‘smell’
Argument frame: |
X
(smell) like / of
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(I was mending my car.)
My hands
smell like / smell of
gasoline
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
пахнуть
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(пахнуть)
Y
-ом
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Я чинил машину).
Мои руки] пахнут [бензином
.
|
Abaza
fʕʷə́ qə-ha
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
s-náṗ-kʷa |
benzín–fʕʷə |
r-qə́-h-əj-d |
1
sg
.
io
-hand-
pl
|
gasoline–smell
|
3
pl
.
io
-
loc
-smell-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Adyghe
pə-wə
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
s-ʔe-me |
bjenzinə-me-r |
q-a-p-e-wə |
1
sg
.
pr
-рука-
obl
|
бензин-запах-
abs
|
csl
-3
pl
.
io
-
loc
:
tip
-
dyn
-доноситься
|
‘Мои руки пахнут бензином.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Aghul
niʔ qa-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ze |
χil-ar.i-q |
binzin.i |
niʔ |
qa-a |
i
:
gen
|
hand-
pl
-
post
|
gasoline(
gen
)
|
smell
|
{
post
}be-
prs
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
rexa atə
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
mən |
id-i |
rex=ət |
+nuyṭa |
bitay=əl |
from
|
hand(
f
)-
p
.1
sg
|
smell(
m
)=
rel
|
oil(
m
)
|
come.
prog
=3
m
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Bambara
kasa` bɛ́/tɛ́
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
pètɔrɔli |
kasa` |
bɛ́ |
ń |
bólo` |
nɔ̀fɛ̀ |
oil
|
smell\
art
|
be
|
1
sg
|
hand\
art
|
on.trace
|
‘My hands smell like oil.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Brazilian Portuguese
cheirar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
minha-s |
mão-s |
cheir-am |
a |
gasolina |
poss
.1
sg
.
f
-
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
pl
|
smell-3
pl
.
prs
|
to
|
petrol(
f
)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Catalan
fer olor
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
les |
meves |
man-s |
fan |
olor |
de |
benzina |
def
.
pl
.
f
|
poss
.1
sg
.
f
.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
pl
|
make.3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
smell(
f
)
|
of
|
petrol(
f
)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Czech
smrdět
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
ruc-e |
mi |
smrdí |
benzín-em |
hand(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
i
.
dat
|
smell(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
|
gasoline(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Danish
lugte
Valency pattern:
SBJ_af
|
X: SBJ |
Y: af |
Locus: Y |
Min-e |
hænder |
lugte-r |
af |
benzin |
my-
pl
|
hand(
c
).
pl
|
smell-
prs
|
of
|
gasoline(
c
).
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Dutch
ruiken
Valency pattern:
SBJ_naar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: naar |
Locus: Y |
mijn |
hand-en |
ruik-en |
naar |
benzine |
poss
.1
sg
|
hand(
c
)-
pl
|
smell-3
pl
|
to
|
gasoline(
c
)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Eastern Maninka
yé/tɛ́
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sánsi-suma` |
yé |
ń |
bólo` |
fɛ̀. |
gasoline-smell\
art
|
be
|
1
sg
|
hand\
art
|
by
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound). |
English
smell
Valency pattern:
SBJ_like
|
X: SBJ |
Y: like |
Locus: Y |
My |
hands |
smell |
like |
gasoline. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
lõhnama
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENjarele
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENjarele |
Locus: Y |
mu |
käe-d |
lõhna-vad |
bensiini |
järele |
1
sg
.
gen
|
hand-
pl
.
nom
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
gasoline.
sg
.
gen
|
after
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Finnish
haista
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
käte-ni |
hais-e-vat |
bensiini-ltä |
hand.
nom
.
pl
-
poss
.1
sg
|
smell-
prs
-3
pl
|
gasoline-
abl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Forest Enets
ɔtis
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
uzi-nʲiʔ |
kare-xon |
ɔtiʔɛ-ʔ |
i
|
hand-
pl
.1
sg
|
fish-
loc
.
sg
|
smell(
ipfv
)-3
pl
.
s
|
‘My hands smell of fish’. |
French
sentir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
mes |
main-s |
sentent |
l’ |
essence |
my.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
pl
|
smell.
prs
.3
pl
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
gasoline(
f
)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Georgian
Ø-q'ar-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
čem-i |
xel-eb-i |
benzin-it |
Ø-q'ar-s |
my-
nom
|
hand-
pl
-
nom
|
gasoline-
ins
|
s
3-reek-
s
3
sg
|
‘My hands reek of gasoline.’ |
German
riechen
Valency pattern:
NOM_nachDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: nachDAT |
Locus: Y |
mein-e |
Hände |
riech-en |
nach |
Benzin |
my-
nom
.
pl
|
hand.
nom
.
pl
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
after
|
gasoline[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Irish
bí boladh
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Tá |
boladh |
gásailín |
ó |
mo |
láimh. |
be.
