‘throw’
| Argument frame: |
X
(throw)
Y
|
| Stimulus sentence: |
(Two boys are competing to see who can throw a stone the farthest.)
P.
threw
a stone
(first).
|
| Predicate label Ru: |
бросить
|
| Argument frame Ru: |
X
(бросить)
Y
(-а)
|
| Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Мальчики соревнуются, кто дальше кинет камень. Сначала)
П.
бросил
камень
.
|
Abaza
w-š’tə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| á-č̣’ḳʷən-ĉa-kʷa |
a-háqʷ-kʷa |
j-á-wə-r-š’t-əj-ṭ |
|
def
-boy-
pl
.
h
-
pl
|
def
-stone-
pl
|
3
pl
.
abs
-3
n
.
io
-
loc
-3
pl
.
erg
-throw-
prs
-
dcl
|
| ‘The boys are throwing the stones.’ |
Adyghe
ʒə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| č̣ʼele–nahə-ẑə-m |
məẑʷe-r |
ə-ʒə-ʁ |
|
парень–более-старый-
obl
|
камень-
abs
|
3
sg
.
erg
-бросить-
pst
|
| ‘Старший парень бросил камень.’ |
Aghul
fatːix.i-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a |
fatːix.i-ne |
ʁʷan |
|
pn
(
erg
)
|
throw.
pf
-
aor
|
stone
|
| ‘Aslan threw a stone.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+rappə
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| cipa |
+ruppi-la |
brata |
|
stone(
m
)
|
throw.
pst
-
ls
.3
f
|
girl(
f
)
|
| ‘The girl threw the stone.’ |
Bambara
fìli
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
ye |
kábakuru` |
fìli |
|
pn
|
pfv
.
tr
|
stone\
art
|
throw
|
| ‘Seku threw a stone.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
jogar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
jog-ou |
um-a |
pedra |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
throw-3
sg
.
pst
|
indf
-
f
|
stone(
f
)
|
| ‘Pedro threw a stone.’ |
Catalan
llançar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en |
Pere |
va |
llanç-ar |
un-a |
pedra |
|
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
throw-
inf
|
indf
-
sg
.
f
|
stone(
f
)
|
| ‘Pere threw a stone.’ |
Czech
hodit
|
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr |
hodi-l |
kamen-em |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
throw(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
stone(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
| ‘Petr threw a stone.’ |
Danish
smide
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
smed |
en |
sten |
|
pn
|
throw.
pst
|
indf
.
sg
|
stone(
c
)
|
| ‘Peter threw the stone.’ |
Dutch
gooien
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet |
gooi-de |
een |
steen |
|
pn
(С)
|
throw-
pst
|
art
.
indf
|
stone(
c
)
|
| ‘Piet threw a stone.’ |
Eastern Maninka
láfìli
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Sékù |
kà |
kába` |
dó |
lá-fìli. |
|
pn
|
aor
.
tr
|
stone\
art
|
indf
|
caus
-throw
|
| ‘Seku threw a stone.’ |
English
throw
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
threw |
a |
stone |
first. |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Estonian
viskama
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter |
viska-s |
kivi |
esimese-na |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
throw-
pst
.3
sg
|
stone.
sg
.
part
|
first-
ess
|
| ‘Peeter threw a stone first.' |
Finnish
heittää
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka |
heitt-i |
kiv-en |
|
pn
.
nom
|
throw-
pst
.3
sg
|
stone-
gen
|
| ‘Pekka threw a stone.’ |
Forest Enets
bɛɛ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
pu-da |
bɛɛ-za |
|
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
stone-
obl
.
sg
.3
sg
|
throw(
pfv
)-3
sg
.
so
sg
|
| ‘My friend threw his stone’. |
French
jeter
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Paul |
a |
jeté |
une |
pierre |
dans |
l’ |
eau |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
throw.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
indf
.
sg
.
f
|
stone(
f
)
|
inside
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
water(
f
)
|
| ‘Paul threw a stone into the water.’ |
Georgian
Ø-i-svr-i-s (PRS)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| p'et're-m |
p'irvel-ma |
Ø-i-sr-ol-a |
kva-Ø |
|
pn
-
erg
|
first-
erg
|
do
3-
ver
:
s
-shoot-
r
.
