‘throw’
Argument frame: | X (throw) Y |
Stimulus sentence: | (Two boys are competing to see who can throw a stone the farthest.) P. threw a stone (first). |
Predicate label Ru: | бросить |
Argument frame Ru: | X (бросить) Y (-а) |
Stimulus sentence Ru: | (Мальчики соревнуются, кто дальше кинет камень. Сначала) П. бросил камень . |
Abaza w-š’tə
Valency pattern: TR |
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
á-č̣’ḳʷən-ĉa-kʷa | a-háqʷ-kʷa | j-á-wə-r-š’t-əj-ṭ |
def -boy- pl . h - pl | def -stone- pl | 3 pl . abs -3 n . io - loc -3 pl . erg -throw- prs - dcl |
‘The boys are throwing the stones.’ |
Aghul fatːix.i-
Valency pattern: TR |
X: ERG |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
aslan.a | fatːix.i-ne | ʁʷan |
pn ( erg ) | throw. pf - aor | stone |
‘Aslan threw a stone.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +rappə
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
cipa | +ruppi-la | brata |
stone( m ) | throw. pst - ls .3 f | girl( f ) |
‘The girl threw the stone.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese jogar
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro | jog-ou | um-a | pedra |
pn ( m ) | throw-3 sg . pst | indf - f | stone( f ) |
‘Pedro threw a stone.’ |
Catalan llançar
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
en | Pere | va | llanç-ar | un-a | pedra |
def . sg . m | pn ( m ) | go.3 sg . prs . ind | throw- inf | indf - sg . f | stone( f ) |
‘Pere threw a stone.’ |
Czech hodit
Valency pattern: NOM_INS |
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
Petr | hodi-l | kamen-em |
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] | throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | stone( m )- ins . sg |
‘Petr threw a stone.’ |
Danish smide
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Peter | smed | en | sten |
pn | throw. pst | indf . sg | stone( c ) |
‘Peter threw the stone.’ |
Dutch gooien
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet | gooi-de | een | steen |
pn (С) | throw- pst | art . indf | stone( c ) |
‘Piet threw a stone.’ |
Estonian viskama
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Peeter | viska-s | kivi | esimese-na |
pn . sg . nom | throw- pst .3 sg | stone. sg . part | first- ess |
‘Peeter threw a stone first.' |
Finnish heittää
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka | heitt-i | kiv-en |
pn . nom | throw- pst .3 sg | stone- gen |
‘Pekka threw a stone.’ |
Forest Enets bɛɛ
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
modʲi | kasa-jʔ | pu-da | bɛɛ-za |
i | man- nom . sg .1 sg | stone- obl . sg .3 sg | throw( pfv )-3 sg . so sg |
‘My friend threw his stone’. |
German werfen
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl | warf | den | Stein |
pn [ nom . sg ] | throw. pst .3 sg | def . m . acc . sg | stone[ acc . sg ] |
‘Karl threw the stone.’ |
Italian tirare
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Leo | ha | tirato | un | sass-o |
pn ( m ) | aux .3 sg . prs | throw. pst . ptcp | indf . sg . m | stone- sg . m |
‘Leo threw a stone.’ |
Kazakh laqtïr
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petya | tas | laqtïr-dï |
pn | stone | throw- pst 1.3 sg |
‘Petya threw a stone.’ |
Kazym Khanty wǒśkəti
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
petˊa-j-en | kew | wǒśkə-s |
pn - ep - poss .2 sg | stone | throw- pst [3 sg ] |
‘Petja threw a stone.’ |
Latin jaceo
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
(vinc-es) | non | fu-isse | armat-os | e-os | qui | sax-a | iace-re-nt |
(win- fut . ind . act .2 sg ) | not | be[ prf ]- inf . act | arm. prf . ptcp . pass - acc . pl . m | that- acc . pl . m | which. nom . pl | stone( n )- acc . pl | throw- ipfv . sbjv - act .3 pl |
‘(You will prove), that those who were throwing stones were not armed.’ | |||||||
Note: (Cic. Pro Caec. 60) |
Modern Hebrew zarak
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pinχas | zarak | even |
pn | throw[ pst .3 sg . m ] | stone |
‘Pinchas threw a stone.’ |
Nanai naŋgala-
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia | ǯolo-wa | naŋga.la-xa-ni |
pn | stone- obl | throw. pfv - pst - p .3 sg |
‘Petia threw a stone.’ |
Nivkh pazd
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Kaskazik | kоqvеlq | paz-d |
pn | shell | throw- ind |
‘Kaskazik threw a shell.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål å kaste
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per | kaste-t | stein-en | først |
pn | throw- pst | stone- def . m . sg | first |
‘Per threw the stone first.’ |
Polish rzucić
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Janek | rzuci-ł | kamień |
pn [ nom . sg ] | throw: pfv - pst [ m .3 sg ] | stone[ acc . sg ] |
‘Janek threw a stone.’ |
Russian brositʹ
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Pet-ja | brosi-l | kamenʹ |
pn ( m )- nom . sg | throw( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] | stone( m )[ acc . sg ] |
‘Petja threw a stone.’ |
Rutul χač’ibχɨr
Valency pattern: TR |
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
rasul-a | dahar | χa-č’-i<b>χɨ-r |
pn - erg | rock( nom ) | pv - pv -<3>throw. pfv - cvb |
‘Rasul threw a stone.’ |
Serbian baci
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Petar | je | baci-o | kamen |
pn . nom . sg | быть. prs .3 sg | бросать- part . perf . m . sg | камень. acc . sg |
‘Петар бросил камень.’ |
Shughni šič δêdow1
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Ahmat=i | yakum | žīr | šič | δod |
pn =3 sg | first | stone | throw | give. pst |
‘Ahmat threw a stone first.’ |
Skolt Saami kõõškeed
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peâtt | kõõšk-i | ǩieʹđj |
pn . sg . nom | throw- pst .3 sg | rock. sg . acc |
‘Pete threw a stone.’ |
Slovenian vreči
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Peter | je | vrge-l | kamen |
pn [ nom . sg ] | aux .3 sg | throw: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] | stone[ acc . sg ] |
‘Peter threw a stone.’ |
Spanish tirar
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro | ha | tira-do | una | piedra |
pn [ sg . m ] | aux .3 sg | throw- ptcp : prf | art . ndef . sg . f | stone[ sg . f ] |
‘Pedro threw a stone.’ |
Swedish att kasta
Valency pattern: TR |
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Björn | kasta-de | en | sten | först |
pn | throw- pst | indf . c . sg | stone | first |
‘Björn threw a stone first.’ |
Turkish atmak
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Mehmet | taş-ı | at-tı |
pn | stone- acc | throw- pst |
‘Mehmet threw his stone.’ |
Ulcha ǯololo-
Valency pattern: TR |
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
um | piktə | ǯolo-wa | ǯololo-xo |
one | child | stone- acc | throw- pst |
‘A boy threw a stone.’ |
Zilo Andi ʃamm.i
Valency pattern: TR |
X: ERG |
Y: NOM |
Locus: TR |
ali-di | hints’o | ʃamm.i |
pn - erg | stone[ inan 1][ nom ] | throw. pst ( aor ) |
‘Ali threw a stone.’ |