‘love (person)’
| Argument frame: |
X
(love)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
P.
loves
M
.
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
любить#человека#
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(любить)
Y
-а (сына)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
П.
любит
М
.
|
Abaza
bzəj ba
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| murád |
fatíma |
bzə́j |
də-j-b-ə́j-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
well
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
m
.
erg
-see-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘Murad loves Fatima.’ |
Adyghe
ṣ̂ʷə λeʁʷə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼale-m |
pŝaŝe-r |
ṣ̂ʷə |
j-e-λeʁʷə |
|
парень-
obl
|
девушка-
abs
|
добро
|
3
sg
.
erg
-
dyn
-видеть
|
| ‘Парень любит девушку.’ |
Aghul
kːande-
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| aslan.a-s |
fat’ima |
kːande-a |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
| ‘Aslan loves Fatima.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+bayyə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| gavr-o |
+bəbah-o=lə |
baxt-u |
|
man(
m
)-
p
.3
f
|
love.
prog
-
p
.3
f
=3
m
|
woman(
f
)-
p
.3
m
|
| ‘Husband loves his wife.’ |
| Note: Non-Urmi speaker. +bəbah is a dialect variant of the progressive stem (+byay in the Urmi dialect). |
Bambara
kànu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
bɛ |
Fántà |
kànu |
|
pn
|
ipfv
|
pn
|
love
|
| ‘Seku loves Fanta.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
amar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
am-a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro loves Maria.’ |
Catalan
estimar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
estim-a |
la |
Maria |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love-3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere loves Maria.’ |
Czech
milovat
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petr |
miluje |
Michal-a |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
love(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr loves Michal.’ |
Danish
elske
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
elske-r |
Marie |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
pn
|
| ‘Peter loves Marie.’ |
Dutch
houden
|
Valency pattern:
SBJ_van
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: van |
| Locus: Y |
| Piet |
houd-t |
van |
Marie |
|
pn
(
c
)
|
hold-3
sg
|
from
|
pn
(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet loves Marie.’ |
Eastern Maninka
dúman
|
Valency pattern:
nye_SBJ
|
| X: nye |
| Y: SBJ |
| Locus: X |
| Fántà |
dúman |
Sékù |
ɲɛ́. |
|
pn
|
pleasant
|
pn
|
before
|
| ‘Seku loves Fanta.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predication. |
English
love
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
Estonian
armastama
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Peeter |
armasta-b |
Mareti-t |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
sg
.
part
|
| ‘Peeter loves Maret.’ |
Finnish
rakastaa
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_PART
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: PART |
| Locus: Y |
| Pekka |
rakast-aa |
Matti-a |
|
pn
.
nom
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
part
|
| ‘Pekka loves Matti’ |
Forest Enets
kɔmita
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
nɛ-da |
kɔmita-za |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
woman-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
like(
ipfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend loves his wife’. |
French
aimer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
aime |
Marie |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul loves Marie.’ |
Georgian
Ø-u-q'var-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| p'et're-s |
mašo-Ø |
Ø-u-q'var-s |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-love-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Petre loves Masho.’ |
German
lieben
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
lieb-t |
Marie |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl loves Marie.’ |
Irish
bí grá
|
Valency pattern:
aige_do(PREP)
|
| X: aige |
| Y: do(PREP) |
| Locus: XY |
| Tá |
grá |
aig |
Pól |
do |
Mháire. |
|
be.
prs
|
love
|
at
|
pn
|
for
|
pn
|
| ‘Pól loves Máire.’ |
| Note: Non-verbal predicate. |
Italian
amare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
am-a |
Maria |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
love-3
sg
.
prs
|
pn
(
f
)
|
| ‘Leo loves Maria.’ |
Kalderash Romani
phařol
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_pala
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: pala |
| Locus: Y |
| o |
Murš-a |
phařo-l |
pala |
Marijk-a |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
desire-
prs
.3
sg
|
for
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
| ‘Murša loves Marijka.’ |
Kazakh
süy
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-nï |
süy-edі |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
love-
prs
2.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya loves Masha.’ |
Kazym Khanty
sămǝŋa tǎjti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pet’a-j-en |
maša-j-ǝλ |
săm-ǝŋ-a |
tǎj-ǝλ |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.3
sg
|
heart-
attr
-
dat
|
have-
npst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja loves Maša.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_ABS
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: X |
| šamile-l |
goqa-ha |
is-a |
ʁini |
|
pn
-
dat
|
любить-
prs
|
dem
.
an
.
o
.
i
-
gen
1
|
жена
|
| ‘Шамиль любит свою жену.’ |
Kina Rutul
qɨgara
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| rasul-u-s |
ǯu-du |
duχ |
q-ɨga-r=a |
|
pn
-
obl
-
dat
|
self.1.
obl
-
attr
|
son(
nom
)
|
re
-1.love.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
| ‘Rasul loves his son.’ |
Latin
amo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| tener-as |
ama-t |
ille |
puell-as |
|
tender-
acc
.