ext
-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
stone-
nom
|
| ‘Petre was the first to throw a stone.’ |
German
werfen
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl |
warf |
den |
Stein |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
throw.
pst
.3
sg
|
def
.
m
.
acc
.
sg
|
stone[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Karl threw the stone.’ |
Irish
caith
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Do=chaith |
Pól |
cloch. |
|
pst
=throw
|
pn
|
stone
|
| ‘Pól threw a stone.’ |
Italian
tirare
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo |
ha |
tirato |
un |
sass-o |
|
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
throw.
pst
.
ptcp
|
indf
.
sg
.
m
|
stone-
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Leo threw a stone.’ |
Kalderash Romani
śudel
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| o |
Murš-a |
śuď-a |
bař |
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
throw-
pst
.3
sg
|
stone[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Murša threw a stone.’ |
Kazakh
laqtïr
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
tas |
laqtïr-dï |
|
pn
|
stone
|
throw-
pst
1.3
sg
|
| ‘Petya threw a stone.’ |
Kazym Khanty
wǒśkəti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| petˊa-j-en |
kew |
wǒśkə-s |
|
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
stone
|
throw-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja threw a stone.’ |
Khwarshi
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| di-lo |
uža |
ʁur |
cojƛa |
|
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
сын\
erg
|
камень
|
(
v
) бросать\
pst
.
w
|
| ‘Мой сын бросил камень.’ |
Kina Rutul
χač’ibχɨr
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a |
dahar |
χa-č’-i<b>χɨ-r |
|
pn
-
erg
|
rock(
nom
)
|
pv
-
pv
-<3>throw.
pfv
-
cvb
|
| ‘Rasul threw a stone.’ |
Latin
jaceo
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (vinc-es) |
non |
fu-isse |
armat-os |
e-os |
qui |
sax-a |
iace-re-nt |
|
(win-
fut
.
ind
.
act
.2
sg
)
|
not
|
be[
prf
]-
inf
.
act
|
arm.
prf
.
ptcp
.
pass
-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
that-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
which.
nom
.
pl
|
stone(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
throw-
ipfv
.
sbjv
-
act
.3
pl
|
| ‘(You will prove), that those who were throwing stones were not armed.’ |
| Note: (Cic. Pro Caec. 60) |
Mandarin Chinese
rēng-chū
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Zhāngsān |
rēng-chū |
le |
yì-kē |
shízǐ |
|
pn
|
throw-out
|
pfv
|
one-
clf
|
rock
|
| ‘Zhangsan threw a stone.’ |
Mingrelian
Ø-o-ʔot-an-s (FUT)
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| čelo-k |
p'irvel-k |
Ø-o-ʔot-(u) |
kua-Ø. |
|
pn
-
erg
|
first-
erg
|
do
3-
fact
-throw-(
s
3
sg
.
pst
)
|
stone-
nom
|
| ‘Chelo threw a stone first.’ |
Modern Hebrew
zarak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas |
zarak |
even |
|
pn
|
throw[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
stone
|
| ‘Pinchas threw a stone.’ |
Nanai
naŋgala-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia |
ǯolo-wa |
naŋga.la-xa-ni |
|
pn
|
stone-
obl
|
throw.
pfv
-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petia threw a stone.’ |
Nivkh
pazd
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik |
kоqvеlq |
paz-d |
|
pn
|
shell
|
throw-
ind
|
| ‘Kaskazik threw a shell.’ |
Northern Mansi
wuɕkasas
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pājel |
wuɕkas-as |
āxwtas |
|
pn
|
throw-
pst
.3
sg
|
stone
|
| ‘Pasha threw a stone.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
sūsǝj=
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Sǝmiǝn |
hаjlˈ-lǝ |
sūsǝ-j-m |
|
pn
|
stone-
acc
|
throw-
pf
-
tr
.3
sg
|
| ‘Semien threw a stone.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å kaste
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per |
kaste-t |
stein-en |
først |
|
pn
|
throw-
pst
|
stone-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
first
|
| ‘Per threw the stone first.’ |
Polish
rzucić
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Janek |
rzuci-ł |
kamień |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
throw:
pfv
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
stone[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Janek threw a stone.’ |
Russian
brositʹ
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja |
brosi-l |
kamenʹ |
|
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
throw(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
stone(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Petja threw a stone.’ |
Serbian
baciti
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar |
je |
baci-o |
kamen |
|
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
throw-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
stone.
