‘understand (language)’
| Argument frame: |
X
(understand)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
understands
French
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
понимать#язык#
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(понимать)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
понимает
французский язык
.
|
Abaza
ʕa-[gʷə.n-]ʕʷə
|
Valency pattern:
LOCgwene_ABS
|
| X: LOCgwene |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| fatíma |
francúz–bəzŝá |
ʕá-l-gʷə.n-ʕʷ-əj-d |
|
pn
|
f
rench–language
|
cisl
-3
sg
.
f
.
io
-
loc
-understand-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Fatima understands French.’ |
Adyghe
qə-gʷə-rə-ʔʷe
|
Valency pattern:
LOC.HEART.PRV.INSTR_ABS
|
| X: LOC.HEART.PRV.INSTR |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| pŝaŝe-m |
frencʷəzə–bze-r |
qə-gʷə-r-e-ʔʷe |
|
девушка-
obl
|
француз–язык-
abs
|
csl
-
loc
:
heart
-
instr
-
dyn
-сказать
|
| ‘Девушка понимает французский язык.’ |
Aghul
ʁawur.di arx.a-
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| aslan |
ʡurus |
č’al.a-n |
ʁawur.di |
arx.a-a |
|
pn
|
russian
|
speech-
gen
|
understanding(
in
)
|
{
in
}get.
ipf
-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan understands Russian.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+ṗarmə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| brun-i |
+ṗarmuy=əl |
lišana=ət |
suray |
|
son(
m
)-
p
.1
sg
|
understand.
prog
=3
m
|
language(
m
)=
rel
|
a
ssyrian.
pl
|
| ‘My son understands the Assyrian language.’ |
Bambara
fàamu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
kúma |
ìn |
fàamu |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
speech
|
this
|
understand
|
| ‘Seku understood these words.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
entender
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
entend-e |
francês |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
understand-3
sg
.
prs
|
f
rench(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro understands French.’ |
Catalan
entendre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
entèn |
francès |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
understand.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
f
rench(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere understands French.’ |
Czech
rozumět
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
rozumí |
francouzštin-ě |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
f
.
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr understands French.’ |
Danish
forstå
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
forstå-r |
fransk |
|
pn
|
understand-
prs
|
french(
n
).
sg
|
| ‘Peter understands French.’ |
Dutch
verstaan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
verstaa-t |
Frans |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
understand-3
sg
|
f
rench
|
| ‘Piet understands French.’ |
Eastern Maninka
ɲáye
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
yé |
fàranse` |
ɲáye-la. |
|
pn
|
be
|
f
rench\
art
|
understand-
inf
.
la
|
| ‘Seku understands French.’ |
English
understand
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
understands |
French. |
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
aru saama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_ELA
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ELA |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
saa-b |
prantsuse |
keele-st |
aru |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
get-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench
|
language-
ela
|
wit.
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter understands French.’ |
Finnish
ymmärtää
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
ymmärt-ää |
ranska-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
understand-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
part
|
| ‘Pekka understands French.’ |
Forest Enets
kameku
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
dʲurak |
baza |
kamekuɔ-za |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
n
enets
|
language
|
understand(
ipfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend understands the Nenets language’. |
French
comprendre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
comprend |
l’ |
allemand |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
understand.
prs
.3
sg
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
g
erman(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul understands German.’ |
Georgian
Ø-e-sm-i-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
prangul-i |
Ø-e-sm-i-s |
|
pn
-
dat
|
f
rench-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-hear-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre understands French.’ |
German
verstehen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
versteh-t |
Französisch |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench[
acc
.
sg
}
|
| ‘Karl understands French.’ |
| Note: In this example, the second argument is not a real NP, but with different arguments, the pattern is clearly transitive. |
Irish
tuig
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Tuig-eann |
Pól |
Fraincis. |
|
understand-
prs
|
pn
|
f
rench
|
| ‘Pól understands French.’ |
Italian
capire
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
capisc-e |
il |
frances-e |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
understand-3
sg
.
prs
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
f
rench-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo understands French.’ |
Kalderash Romani
aťarəl
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
aťarə-l |
francusko |
śib |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
understand-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench
|
language[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Murša understands French.’ |
Kazakh
tüs-іn
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
frantsuwz |
tіl-і-n |
tüs-іn-edі |
|
pn
|
f
rench
|
language-
poss
3-
acc
|
understand-
refl
-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya understands the French language.’ |
Kazym Khanty
χǫλti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
χǎnti |
jasǝŋ |
χǫλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
k
hanty
|
language
|
hear.
