BivalTyp

Show Russian meta:

‘smell’

Argument frame:

X (smell) like / of Y

Stimulus sentence:

(I was mending my car.) My hands smell like / smell of gasoline .

Predicate label Ru:

пахнуть

Argument frame Ru:

X (пахнуть) Y -ом

Stimulus sentence Ru:

(Я чинил машину). Мои руки] пахнут [бензином .

Abaza fʕʷə́ qə-ha

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

s-náṗ-kʷa	benzín–fʕʷə	r-qə́-h-əj-d
1 sg . io -hand- pl	gasoline–smell	3 pl . io - loc -smell- prs - dcl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

Adyghe pə-wə

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

s-ʔe-me	bjenzinə-me-r	q-a-p-e-wə
1 sg . pr -рука- obl	бензин-запах- abs	csl -3 pl . io - loc : tip - dyn -доноситься
‘Мои руки пахнут бензином.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

Aghul niʔ qa-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

ze	χil-ar.i-q	binzin.i	niʔ	qa-a
i : gen	hand- pl - post	gasoline( gen )	smell	{ post }be- prs
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic rexa atə

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mən	id-i	rex=ət	+nuyṭa	bitay=əl
from	hand( f )- p .1 sg	smell( m )= rel	oil( m )	come. prog =3 m
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Bambara kasa` bɛ́/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

pètɔrɔli	kasa`	bɛ́	ń	bólo`	nɔ̀fɛ̀
oil	smell\ art	be	1 sg	hand\ art	on.trace
‘My hands smell like oil.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Brazilian Portuguese cheirar

Valency pattern: SBJ_a

X: SBJ

Y: a

Locus: Y

minha-s	mão-s	cheir-am	a	gasolina
poss .1 sg . f - pl	hand( f )- pl	smell-3 pl . prs	to	petrol( f )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Catalan fer olor

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

les	meves	man-s	fan	olor	de	benzina
def . pl . f	poss .1 sg . f . pl	hand( f )- pl	make.3 pl . prs . ind	smell( f )	of	petrol( f )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Czech smrdět

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

ruc-e	mi	smrdí	benzín-em
hand( f )- nom . pl	i . dat	smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	gasoline( m )- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Danish lugte

Valency pattern: SBJ_af

X: SBJ

Y: af

Locus: Y

Min-e	hænder	lugte-r	af	benzin
my- pl	hand( c ). pl	smell- prs	of	gasoline( c ). sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Dutch ruiken

Valency pattern: SBJ_naar

X: SBJ

Y: naar

Locus: Y

mijn	hand-en	ruik-en	naar	benzine
poss .1 sg	hand( c )- pl	smell-3 pl	to	gasoline( c )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Eastern Maninka yé/tɛ́

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Sánsi-suma`	yé	ń	bólo`	fɛ̀.
gasoline-smell\ art	be	1 sg	hand\ art	by
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound).

English smell

Valency pattern: SBJ_like

X: SBJ

Y: like

Locus: Y

My	hands	smell	like	gasoline.

Estonian lõhnama

Valency pattern: NOM_GENjarele

X: NOM

Y: GENjarele

Locus: Y

mu	käe-d	lõhna-vad	bensiini	järele
1 sg . gen	hand- pl . nom	smell- prs .3 pl	gasoline. sg . gen	after
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Finnish haista

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

käte-ni	hais-e-vat	bensiini-ltä
hand. nom . pl - poss .1 sg	smell- prs -3 pl	gasoline- abl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Forest Enets ɔtis

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

modʲi	uzi-nʲiʔ	kare-xon	ɔtiʔɛ-ʔ
i	hand- pl .1 sg	fish- loc . sg	smell( ipfv )-3 pl . s
‘My hands smell of fish’.

French sentir

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mes	main-s	sentent	l’	essence
my. pl	hand( f )- pl	smell. prs .3 pl	def . sg . f	gasoline( f )
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Georgian Ø-q'ar-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

čem-i	xel-eb-i	benzin-it	Ø-q'ar-s
my- nom	hand- pl - nom	gasoline- ins	s 3-reek- s 3 sg
‘My hands reek of gasoline.’

German riechen

Valency pattern: NOM_nachDAT

X: NOM

Y: nachDAT

Locus: Y

mein-e	Hände	riech-en	nach	Benzin
my- nom . pl	hand. nom . pl	smell- prs .3 pl	after	gasoline[ dat . sg ]
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Irish bí boladh

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

Tá	boladh	gásailín	ó	mo	láimh.
be. prs	smell	fuel( gs )	from	poss .1 sg	hand. pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Italian sapere

Valency pattern: SBJ_di

X: SBJ

Y: di

Locus: Y

le	mi-e	man-i	sanno	di	benzin-a
def . pl . f	poss .1 sg - pl . f	hand- pl . f	smell.3 pl . prs .	of	gasoline- sg . f
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Kalderash Romani khandel

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

muř-ə	vast	khand-en	kata	binzin-o
my- pl	hand. nom	smell- prs .3 pl	from	gasoline. nom
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used.

