BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘love (person)’

Argument frame: X (love) Y
Stimulus sentence: P. loves M .
Predicate label Ru: любить#человека#
Argument frame Ru: X (любить) Y -а (сына)
Stimulus sentence Ru: П. любит М .

Abaza bzəj ba

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
murád fatíma bzə́j də-j-b-ə́j-d
pn pn well 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . m . erg -see- prs - dcl
‘Murad loves Fatima.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ṣ̂ʷə λeʁʷə

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
č̣ʼale-m pŝaŝe-r ṣ̂ʷə j-e-λeʁʷə
guy- obl girl- abs good 3 sg . erg - dyn -see
‘The guy loves the girl.’

Aghul kːande-

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
aslan.a-s fat’ima kːande-a
pn - dat pn love- prs
‘Aslan loves Fatima.’

Alik Kryz ikayc

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
terlan-iz leyla iukva-cu
pn - dat pn f .want. pfv - perf . f
‘Terlan loves Leyla.’

Archi

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
moħommad-li-s patʼimat ʟʼan-ši d-i
pn - obl - dat pn love- cvb . ipfv 2-be
‘Muhammad loves Patimat.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +bayyə

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
gavr-o +bəbah-o=lə baxt-u
man( m )- p .3 f love. prog - p .3 f =3 m woman( f )- p .3 m
‘Husband loves his wife.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker. +bəbah is a dialect variant of the progressive stem (+byay in the Urmi dialect).

Avar boƛ’ize

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕali-e marjam j-oƛ’-ula
pn - dat pn f -want- ipf
‘Ali loves Marjam.’

Azerbaijani sevmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan Leyla-nı sev-ir
pn pn - acc love- ipfv (3)
‘Aslan loves Leyla.’

Bambara kànu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù Fántà kànu
pn ipfv pn love
‘Seku loves Fanta.’

Brazilian Portuguese amar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro am-a Maria
pn ( m ) love-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Pedro loves Maria.’

Catalan estimar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere estim-a la Maria
def . sg . m pn ( m ) love-3 sg . prs . ind def . sg . f pn ( f )
‘Pere loves Maria.’

Chirag b-ikː-

Valency pattern: SUPER_ABS
X: SUPER
Y: ABS
Locus: X
ʡa̰li-l-i pat’imat r-ikː-le
pn - obl - super pn ( abs ) f . sg -love: ipf - prs . dur .3
‘Ali loves Patimat.’

Czech milovat

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr miluje Michal-a
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Petr loves Michal.’

Danish elske

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter elske-r Marie
pn love- prs pn
‘Peter loves Marie.’

Dutch houden

Valency pattern: SBJ_van
X: SBJ
Y: van
Locus: Y
Piet houd-t van Marie
pn ( c ) hold-3 sg from pn ( c )
‘Piet loves Marie.’

Eastern Maninka dúman

Valency pattern: nye_SBJ
X: nye
Y: SBJ
Locus: X
Fántà dúman Sékù ɲɛ́.
pn pleasant pn before
‘Seku loves Fanta.’
Note: Non-verbal predication.

English love

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter loves Mary.

Estonian armastama

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Peeter armasta-b Mareti-t
pn . sg . nom love- prs .3 sg pn - sg . part
‘Peeter loves Maret.’

Finnish rakastaa

Valency pattern: NOM_PART
X: NOM
Y: PART
Locus: Y
Pekka rakast-aa Matti-a
pn . nom love- prs .3 sg pn - part
‘Pekka loves Matti’

Forest Enets kɔmita

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
modʲi kasa-jʔ nɛ-da kɔmita-za
i man- nom . sg .1 sg woman- obl . sg .3 sg like( ipfv )-3 sg . so sg
‘My friend loves his wife’.

French aimer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul aime Marie
pn ( m ) love. prs .3 sg pn ( f )
‘Paul loves Marie.’

Georgian Ø-u-q'var-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
p'et're-s mašo-Ø Ø-u-q'var-s
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : o -love- s 3 sg
‘Petre loves Masho.’

German lieben

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl lieb-t Marie
pn [ nom . sg ] love- prs .3 sg pn [ acc . sg ]
‘Karl loves Marie.’

Guinean Kpelle wɛ́li káa

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hɛ́ni wɛ́li káa Pépèe ɓà
pn love cop pn on1
‘Pepee loves Heni.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Icari Dargwa r=ičː-aq-uj

Valency pattern: SUPLAT_ABS
X: SUPLAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
Islam-lij Madina r=ikːʷ-il-ca=r
pn - suplat pn . abs f =love: ipf - conv - cop = f
‘Islam loves Madina.’

