faransaayii |
ɗageessi |
pn
-
nom
|
language.
abs
|
f
rance.
gen
|
hear.3
sg
.
f
.
ipfv
|
‘Bontu understands French.’ |
Zilo Andi
batʃ’ː.u-mado
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
X: AFF |
Y: NOM |
Locus: X |
he-ge-ʃːu-<b>o |
b-atʃ’ː.u-mado |
hin-gi-b-ul |
roʃol |
dem
-
ll
-
obl
-
aff
<
inan
1>
|
inan
1-
pl
\understand.
pst
-
prog
|
dem
-
ll
-
inan
1-
pl
[
nom
]
|
word[
inan
1].
pl
[
nom
]
|
‘He understands these words.’ |