Kazakh sas

Valency pattern: TR

X: NOM

Y: ACC

Locus: TR

Menіŋ	qol-ïm	benziyn	sas-ïp	tur
i . gen	hand- poss 1 sg	gasoline	smell- cvb	stand.3 sg
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’

Kazym Khanty awti

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC

X: NOM

Y: LOC

Locus: Y

maša-j-en	jɔš-ŋəλ	ԑsǝm	jiŋ(k)-ǝn	awə-λ-əŋən
pn - ep - poss .2 sg	hand- poss [ du ]	udder	water- loc	smell- npst -3 du
‘Maša’s hands smell of gasoline.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: INTER.EL_GEN1

X: INTER.EL

Y: GEN1

Locus: XY

di-lo	leła-za-š-šo	lija-s	muša	gołe
1 sg . o - gen 2	рука( iv )- pl . o - inter - el	чеснок( iv )- gen 1	запах( iii )	быть. prs
‘Мои руки пахнут чесноком.’
Note: The word for ‘garlic’ can be easily used discontinuously from ‘the smell’.

Kina Rutul il rɨˁχaˁra

Valency pattern: INTER.EL_ATTR

X: INTER.EL

Y: ATTR

Locus: XY

ɨz-dɨ	χɨla-bɨr-mɨ-k-la	benzin-ad	il	rɨˁχaˁ-r=a
i - attr	hand- pl - obl . pl - inter - el	petrol- attr	smell( nom )	4.go. ipfv - cvb =be
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Latin oleo

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

per-que	lac-us	alt-os	et	ole-nt-ia	sulphur-e	fer-tur	stagn-a	Palic-orum
through-and	lake( m )- acc . pl	deep- acc . pl . m	and	smell- ptcp . prs . act - acc . pl . n	sulphur( n )- abl . sg	carry[ prs . ind ]- mid .3 sg	swamp( n )- acc . pl	p alici( m )- gen . pl
‘... and through deep lakes and sulphur-smelling swamps of the Palici...’
Note: (Ov. Met. V, 405)

Mandarin Chinese wén qǐlái

Valency pattern: SBJ_xiang

X: SBJ

Y: xiang

Locus: Y

wǒ-de	shǒu	wén	qǐlái	xiàng	qìyóu
i - de	hand	smell	up	like	gasoline
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’

Mingrelian šur-i Ø-u-ntx-an-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

čkim	xe-s	benzin-iš	šur-(i)	Ø-u-ntx-an-s.
my	hand- dat	gasoline- gen	smell- nom	io 3- ver : o -smell- sm - s 3 sg
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Modern Hebrew meriχ-ot

Valency pattern: SBJ_mi

X: SBJ

Y: mi

Locus: Y

ha	jad-ajim	ʃel-i	meriχ-ot	mi	delek
def	hand- pl	poss -1 sg	smell[ ptcp ]- pl . f	from	gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Nanai puni ənə-

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mi	ŋaala-ǯea-i	benzin	pu-ni	ənə-j-ni
1 sg	hand- abl - p . refl . sg	gasoline	smell- p .3 sg	go- npst - p .3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Nivkh nоʁd

Valency pattern: SBJ_INS

X: SBJ

Y: INS

Locus: Y

ɲ-ramk-ɣun	bеnzin-ɣir̥	nоʁ-d
1 sg . poss -hand- pl	gasoline- ins	smell- ind
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Northern Mansi at pasi

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

am	kāt-aɣ-um	xūl	at	pas-ē-ɣ
1 sg	hand- du - poss .1 sg	fish	smell	smell- npst -3 du
‘My hands smell of fish.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Northern Yukaghir pödˈǝlnˈǝ=

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

mǝt	čаldˈǝ-pul	bjenzin	pödˈǝl-nˈǝ-ŋi
1 sg . poss	hand- pl	gasoline	smell- prop - intr .3 pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Norwegian Bokmål å lukte

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

hend-ene	mine	lukte-r	bensin
hand- def . pl	my. pl	smell- prs	gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Polish pachnąć

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

moj-e	ręc-e	pachną	benzyn-ą
my- f . nom . pl	hand- nom . pl	smell: ipfv . prs .3 pl	gasoline- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Russian paxnutʹ