prs
|
smell
|
fuel(
gs
)
|
from
|
poss
.1
sg
|
hand.
pl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Italian
sapere
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
|
X: SBJ |
Y: di |
Locus: Y |
le |
mi-e |
man-i |
sanno |
di |
benzin-a |
def
.
pl
.
f
|
poss
.1
sg
-
pl
.
f
|
hand-
pl
.
f
|
smell.3
pl
.
prs
.
|
of
|
gasoline-
sg
.
f
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Kalderash Romani
khandel
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
muř-ə |
vast |
khand-en |
kata |
binzin-o |
my-
pl
|
hand.
nom
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
from
|
gasoline.
nom
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used. |
Kazakh
sas
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Menіŋ |
qol-ïm |
benziyn |
sas-ïp |
tur |
i
.
gen
|
hand-
poss
1
sg
|
gasoline
|
smell-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’ |
Kazym Khanty
awti
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
maša-j-en |
jɔš-ŋəλ |
ԑsǝm |
jiŋ(k)-ǝn |
awə-λ-əŋən |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
hand-
poss
[
du
]
|
udder
|
water-
loc
|
smell-
npst
-3
du
|
‘Maša’s hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
INTER.EL_GEN1
|
X: INTER.EL |
Y: GEN1 |
Locus: XY |
di-lo |
leła-za-š-šo |
lija-s |
muša |
gołe |
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
рука(
iv
)-
pl
.
o
-
inter
-
el
|
чеснок(
iv
)-
gen
1
|
запах(
iii
)
|
быть.
prs
|
‘Мои руки пахнут чесноком.’ |
Note: The word for ‘garlic’ can be easily used discontinuously from ‘the smell’. |
Kina Rutul
il rɨˁχaˁra
Valency pattern:
INTER.EL_ATTR
|
X: INTER.EL |
Y: ATTR |
Locus: XY |
ɨz-dɨ |
χɨla-bɨr-mɨ-k-la |
benzin-ad |
il |
rɨˁχaˁ-r=a |
i
-
attr
|
hand-
pl
-
obl
.
pl
-
inter
-
el
|
petrol-
attr
|
smell(
nom
)
|
4.go.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Latin
oleo
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
per-que |
lac-us |
alt-os |
et |
ole-nt-ia |
sulphur-e |
fer-tur |
stagn-a |
Palic-orum |
through-and
|
lake(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
deep-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
and
|
smell-
ptcp
.
prs
.
act
-
acc
.
pl
.
n
|
sulphur(
n
)-
abl
.
sg
|
carry[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
swamp(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
p
alici(
m
)-
gen
.
pl
|
‘... and through deep lakes and sulphur-smelling swamps of the Palici...’ |
Note: (Ov. Met. V, 405) |
Mandarin Chinese
wén qǐlái
Valency pattern:
SBJ_xiang
|
X: SBJ |
Y: xiang |
Locus: Y |
wǒ-de |
shǒu |
wén |
qǐlái |
xiàng |
qìyóu |
i
-
de
|
hand
|
smell
|
up
|
like
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Mingrelian
šur-i Ø-u-ntx-an-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
čkim |
xe-s |
benzin-iš |
šur-(i) |
Ø-u-ntx-an-s. |
my
|
hand-
dat
|
gasoline-
gen
|
smell-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-smell-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Modern Hebrew
meriχ-ot
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mi |
Locus: Y |
ha |
jad-ajim |
ʃel-i |
meriχ-ot |
mi |
delek |
def
|
hand-
pl
|
poss
-1
sg
|
smell[
ptcp
]-
pl
.
f
|
from
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Nanai
puni ənə-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
mi |
ŋaala-ǯea-i |
benzin |
pu-ni |
ənə-j-ni |
1
sg
|
hand-
abl
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
gasoline
|
smell-
p
.3
sg
|
go-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Nivkh
nоʁd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
|
X: SBJ |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
ɲ-ramk-ɣun |
bеnzin-ɣir̥ |
nоʁ-d |
1
sg
.
poss
-hand-
pl
|
gasoline-
ins
|
smell-
ind
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Northern Mansi
at pasi
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
am |
kāt-aɣ-um |
xūl |
at |
pas-ē-ɣ |
1
sg
|
hand-
du
-
poss
.1
sg
|
fish
|
smell
|
smell-
npst
-3
du
|
‘My hands smell of fish.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Northern Yukaghir
pödˈǝlnˈǝ=
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
mǝt |
čаldˈǝ-pul |
bjenzin |
pödˈǝl-nˈǝ-ŋi |
1
sg
.
poss
|
hand-
pl
|
gasoline
|
smell-
prop
-
intr
.3
pl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å lukte
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
hend-ene |
mine |
lukte-r |
bensin |
hand-
def
.
pl
|
my.
