‘melt’
| Argument frame: |
X
(melt)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
melted
a piece of lead
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
плавить
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(плавить)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
расплавил
кусок свинца
.
|
Abaza
r.ĉa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| a-nχaʕʷə́ |
ájχa–čət-ḳ |
jə́-r-ĉa-d |
|
def
-worker
|
metal–piece-
indf
|
3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-
caus
-melt(
aor
)-
dcl
|
| ‘The worker melted a piece of metal.’ |
Adyghe
ʁe-tḳʷə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| ležʼaḳʷe-m |
pceṣ̂ʷe–taqərə-r |
ə-ʁe-tḳʷə-ʁ |
|
рабочий-
obl
|
свинец–кусок-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
caus
-таять-
pst
|
| ‘Рабочий расплавил кусок свинца.’ |
Aghul
uc’.u-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
qːurqːušum |
uc’.u-ne |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
lead
|
melt.
pf
-
aor
|
| ‘Aslan melted a piece of lead.’ |
| Note: Labile verb. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
mapšər
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| yala |
mupšər-rə |
prəzla |
|
boy(
m
)
|
melt(tr).
pst
-
ls
.3
m
|
iron(
m
)
|
| ‘The boy melted the iron.’ |
Bambara
yèelen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
sánu-mugu` |
yèelen |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
gold-powder\
art
|
melt
|
| ‘Seku melted the gold-dust.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
derreter
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
derret-eu |
um |
pedaço |
de |
chumbo |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
melt-3
sg
.
pst
|
indf
|
piece(
m
)
|
of
|
lead(
m
)
|
| ‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’ |
Catalan
desfer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
desf-er |
un |
troç |
de |
plom |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
melt-
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
piece(
m
)
|
of
|
lead(
m
)
|
| ‘Pere melted a piece of lead.’ |
Czech
roztavit
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
roztavi-l |
kousek |
olov-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
melt(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
piece(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
lead(
n
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr melted a piece of lead.’ |
Danish
smelte
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
smelte-de |
et |
stykke |
bly |
|
pn
|
melt-
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
piece(
n
)
|
lead(
c
).
sg
|
| ‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’ |
Dutch
smelten
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
heeft |
een |
stuk |
lood |
ge-smolt-en |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
indf
|
piece(
n
)
|
lead(
n
)
|
ptcp
-melt-
ptcp
|
| ‘Piet melted a piece of lead.’ |
Eastern Maninka
yèlen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
kà |
sánin` |
yèlen. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
gold\
art
|
melt
|
| ‘Seku melt gold.’ |
English
melt
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
melted |
a |
piece |
of |
lead. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
sulatama
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
sulata-s |
tüki |
plii-d |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
melt-
pst
.3
sg
|
piece.
sg
.
gen
|
lead-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter melted a piece of lead.’ |
Finnish
sulattaa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
sulatt-i |
metallipala-n |
|
pn
.
nom
|
melt-
pst
.3
sg
|
piece.of.metal-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka melted a piece of metal.’ |
Forest Enets
dʲuta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
salba-da |
dʲuta |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
ice-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
heat(
pfv
).3
sg
.
s
|
| ‘My friend melted the ice’. |
French
faire fondre
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
faire |
fondre |
un |
morceau |
de |
plomb |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
make.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
melt.
inf
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
piece(
m
)
|
of
|
lead(
m
)
|
| ‘Paul melted a piece of lead.’ |
Georgian
da-Ø-a-dn-ob-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
t'q'vi-is |
nač'er-i |
da-Ø-a-dn-o |
|
pn
-
erg
|
lead-
gen
|
piece-
nom
|
prv
:downward-
do
3-
fact
-melt-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Petre melted a piece of lead.’ |
German
schmelzen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
schmolz |
ein |
Stück |
Blei |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
melt.
pst
.3
sg
|
indf
[
n
.
acc
.
sg
]
|
piece[
acc
.
sg
]
|
lead[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl melted a piece of lead.’ |
Irish
leáigh
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Do=leáigh |
Pól |
píosa |
luaidhe. |
|
pst
=melt
|
pn
|
piece
|
lead(
gs
)
|
| ‘Pól melted a piece of lead.’ |
Italian
fondere
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
fuso |
un |
pezz-o |
di |
piomb-o |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
melt.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
piece-
sg
.
m
|
of
|
lead-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo melted a piece of lead.’ |
Kalderash Romani
bilavel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
bila-ď-a |
kotor |
molivi |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
melt-
pst
-3
sg
|
piece[
acc
.
sg
]
|
lead[
nom
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Murša melted a piece of lead.’ |
Kazakh
balqït
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
sviynets-tі |
balqï-t-tï |
|
pn
|
lead-
acc
|
melt-
caus
-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya melted a piece of lead.’ |
Kazym Khanty
λǒλtti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
λǒλpi |
λǒλt-ǝs |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
lead
|
melt-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| de |
j-enca-χ-χa |
šitomihi |
|
1
sg
.
erg
|
v
-плавиться-
caus
-
pst
.
d
|
ложка(
v
)
|
| ‘Я расплавила ложку.’ |
Kina Rutul
jic’a hɨɁɨraj
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
jic’-a |
hɨɁɨ-r=a-j |
tike |
ɢurʁušin-ad |
|
pn
-
erg
|
4.melt-
imp
|
4.do.