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja understands the Khanty language.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| di-l |
dahab |
bič’i:da |
aƛ'ilzis |
mec |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
dat
|
небольшой
|
понимать\
gnt
|
хваршинский
|
язык(
iii
)
|
| ‘Я немного понимаю хваршинский язык.’. |
Kina Rutul
gijirq’ara
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUB
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: SUB |
| Locus: Y |
| rasul |
francuskij |
č’ilɨ-χda |
gi-jirq’a-r=a |
|
pn
(
nom
)
|
french
|
language.
obl
-
sub
|
pv
-1.understand.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul understands French.’ |
Latin
scio
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| is |
omn-is |
lingu-as |
sci-t, |
sed |
dissimula-t |
sci-ens |
ne |
sci-re |
|
that.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
each-
acc
.
pl
|
language(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
know[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
but
|
hide[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
know-
prs
.
ptcp
.
act
.
nom
.
sg
|
not
|
know[
prs
.
act
]-
inf
|
| ‘He knows all languages, but, knowing them, simulates not knowing (them).’ |
| Note: (Pl. Poen. 112) |
Mandarin Chinese
dǒng
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
dǒng |
fǎyǔ |
|
pn
|
understand
|
f
rench
|
| ‘Zhangsan understands French.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-a-rčkil-en-Ø (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
prangul-(i) |
Ø-a-rčkil-e(n)-Ø. |
|
pn
-
dat
|
f
rench-(
nom
)
|
io
3-
pot
-hear-
pot
-
s
3
sg
.
inact
|
| ‘Chelo understands French.’ |
| Note: The verb is the lexicalized potential form of ‘to hear’. |
Modern Hebrew
mevin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
mevin |
tsarfatit |
|
pn
|
understand[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
f
rench
|
| ‘Pinchas understands French.’ |
Nanai
otoli-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
francuskij |
xəsə-wə |
otoli-ni |
|
pn
|
f
rench
|
word-
obl
|
be_able.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia understands French.’ |
Nivkh
jajmd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
lоci |
+ |
duf |
j-ajm-d |
|
pn
|
r
ussian
|
+
|
language
|
3
sg
-understand-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik understands Russian.’ |
Northern Mansi
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Yukaghir
möri=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
čupčǝ-d-аrū-lǝ |
mǝ |
möri-m |
|
pn
|
c
hukchi-
gen
-language-
acc
|
aff
|
understand-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien understands Chukchi.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å forstå
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
forstå-r |
fransk |
|
pn
|
understand-
prs
|
f
rench
|
| ‘Per understands French.’ |
Polish
rozumieć
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Staszek |
rozumie |
język |
francusk-i |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
language[
acc
.
sg
]
|
f
rench-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Staszek understands French.’ |
Russian
ponimatʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
ponima-et |
francuzsk-ij |
jazyk |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
understand(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
language(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja understands French.’ |
Serbian
razumeti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
razume |
francusk-i |
jezik |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
understand.
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
language.
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar understands French.’ |
Shughni
fāmtow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Saida |
xuɣ̌nůni |
fam-t |
|
pn
|
s
hughni
|
know-3
sg
|
| ‘Saida understands Shughni.’ |
Skolt Saami
fiʹttjed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
fiʹttai |
franskk-ǩiõl |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
understand.
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-language.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete understands French.’ |
Slovak
rozumieť
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: DAT |
| Locus: Y |
| Peter |
rozumie |
francúzštin-e |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench(
f
)-
dat
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter understands French.’ |
Slovenian
razumeti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
razume |
francosk-i |
jezik |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
understand:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
f
rench-
acc
.
sg
.
m
|
language[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Peter understands French.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
têgeîʂtin
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
Fer̂anseî |
tê-de-g-a |
|
pn
|
f
rench
|
prev
-
ind
-arrive.
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa understands French.’ |
Spanish
entender
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
entiend-e |
el |
francés |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
understand-
prs
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
f
rench[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro understands French.’ |
Swedish
att förstå
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
förstå-r |
franska |
|
pn
|
understand-
prs
|
f
rench
|
| ‘Björn understands French.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| Naka-ka~intindi |
si |
Pedro |
ng |
French |
|
potav
-
ipfv
~understand
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
gen
|
f
rench
|
| ‘Pedro understands French.’ |
Telugu
arthamu agu
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pravīṇ-ki |
preṁcibhāṣa |
artham' |
avutuṁdi |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
f
rench_language(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
meaning(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
become.
npst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
| ‘Praveen understands French.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Turkish
anlamak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
Fransız |
dil-i-ni |
anlı-yor |
|
pn
|
f
rench
|
language-
p
.3-
acc
|
understand-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet understands the French language.’ |
Ulcha
utuli-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
nāńi |
xəsə-wə-n |
utul-i-ni |
|
father
|
u
lcha
|
word-
acc
-3
sg
|
understand-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father understands Ulcha.’ |
Uzbek
tušunmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
francuz |
tili-ni |
tušun-a-di |
|
pn
|
f
rench
|
language-
acc
|
understand-
prs
2-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja understands French.’ |
West Central Oromo
ɗagaʔa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| boontuu-n |
afaan |
faransaayii |
ɗageessi |
|
pn
-
nom
|
language.
abs
|
f
rance.
gen
|
hear.3
sg
.
f
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Bontu understands French.’ |
Zilo Andi
batʃ’ː.u-mado
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| he-ge-ʃːu-<b>o |
b-atʃ’ː.u-mado |
hin-gi-b-ul |
roʃol |
|
dem
-
ll
-
obl
-
aff
<
inan
1>
|
inan
1-
pl
\understand.
pst
-
prog
|
dem
-
ll
-
inan
1-
pl
[
nom
]
|
word[
inan
1].
pl
[
nom
]
|
| ‘He understands these words.’ |