Irish bí grá

Valency pattern: aige_do(PREP)
X: aige
Y: do(PREP)
Locus: XY
grá aig Pól do Mháire.
be. prs love at pn for pn
‘Pól loves Máire.’
Note: Non-verbal predicate.

Italian amare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo am-a Maria
pn ( m ) love-3 sg . prs pn ( f )
‘Leo loves Maria.’

Kadar Dargwa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
meħamad-i-s ʡašura dig-aq-u
pn - obl - dat pn love. ipfv - caus - th
‘Muhammad loves Ashura.’

Kalderash Romani phařol

Valency pattern: NOM_pala
X: NOM
Y: pala
Locus: Y
o Murš-a phařo-l pala Marijk-a
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg desire- prs .3 sg for pn - nom . sg
‘Murša loves Marijka.’

Kandyk Tabasaran

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
maˁhaˁmed.a-z fatima kːun-ǯa
pn - dat pn ( abs ) love- prs
‘Mahamad loves Fatima.’

Karata ƛ’abaɬaɬa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
ʕalja marjam ƛ’ab-a
pn . dat pn love- pf
‘Ali loves Marjam.’

Kaytag Dargwa wič:aχara

Valency pattern: DATLAT_NOM
X: DATLAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
petja-j maša r-ič:uχ-u
pn - datlat pn f -love. ipf - evt
‘Petja loves Masha.’

Kazakh süy

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-nï süy-edі
pn pn - acc love- prs 2.3 sg
‘Petya loves Masha.’

Kazym Khanty sămǝŋa tǎjti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en maša-j-ǝλ săm-ǝŋ-a tǎj-ǝλ
pn - ep - poss .2 sg pn - ep - poss .3 sg heart- attr - dat have- npst [3 sg ]
‘Petja loves Maša.’

Khoekhoe ǀnam

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge Maria-s-a a ǀnam
pn -3 m . sg decl pn -3 f . sg - obl aux love
‘Peter loves Maria.’
Note: The verb here is a stative verb and has to be used with auxiliaries.

Khwarshi goqa

Valency pattern: DAT_ABS
X: DAT
Y: ABS
Locus: X
šamile-l goqa-ha is-a ʁini
pn - dat love- prs dem . an . o . i - gen 1 wife
‘Shamil loves his wife.’

Kina Rutul qɨgara

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
rasul-u-s ǯu-du duχ q-ɨga-r=a
pn - obl - dat self.1. obl - attr son( nom ) re -1.love. ipfv - cvb =be
‘Rasul loves his son.’

Kumyk süjmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: DO
Locus: TR
patimat musa-nɨ süj-e
pn pn - acc want-3 sg
‘Patimat loves Musa.’

Latin amo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
tener-as ama-t ille puell-as
tender- acc . pl . f love[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg that. nom . sg . m girl( f )- acc . pl
‘He loves tender girls.’
Note: (Ov. Amores. III, 3, 25)

Laz o-Ɂor-op-u

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Käzim-i-k Fatma-Ø Ø-o(r)-om-s
pn - b - erg pn - nom do 3-love- sm - s 3 sg
‘Käzim loves Fatma.’

Mandarin Chinese ài

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān ài Lǐsì
pn love pn
‘Zhangsan loves Lisi.’

Mano nāā

Valency pattern: SBJ_ka
X: SBJ
Y: ka
Locus: Y
ŋ́ŋ̀ nàà ká
1 sg . ipfv love: ipfv 2 sg with
‘I love you.’

Mehweb

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
Pajzula-li-s d-ig-an Madina
pn - obl - dat f -want- hab pn
‘Pajzula loves Madina.’

Mingrelian Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
čelo-s anučia-Ø Ø-u-ʔor-s
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : o -love- s 3 sg
‘Chelo loves Anuchia.’

Modern Hebrew ohev

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas ohev et Menaχem
pn love[ ptcp . sg . m ] do pn
‘Pinchas loves Menachem.’

Mukhad Rutul jıgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s majram rıga-ra
pn - obl - dat pn f .want. ipf - hab
‘Murad loves Majram.’

Nanai uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia Maša-wa uləsi-ni
pn pn - obl love. ipfv . npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia loves Masha.’

Nivkh maʁod

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kaskazik Ajsana + maʁo-d
pn pn + love- ind
‘Kaskazik loves Ajsana.’

Northern Akhvakh kunuƛa

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pataħi-ƛa madina kwene gidi
pn - dat pn love. simul f . cop
‘Patahi loves Madina.’

Northern Mansi ēruptite

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
ɕān’-e ērupt-i-t-e āji-te
mother- poss .3 sg love- npst -3 sg . o -3 sg . s daughter- poss .3 sg
‘The mother loves her daughter.’