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

mo-i	ruk-i	paxn-ut	benzin-om
my- nom . pl	hand( f )- nom . pl	smell( pfv )- prs .3 pl	gasoline( m )- ins . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Serbian mirisati

Valency pattern: NOM_naACC

X: NOM

Y: naACC

Locus: Y

moj-e	ruk-e	miriš-u	na	benzin
my- nom . pl . f	hand- nom . pl	smell- prs .3 pl	on	gasoline. acc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Shughni bůy δêdow2

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

wi	δust-en	benzin	bůy	δiy-en
d 3. m . sg . obl	hand- pl	oil	smell	fall-3 pl
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Skolt Saami âʹpssed

Valency pattern: NOM_mate

X: NOM

Y: mate

Locus: Y

muu	ǩiõđ	âʹpsse	mâte	beʹnsin
1 sg . gen	hand. pl . nom	smell. prs .3 pl	like	gasoline. sg . nom
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Slovak smrdieť

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC

X: NOM

Y: poLOC

Locus: Y

Moj-e	ruk-y	smrdia	po	benzín-e
my- nom . pl	hand( f )- nom . pl	smell( ipfv ). prs .3 pl	after	gasoline( m )- loc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Slovenian dišati

Valency pattern: NOM_poLOC

X: NOM

Y: poLOC

Locus: Y

moj-e	rok-e	dišijo	po	bencin-u
my- nom . pl . f	hand- nom . pl	smell: ipfv . prs .3 pl	by	gasoline- loc . sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Sorani Kurdish bon lêhatin

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

dest-ek-an=im	bon-î	gazoɫ=yan	lê-d-ê
hand- def - pl =1 sg . pc	smell- izf	gasoline=3 pl . pc	prev - ind -come. prs .3 sg
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Spanish oler

Valency pattern: SBJ_a

X: SBJ

Y: a

Locus: Y

mi-s	mano-s	huele-n	a	gasolina
my- pl	hand[ sg . f ]- pl	smell- prs .3 pl	to	gasoline[ sg . f ]
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Swedish att lukta

Valency pattern: TR

X: SBJ

Y: DO

Locus: TR

mina	händ-er	lukta-r	bensin
my. pl	hand- pl	smell- prs	gasoline
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’

Tagalog

Valency pattern: UND_BARE

X: UND

Y: BARE

Locus: Y

Na-nga~ngamoy	gasolina	ang	kamay	ko
potpv . ipfv ~smell	gasoline	subj	hands	1. sg . gen
‘My hands smell like / smell of gasoline.’
Note: The status of the X argument is clearly UND. The status of the Y-argument is trickier: it can be considered an incorporated object. The label BARE is used because there is no overt flagging associated with this argument. Alternatively, this structre can be disregarded altogether as the one that lacks two clause-level arguments.

Telugu vaccu

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

nā	cētu-la-nuṁci	gyās	vāsana	vastuṁdi
1 sg . obl	hand( n )- pl . obl - abl	gas( n ). sg . obl	smell( n ). sg . nom	come. npst .3 sg . nm
‘The gasoline smell comes from my hands.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound.

Turkish kokmak

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL

X: NOM

Y: ABL

Locus: Y

el-ler-im	bu	benzin-den	kok-uyor
hand- pl - p .1 sg	this	gasoline- abl	smell- prs
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’

Ulcha waqisi-

Valency pattern: NOM_INS

X: NOM

Y: INS

Locus: Y

tara	əsi	min	ŋāla-j	benzin-ǯi	waqis-i-ni
then	now	my	hand-1 sg	petrol- ins	stink- prs -3 sg
‘And now my hands stink of gasoline.’

Uzbek hidi kelmoq

Valency pattern: NA

X: *

Y: *

Locus: *

meniŋ	kol-lar-im-dan	benzin-niŋ	hid-i	kel-yab-ti
my	hand- pl - poss .1 sg - abl	gasoline- gen	smell- poss .3 sg	come- prs 1-3 sg
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

West Central Oromo dʒeɗa

Valency pattern: NOM_RDP

X: NOM

Y: RDP

Locus: Y

hark-i=koo	benzina	benzina	dʒeɗ-a
hand- nom =1 sg . poss	gasoline	gasoline	say-3 sg . m . ipfv
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’

Zilo Andi ʃan (<b>-aχ-o)

Valency pattern: CONT.EL_GEN

X: CONT.EL

Y: GEN

Locus: XY

di-r-ul	reʔoba-tʃ’u-kːu	benzinu-tɬi	zolo	ʃan	(b-aχ.o)
i . obl - inan 2( gen )- pl	hand. pl . obl - cont - el	benzine. obl - gen	very	odour[ inan 1][ nom ]	inan 1-end_up. pst ( aor )
‘My hands smell of benzine very strongly.’