‘throw’
| Argument frame: | X (throw) Y |
| Stimulus sentence: | (Two boys are competing to see who can throw a stone the farthest.) P. threw a stone (first). |
| Predicate label Ru: | бросить |
| Argument frame Ru: | X (бросить) Y (-а) |
| Stimulus sentence Ru: | (Мальчики соревнуются, кто дальше кинет камень. Сначала) П. бросил камень . |
Abaza w-š’tə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| á-č̣’ḳʷən-ĉa-kʷa | a-háqʷ-kʷa | j-á-wə-r-š’t-əj-ṭ |
| def -boy- pl . h - pl | def -stone- pl | 3 pl . abs -3 n . io - loc -3 pl . erg -throw- prs - dcl |
| ‘The boys are throwing the stones.’ | ||
Aghul fatːix.i-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: ABS |
| Locus: TR |
| aslan.a | fatːix.i-ne | ʁʷan |
| pn ( erg ) | throw. pf - aor | stone |
| ‘Aslan threw a stone.’ | ||
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +rappə
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| cipa | +ruppi-la | brata |
| stone( m ) | throw. pst - ls .3 f | girl( f ) |
| ‘The girl threw the stone.’ | ||
Brazilian Portuguese jogar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | jog-ou | um-a | pedra |
| pn ( m ) | throw-3 sg . pst | indf - f | stone( f ) |
| ‘Pedro threw a stone.’ | |||
Catalan llançar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| en | Pere | va | llanç-ar | un-a | pedra |
| def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | throw- inf | indf - sg . f | stone( f ) |
| ‘Pere threw a stone.’ | |||||
Czech hodit
| Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
| X: NOM |
| Y: INS |
| Locus: Y |
| Petr | hodi-l | kamen-em |
| pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | stone( m )- ins . sg |
| ‘Petr threw a stone.’ | ||
Danish smide
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | smed | en | sten |
| pn | throw. pst | indf . sg | stone( c ) |
| ‘Peter threw the stone.’ | |||
Dutch gooien
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Piet | gooi-de | een | steen |
| pn (С) | throw- pst | art . indf | stone( c ) |
| ‘Piet threw a stone.’ | |||
Estonian viskama
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Peeter | viska-s | kivi | esimese-na |
| pn . sg . nom | throw- pst .3 sg | stone. sg . part | first- ess |
| ‘Peeter threw a stone first.' | |||
Finnish heittää
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| Pekka | heitt-i | kiv-en |
| pn . nom | throw- pst .3 sg | stone- gen |
| ‘Pekka threw a stone.’ | ||
Forest Enets bɛɛ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| modʲi | kasa-jʔ | pu-da | bɛɛ-za |
| i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | stone- obl . sg .3 sg | throw( pfv )-3 sg . so sg |
| ‘My friend threw his stone’. | |||
German werfen
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Karl | warf | den | Stein |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | throw. pst .3 sg | def . m . acc . sg | stone[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Karl threw the stone.’ | |||
Italian tirare
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Leo | ha | tirato | un | sass-o |
| pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | throw. pst . ptcp | indf . sg . m | stone- sg . m |
| ‘Leo threw a stone.’ | ||||
Kazakh laqtïr
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petya | tas | laqtïr-dï |
| pn | stone | throw- pst 1.3 sg |
| ‘Petya threw a stone.’ | ||
Kazym Khanty wǒśkəti
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| petˊa-j-en | kew | wǒśkə-s |
| pn - ep - poss .2 sg | stone | throw- pst [3 sg ] |
| ‘Petja threw a stone.’ | ||
Latin jaceo
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| (vinc-es) | non | fu-isse | armat-os | e-os | qui | sax-a | iace-re-nt |
| (win- fut . ind . act .2 sg ) | not | be[ prf ]- inf . act | arm. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . pl . m | that- acc . pl . m | which. nom . pl | stone( n )- acc . pl | throw- ipfv . sbjv - act .3 pl |
| ‘(You will prove), that those who were throwing stones were not armed.’ | |||||||
| Note: (Cic. Pro Caec. 60) | |||||||
Modern Hebrew zarak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pinχas | zarak | even |
| pn | throw[ pst .3 sg . m ] | stone |
| ‘Pinchas threw a stone.’ | ||
Nanai naŋgala-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Petia | ǯolo-wa | naŋga.la-xa-ni |
| pn | stone- obl | throw. pfv - pst - p .3 sg |
| ‘Petia threw a stone.’ | ||
Nivkh pazd
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Kaskazik | kоqvеlq | paz-d |
| pn | shell | throw- ind |
| ‘Kaskazik threw a shell.’ | ||
Norwegian Bokmål å kaste
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Per | kaste-t | stein-en | først |
| pn | throw- pst | stone- def . m . sg | first |
| ‘Per threw the stone first.’ | |||
Polish rzucić
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Janek | rzuci-ł | kamień |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | throw: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | stone[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Janek threw a stone.’ | ||
Russian brositʹ
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Pet-ja | brosi-l | kamenʹ |
| pn ( m )- nom . sg | throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | stone( m )[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Petja threw a stone.’ | ||
Rutul χač’ibχɨr
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| rasul-a | dahar | χa-č’-i<b>χɨ-r |
| pn - erg | rock( nom ) | pv - pv -<3>throw. pfv - cvb |
| ‘Rasul threw a stone.’ | ||
Serbian baci
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Petar | je | baci-o | kamen |
| pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | бросать- part . perf . m . sg | камень. acc . sg |
| ‘Петар бросил камень.’ | |||
Shughni šič δêdow1
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: OBL |
| Locus: TR |
| Ahmat=i | yakum | žīr | šič | δod |
| pn =3 sg | first | stone | throw | give. pst |
| ‘Ahmat threw a stone first.’ | ||||
Skolt Saami kõõškeed
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peâtt | kõõšk-i | ǩieʹđj |
| pn . sg . nom | throw- pst .3 sg | rock. sg . acc |
| ‘Pete threw a stone.’ | ||
Slovenian vreči
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Peter | je | vrge-l | kamen |
| pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | throw: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | stone[ acc . sg ] |
| ‘Peter threw a stone.’ | |||
Spanish tirar
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Pedro | ha | tira-do | una | piedra |
| pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | throw- ptcp : prf | art . ndef . sg . f | stone[ sg . f ] |
| ‘Pedro threw a stone.’ | ||||
Swedish att kasta
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: SBJ |
| Y: DO |
| Locus: TR |
| Björn | kasta-de | en | sten | först |
| pn | throw- pst | indf . c . sg | stone | first |
| ‘Björn threw a stone first.’ | ||||
Turkish atmak
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| Mehmet | taş-ı | at-tı |
| pn | stone- acc | throw- pst |
| ‘Mehmet threw his stone.’ | ||
Ulcha ǯololo-
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: NOM |
| Y: ACC |
| Locus: TR |
| um | piktə | ǯolo-wa | ǯololo-xo |
| one | child | stone- acc | throw- pst |
| ‘A boy threw a stone.’ | |||
Zilo Andi ʃamm.i
| Valency pattern: TR |
| X: ERG |
| Y: NOM |
| Locus: TR |
| ali-di | hints’o | ʃamm.i |
| pn - erg | stone[ inan 1][ nom ] | throw. pst ( aor ) |
| ‘Ali threw a stone.’ | ||