BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘melt’

Argument frame: X (melt) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. melted a piece of lead .
Predicate label Ru: плавить
Argument frame Ru: X (плавить) Y
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. расплавил кусок свинца .

Abaza r.ĉa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
a-nχaʕʷə́ ájχa–čət-ḳ jə́-r-ĉa-d
def -worker metal–piece- indf 3 sg . m . erg - caus -melt( aor )- dcl
‘The worker melted a piece of metal.’

Aghul uc’.u-

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
aslan.a qːurqːušum uc’.u-ne
pn ( erg ) lead melt. pf - aor
‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’
Note: Labile verb.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic mapšər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
yala mupšər-rə prəzla
boy( m ) melt(tr). pst - ls .3 m iron( m )
‘The boy melted the iron.’

Brazilian Portuguese derreter

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro derret-eu um pedaço de chumbo
pn ( m ) melt-3 sg . pst indf piece( m ) of lead( m )
‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’

Catalan desfer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va desf-er un troç de plom
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind melt- inf indf . sg . m piece( m ) of lead( m )
‘Pere melted a piece of lead.’

Czech roztavit

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr roztavi-l kousek olov-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] piece( m )[ acc . sg ] lead( n )- gen . sg
‘Petr melted a piece of lead.’

Danish smelte

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter smelte-de et stykke bly
pn melt- pst indf . sg piece( n ) lead( c ). sg
‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’

Dutch smelten

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft een stuk lood ge-smolt-en
pn ( c ) have.3 sg art . indf piece( n ) lead( n ) ptcp -melt- ptcp
‘Piet melted a piece of lead.’

Estonian sulatama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter sulata-s tüki plii-d
pn . sg . nom melt- pst .3 sg piece. sg . gen lead- sg . part
‘Peeter melted a piece of lead.’

Finnish sulattaa

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka sulatt-i metallipala-n
pn . nom melt- pst .3 sg piece.of.metal- gen
‘Pekka melted a piece of metal.’

Forest Enets dʲuta

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ salba-da dʲuta
i man- nom . sg .1 sg ice- obl . sg .3 sg heat( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend melted the ice’.

German schmelzen

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl schmolz ein Stück Blei
pn [ nom . sg ] melt. pst .3 sg indf [ n . acc . sg ] piece[ acc . sg ] lead[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl melted a piece of lead.’

Italian fondere

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha fuso un pezz-o di piomb-o
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs melt. pst . ptcp indf . sg . m piece- sg . m of lead- sg . m
‘Leo melted a piece of lead.’

Kazakh balqït

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya sviynets-tі balqï-t-tï
pn lead- acc melt- caus - pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya melted a piece of lead.’

Kazym Khanty λǒλtti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en λǒλpi λǒλt-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg lead melt- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’

Latin liquefacio

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
patr-es congest-a-que flamm-a tur-a liquefaci-unt
father( m )- nom . pl gather. prf . ptcp . pass - abl . sg . f -and fire( f )- abl . sg tar( n )- acc . pl melt[ prs . ind ]- act .3 pl
‘And fathers melt the tars gathered on the flame.’
Note: (Ov. Met. VII, 161)

Modern Hebrew hitiχ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas hitiχ pisa-t oferet
pn melt[ pst .3 sg . m ] piece- cs lead
‘Pinchas melted a piece of lead.’

Nanai uumbuwən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia toǯa pase-wa-n’ uu-mbuwəŋ-ki-ni
pn lead piece- obl - p .3 sg melt- caus - pst - p .3 sg
‘Petia melted a piece of lead.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Norwegian Bokmål å smelte

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per smelte-t en bit bly
pn melt- pst indf . m . sg piece lead
‘Per melted a piece of lead.’

Polish roztopić

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Staszek roztopi-ł kawałek ołowi-u
pn [ nom . sg ] melt: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] piece[ acc . sg ] lead- gen . sg
‘Staszek melted a piece of lead.’

Russian rasplavitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja rasplavi-l kusok svinc-a
pn ( m )- nom . sg melt( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] piece( m )[ acc . sg ] lead( m )- gen . sg
‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’

Rutul jic’a hɨɁɨraj

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
rasul-a jic’-a hɨɁɨ-r=a-j tike ɢurʁušin-ad
pn - erg 4.melt- imp 4.do. pfv - cvb =be- pst piece( nom ) lead- attr
‘Rasul melted a piece of lead.’

Serbian rastopio

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je rastopi-o komad olov-a
pn . nom . sg быть. prs .3 sg расплавить- part . perf .М. sg кусок- acc . sg свинец- gen . sg . n
‘Петар расплавил кусок свинца.’

Shughni ob čīdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Azim=i tillo kande ob čūd
pn =3 sg gold piece water do. pst
‘Azim melted a piece of gold.’

Skolt Saami suddeed

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt suddi-i lââʹjj-kuuʹsǩ
pn . sg . nom melt- pst .3 sg lead-piece. sg . acc
‘Pete melted a piece of lead.’

Slovenian razstopiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je razstopi-l kos svinc-a
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg melt: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] piece[ acc . sg ] lead- gen . sg
‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’

Spanish fundir

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro fundi-ó un trozo de plomo
pn [ sg ] melt- aor .3 sg art . ndef . sg . m piece[ sg . m ] from lead[ sg . m ]
‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’

Swedish att smälta

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn smält-e en bit bly
pn melt- pst indf . c . sg piece lead
‘Björn melted a piece of lead.’

Turkish eritmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet buz-u erit-ti
pn ice- acc melt- pst
‘Mehmet melted the ice.’

Ulcha umbuwən-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ama ǯū-wə um-buwən-či-ni
father ice- acc melt- caus - pst -3 sg
‘Father melted the ice.’

Zilo Andi <b>-uts’-oɬ.i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di b-uts’-oɬ.i t’uʃi
pn - erg inan 1-melt- caus . pst ( aor ) lead
‘Ali has melted some lead.’