Northern Yukaghir jǝwligi=

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Sǝmiǝn Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ jǝwligi-m
pn pn - acc aff love- tr .3 sg
‘Semien loves Akulina.’

Norwegian Bokmål å elske

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per elske-r Kari
pn love- prs pn
‘Per loves Kari.’

Polish kochać

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Ann-a kocha Mark-a
pn - nom . sg love: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Anna loves Marek.’

Russian ljubitʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja ljub-it Maš-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg love( ipfv )- prs .3 sg pn ( f )- acc . sg
‘Petja loves Maša.’

Serbian voleti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar voli Marij-u
pn . nom . sg love. prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Petar loves Maria.’

Shinaz Rutul rɨka-n

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
basir-ɨs rɨka-rɨ peri
pn - dat f .love. ipf - evt pn
‘Basir loves Peri.’

Shughni žīwǰdow

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Ahmed=i Saida žīwǰ
pn =3 sg pn love
‘Ahmed loves Saida.’

Skolt Saami räʹǩsted

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peâtt rääʹǩǩast Määʹrj
pn . sg . nom love. prs .3 sg pn . sg . acc
‘Pete loves Maria’

Slovak milovať

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter miluje Mári-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] love( ipfv ). prs .3 sg pn ( m )- acc . sg
‘Peter loves Maria.’

Slovenian ljubiti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
An-a ljubi Petr-a
pn - nom . sg love: ipfv . prs .3 sg pn - acc . sg
‘Ana loves Peter.’

Sorani Kurdish äʂiq bûn

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Hîwa äʂiq-î Perî-î-e
pn lover- izf pn - obl -be. prs .3 sg
‘Hiwa loves Pari.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Southern Rutul qhırgın

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-s ayten qhırga-r
pn - dat pn f .love. ipf - prs
‘Murad loves Ayten.’

Spanish querer

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro quier-e a María
pn [ sg . m ] love- prs .3 sg dir . obj . anm pn [ sg . f ]
‘Pedro loves Maria.’

Standard Arabic Ɂaḥabba

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-u-n yuḥibbu Maryam-a
pn - nom - indef love. ipf .3 m pn - acc
‘Badr loves Maryam.’

Svan

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
maizer-s lile-Ø x-a-lät'
pn - dat pn - nom io 3- ver : sup -love
‘Maizer loves Lile.’

Swedish att älska

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn älska-r Maja
pn love- prs pn
‘Björn loves Maja.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: TR
X: ACT
Y: UND
Locus: TR
M<in>a~mahal ni Pedro si Maria
< pv > ipfv ~love pers . gen pn pers . subj pn
‘Pedro loves Maria.’

Telugu prēmiṁcu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ madhuri-ni prēmistunnāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom pn ( f ). sg . obl - acc love. dur .3 sg . m
‘Praveen loves Madhuri.’

Tsakhur yıkkiykıniy

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
murad-ı-s sona yıkkan
pn - obl - dat pn f .want. ipf
‘Murad loves Sona.’

Tsudakhar Dargwa b-ičː-iz

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
uršːi-li-z neš r-ikː-aq-u
boy- obl - dat mother f -love- caus -3 hab . prs
‘The boy loves his mother.’

Tsugni Dargwa b-ičː-i

Valency pattern: DAT_NOM
X: DAT
Y: NOM
Locus: X
durħaˤ-j baba r-ikː-u
boy- dat mother f -love-3 hab . prs
‘The boy loves his mother.’

Turkish sevmek

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Mehmet Filiz-i sev-iyor
pn pn - acc love- prs
‘Mehmet loves Filiz.’

Turoyo roḥəm

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Gabriyel ko-roḥəm Maryam
pn prs -love. ipfv .3 m pn
‘Gabriyel loves Maryam.’

Ulcha uləsi-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əj xusə piktə ti əktə piktə-wə uləs-i-ni
this male child that female child- acc love- prs -3 sg
‘This boy loves that girl.’

Uzbek sevmoq

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya Maša-ni sev-a-di
pn pn - acc love- prs 2-3 sg
‘Petja loves Maša.’

West Central Oromo dʒaallata

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n boontuu dʒaallat-a
pn - nom pn . abs love-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘Obsa loves Bontu.’

Zilo Andi dʒiʔ.i-r

Valency pattern: AFF_NOM
X: AFF
Y: NOM
Locus: X
pat’imati-<j>o dʒiʔ.i-r marjam
pn - aff < f > like. pst - prog pn [ f ][ nom ]
‘Patimat likes Mariam.’