pl
.
f
|
love[
prs
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
that.
nom
.
sg
.
m
|
girl(
f
)-
acc
.
pl
|
| ‘He loves tender girls.’ |
| Note: (Ov. Amores. III, 3, 25) |
Mandarin Chinese
ài
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
ài |
Lǐsì |
|
pn
|
love
|
pn
|
| ‘Zhangsan loves Lisi.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-u-ʔor-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
DAT_NOM
|
| X: DAT |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| čelo-s |
anučia-Ø |
Ø-u-ʔor-s. |
|
pn
-
dat
|
pn
-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-love-
s
3
sg
|
| ‘Chelo loves Anuchia.’ |
Modern Hebrew
ohev
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
ohev |
et |
Menaχem |
|
pn
|
love[
ptcp
.
sg
.
m
]
|
do
|
pn
|
| ‘Pinchas loves Menachem.’ |
Nanai
uləsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
Maša-wa |
uləsi-ni |
|
pn
|
pn
-
obl
|
love.
ipfv
.
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia loves Masha.’ |
Nivkh
maʁod
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
Ajsana |
+ |
maʁo-d |
|
pn
|
pn
|
+
|
love-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik loves Ajsana.’ |
Northern Mansi
ēruptite
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| ɕān’-e |
ērupt-i-t-e |
āji-te |
|
mother-
poss
.3
sg
|
love-
npst
-3
sg
.
o
-3
sg
.
s
|
daughter-
poss
.3
sg
|
| ‘The mother loves her daughter.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
jǝwligi=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
Əkulˈǝ-ɣаnǝ |
mǝ |
jǝwligi-m |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
aff
|
love-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien loves Akulina.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å elske
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
elske-r |
Kari |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
pn
|
| ‘Per loves Kari.’ |
Polish
kochać
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Ann-a |
kocha |
Mark-a |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Anna loves Marek.’ |
Russian
ljubitʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
ljub-it |
Maš-u |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
love(
ipfv
)-
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
f
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petja loves Maša.’ |
Serbian
voleti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
voli |
Marij-u |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
love.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar loves Maria.’ |
Shughni
žīwǰdow
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmed=i |
Saida |
žīwǰ |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
pn
|
love
|
| ‘Ahmed loves Saida.’ |
Skolt Saami
räʹǩsted
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
rääʹǩǩast |
Määʹrj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
love.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete loves Maria’ |
Slovak
milovať
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
miluje |
Mári-u |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
love(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
(
m
)-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Peter loves Maria.’ |
Slovenian
ljubiti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| An-a |
ljubi |
Petr-a |
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
love:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
sg
|
pn
-
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Ana loves Peter.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
äʂiq bûn
|
Valency pattern:
NA
|
| X: * |
| Y: * |
| Locus: * |
| Hîwa |
äʂiq-î |
Perî-î-e |
|
pn
|
lover-
izf
|
pn
-
obl
-be.
prs
.3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa loves Pari.’ |
| Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
querer
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
quier-e |
a |
María |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
love-
prs
.3
sg
|
dir
.
obj
.
anm
|
pn
[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro loves Maria.’ |
Swedish
att älska
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
älska-r |
Maja |
|
pn
|
love-
prs
|
pn
|
| ‘Björn loves Maja.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| M<in>a~mahal |
ni |
Pedro |
si |
Maria |
|
<
pv
>
ipfv
~love
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
| ‘Pedro loves Maria.’ |
Telugu
prēmiṁcu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
madhuri-ni |
prēmistunnāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
pn
(
f
).
sg
.
obl
-
acc
|
love.
dur
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen loves Madhuri.’ |
Turkish
sevmek
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
Filiz-i |
sev-iyor |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
love-
prs
|
| ‘Mehmet loves Filiz.’ |
Ulcha
uləsi-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| əj |
xusə |
piktə |
ti |
əktə |
piktə-wə |
uləs-i-ni |
|
this
|
male
|
child
|
that
|
female
|
child-
acc
|
love-
prs
-3
sg
|
| ‘This boy loves that girl.’ |
Uzbek
sevmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
Maša-ni |
sev-a-di |
|
pn
|
pn
-
acc
|
love-
prs
2-3
sg
|
| ‘Petja loves Maša.’ |
West Central Oromo
dʒaallata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
boontuu |
dʒaallat-a |
|
pn
-
nom
|
pn
.
abs
|
love-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
| ‘Obsa loves Bontu.’ |
Zilo Andi
dʒiʔ.i-r
|
Valency pattern:
AFF_NOM
|
| X: AFF |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: X |
| pat’imati-<j>o |
dʒiʔ.i-r |
marjam |
|
pn
-
aff
<
f
>
|
like.
pst
-
prog
|
pn
[
f
][
nom
]
|
| ‘Patimat likes Mariam.’ |