pl
|
smell-
prs
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Polish
pachnąć
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
moj-e |
ręc-e |
pachną |
benzyn-ą |
my-
f
.
nom
.
pl
|
hand-
nom
.
pl
|
smell:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
pl
|
gasoline-
ins
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Russian
paxnutʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
mo-i |
ruk-i |
paxn-ut |
benzin-om |
my-
nom
.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
smell(
pfv
)-
prs
.3
pl
|
gasoline(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Serbian
mirisati
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
moj-e |
ruk-e |
miriš-u |
na |
benzin |
my-
nom
.
pl
.
f
|
hand-
nom
.
pl
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
on
|
gasoline.
acc
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Shughni
bůy δêdow2
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
wi |
δust-en |
benzin |
bůy |
δiy-en |
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
hand-
pl
|
oil
|
smell
|
fall-3
pl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Skolt Saami
âʹpssed
Valency pattern:
NOM_mate
|
X: NOM |
Y: mate |
Locus: Y |
muu |
ǩiõđ |
âʹpsse |
mâte |
beʹnsin |
1
sg
.
gen
|
hand.
pl
.
nom
|
smell.
prs
.3
pl
|
like
|
gasoline.
sg
.
nom
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Slovak
smrdieť
Valency pattern:
NOM_poLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: poLOC |
Locus: Y |
Moj-e |
ruk-y |
smrdia |
po |
benzín-e |
my-
nom
.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
smell(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
|
after
|
gasoline(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Slovenian
dišati
Valency pattern:
NOM_poLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: poLOC |
Locus: Y |
moj-e |
rok-e |
dišijo |
po |
bencin-u |
my-
nom
.
pl
.
f
|
hand-
nom
.
pl
|
smell:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
pl
|
by
|
gasoline-
loc
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
bon lêhatin
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
dest-ek-an=im |
bon-î |
gazoɫ=yan |
lê-d-ê |
hand-
def
-
pl
=1
sg
.
pc
|
smell-
izf
|
gasoline=3
pl
.
pc
|
prev
-
ind
-come.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
oler
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
mi-s |
mano-s |
huele-n |
a |
gasolina |
my-
pl
|
hand[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
to
|
gasoline[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Swedish
att lukta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
mina |
händ-er |
lukta-r |
bensin |
my.
pl
|
hand-
pl
|
smell-
prs
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
UND_BARE
|
X: UND |
Y: BARE |
Locus: Y |
Na-nga~ngamoy |
gasolina |
ang |
kamay |
ko |
potpv
.
ipfv
~smell
|
gasoline
|
subj
|
hands
|
1.
sg
.
gen
|
‘My hands smell like / smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: The status of the X argument is clearly UND. The status of the Y-argument is trickier: it can be considered an incorporated object. The label BARE is used because there is no overt flagging associated with this argument. Alternatively, this structre can be disregarded altogether as the one that lacks two clause-level arguments. |
Telugu
vaccu
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
nā |
cētu-la-nuṁci |
gyās |
vāsana |
vastuṁdi |
1
sg
.
obl
|
hand(
n
)-
pl
.
obl
-
abl
|
gas(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
smell(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
come.
npst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘The gasoline smell comes from my hands.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Turkish
kokmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
el-ler-im |
bu |
benzin-den |
kok-uyor |
hand-
pl
-
p
.1
sg
|
this
|
gasoline-
abl
|
smell-
prs
|
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’ |
Ulcha
waqisi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
tara |
əsi |
min |
ŋāla-j |
benzin-ǯi |
waqis-i-ni |
then
|
now
|
my
|
hand-1
sg
|
petrol-
ins
|
stink-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘And now my hands stink of gasoline.’ |
Uzbek
hidi kelmoq
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
meniŋ |
kol-lar-im-dan |
benzin-niŋ |
hid-i |
kel-yab-ti |
my
|
hand-
pl
-
poss
.1
sg
-
abl
|
gasoline-
gen
|
smell-
poss
.3
sg
|
come-
prs
1-3
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
West Central Oromo
dʒeɗa
Valency pattern:
NOM_RDP
|
X: NOM |
Y: RDP |
Locus: Y |
hark-i=koo |
benzina |
benzina |
dʒeɗ-a |
hand-
nom
=1
sg
.
poss
|
gasoline
|
gasoline
|
say-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Zilo Andi
ʃan (<b>-aχ-o)
Valency pattern:
CONT.EL_GEN
|
X: CONT.EL |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
di-r-ul |
reʔoba-tʃ’u-kːu |
benzinu-tɬi |
zolo |
ʃan |
(b-aχ.o) |
i
.
obl
-
inan
2(
gen
)-
pl
|
hand.
pl
.
obl
-
cont
-
el
|
benzine.
obl
-
gen
|
very
|
odour[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
inan
1-end_up.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘My hands smell of benzine very strongly.’ |