acc
.
sg
|
| ‘Petar threw a stone.’ |
Shughni
šič δêdow1
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmat=i |
yakum |
žīr |
šič |
δod |
|
pn
=3
sg
|
first
|
stone
|
throw
|
give.
pst
|
| ‘Ahmat threw a stone first.’ |
Skolt Saami
kõõškeed
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt |
kõõšk-i |
ǩieʹđj |
|
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
throw-
pst
.3
sg
|
rock.
sg
.
acc
|
| ‘Pete threw a stone.’ |
Slovak
hodiť
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
hodi-l |
kameň |
|
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
throw(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
stone(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Peter threw a stone.’ |
Slovenian
vreči
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter |
je |
vrge-l |
kamen |
|
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
throw:
pfv
-
lpt
[
m
.
sg
]
|
stone[
acc
.
sg
]
|
| ‘Peter threw a stone.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
fir̂êdan
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| hewelê |
Hîwa |
berd-êk=î |
fir̂êda-Ø |
|
first
|
pn
|
stone-
indf
=3
sg
.
pc
|
throw.
pst
-3
sg
|
| ‘Hiwa threw a stone first.’ |
| Note: The OBL.3SG morpheme indexes the subject of the transitive clause in the past tense. |
Spanish
tirar
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro |
ha |
tira-do |
una |
piedra |
|
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
aux
.3
sg
|
throw-
ptcp
:
prf
|
art
.
ndef
.
sg
.
f
|
stone[
sg
.
f
]
|
| ‘Pedro threw a stone.’ |
Swedish
att kasta
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn |
kasta-de |
en |
sten |
först |
|
pn
|
throw-
pst
|
indf
.
c
.
sg
|
stone
|
first
|
| ‘Björn threw a stone first.’ |
Tagalog
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ACT |
| Y: UND |
| Locus: TR |
| H<in>agis |
ni |
Pedro |
ang |
bato |
|
<
pv
>
pfv
.throw
|
pers
.
gen
|
pn
|
subj
|
stone
|
| ‘Pedro threw a stone.’ |
| Note: Alternative is an AV construction: “Nag-hagis si Pedro ng bato” [AV.PFV-throw PERS.SUBJ PN GEN stone] ‘Pedro threw a stone.’ |
Telugu
visurēyu
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| pravīṇ |
mundu |
rāyyi |
visurēsāḍu |
|
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
before
|
stone(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
throw.
intens
.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
| ‘Praveen threw a stone first.’ |
Turkish
atmak
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet |
taş-ı |
at-tı |
|
pn
|
stone-
acc
|
throw-
pst
|
| ‘Mehmet threw his stone.’ |
Ulcha
ǯololo-
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| um |
piktə |
ǯolo-wa |
ǯololo-xo |
|
one
|
child
|
stone-
acc
|
throw-
pst
|
| ‘A boy threw a stone.’ |
Uzbek
otmoq
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya |
toš |
ot-ti |
|
pn
|
stone
|
throw-
pst
.3
sg
|
| ‘Petja threw a stone.’ |
West Central Oromo
darbata
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: NOM |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| obsaa-n |
dursa |
ɗakaa |
darbat-e |
|
pn
-
nom
|
first
|
stone.
abs
|
throw-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
| ‘Obsa threw a stone first.’ |
Zilo Andi
ʃamm.i
|
Valency pattern:
TR
|
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di |
hints’o |
ʃamm.i |
|
pn
-
erg
|
stone[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
throw.
pst
(
aor
)
|
| ‘Ali threw a stone.’ |