pfv
-
cvb
=be-
pst
|
piece(
nom
)
|
lead-
attr
|
| ‘Rasul melted a piece of lead.’ |
Latin
liquefacio
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| patr-es |
congest-a-que |
flamm-a |
tur-a |
liquefaci-unt |
|
father(
m
)-
nom
.
pl
|
gather.
prf
.
ptcp
.
pass
-
abl
.
sg
.
f
-and
|
fire(
f
)-
abl
.
sg
|
tar(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
melt[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
pl
|
| ‘And fathers melt the tars gathered on the flame.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Met. VII, 161) |
Mandarin Chinese
rónghuà
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
rónghuà |
le |
yí-kuài |
qiān |
|
pn
|
melt
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
lead
|
| ‘Zhangsan melted a piece of lead.’ |
Mingrelian
d-Ø-a-ndγul-u-an-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
t'q'via-š |
noč'k'er-(i) |
d-Ø-a-ndγul-u. |
|
pn
-
erg
|
lead-
gen
|
piece-(
nom
)
|
prv
-
do
3-
fact
-melt-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
| ‘Chelo melted a piece of lead.’ |
Modern Hebrew
hitiχ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
hitiχ |
pisa-t |
oferet |
|
pn
|
melt[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
piece-
cs
|
lead
|
| ‘Pinchas melted a piece of lead.’ |
Nanai
uumbuwən-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
toǯa |
pase-wa-n’ |
uu-mbuwəŋ-ki-ni |
|
pn
|
lead
|
piece-
obl
-
p
.3
sg
|
melt-
caus
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia melted a piece of lead.’ |
Nivkh
*
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| * |
|
*
|
| * |
| Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
toltǝs
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| xum |
kēr |
tolt-ǝs |
|
man
|
iron
|
melt-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘The man melted the iron.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
alˈа̄s=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
svinjeс |
köjlǝ-k |
аlˈа̄-s-mǝ-lǝ |
|
pn
|
lead
|
piece-
foc
|
melt-
caus
-
tr
-
of
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien melted a piece of lead.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å smelte
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
smelte-t |
en |
bit |
bly |
|
pn
|
melt-
pst
|
indf
.
m
.
sg
|
piece
|
lead
|
| ‘Per melted a piece of lead.’ |
Polish
roztopić
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Staszek |
roztopi-ł |
kawałek |
ołowi-u |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
melt:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
piece[
acc
.
sg
]
|
lead-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Staszek melted a piece of lead.’ |
Russian
rasplavitʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
rasplavi-l |
kusok |
svinc-a |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
melt(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
piece(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
lead(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja melted a piece of lead.’ |
Serbian
rastopiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
rastopi-o |
komad |
olov-a |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
melt-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
piece-
acc
.
sg
|
lead-
gen
.
sg
.
n
|
| ‘Petar melted a piece of lead.’ |
Shughni
ob čīdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Azim=i |
tillo |
kande |
ob |
čūd |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
gold
|
piece
|
water
|
do.
pst
|
| ‘Azim melted a piece of gold.’ |
Skolt Saami
suddeed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
suddi-i |
lââʹjj-kuuʹsǩ |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
melt-
pst
.3
sg
|
lead-piece.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete melted a piece of lead.’ |
Slovak
roztaviť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
roztavi-l |
kus |
olov-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
melt(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
piece(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
lead(
n
)-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’ |
Slovenian
razstopiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
razstopi-l |
kos |
svinc-a |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
melt:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
piece[
acc
.
sg
]
|
lead-
gen
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter melted a piece of lead.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
tuwandinewe
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Hîwa |
let-êk |
qeɫay=î |
tuwand-Ø-ewe |
|
pn
|
piece-
indf
|
lead=3
sg
.
pc
|
melt.
pst
-3
sg
-
asp
|
| ‘Hiwa melted a piece of lead.’ |
Spanish
fundir
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
fundi-ó |
un |
trozo |
de |
plomo |
|
pn
[
sg
]
|
melt-
aor
.3
sg
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
m
|
piece[
sg
.
m
]
|
from
|
lead[
sg
.
m
]
|
| ‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’ |
Swedish
att smälta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
smält-e |
en |
bit |
bly |
|
pn
|
melt-
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
piece
|
lead
|
| ‘Björn melted a piece of lead.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| T<in>unaw |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
piraso |
ng |
tingga |
|
<
pv
>
pfv
.melt
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
piece
|
gen
|
lead
|
| ‘Pedro melted a piece of lead.’ |
Telugu
karigiṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
oka |
lēḍu |
mukka-ni |
karigiṁcāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
one
|
lead(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
piece(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
melt.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen melted a piece of lead.’ |
Turkish
eritmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
buz-u |
erit-ti |
|
pn
|
ice-
acc
|
melt-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet melted the ice.’ |
Ulcha
umbuwən-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ama |
ǯū-wə |
um-buwən-či-ni |
|
father
|
ice-
acc
|
melt-
caus
-
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Father melted the ice.’ |
Uzbek
eritmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
qo’rɣošin-ni |
erit-ti |
|
pn
|
lead-
acc
|
melt-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja melted some lead.’ |
West Central Oromo
bak'sa
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
liidii |
t'ik'k'oo |
tokko |
bak'-s-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
lead.
abs
|
small.
abs
|
one
|
melt-
caus
-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa melted a piece of lead.’ |
Zilo Andi
<b>-uts’-oɬ.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di |
b-uts’-oɬ.i |
t’uʃi |
|
pn
-
erg
|
inan
1-melt-
caus
.
pst
(
aor
)
|
lead
|
| ‘Ali has melted some lead.’ |
