‘smell’
Argument frame: |
X
(smell) like / of
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(I was mending my car.)
My hands
smell like / smell of
gasoline
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
пахнуть
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(пахнуть)
Y
-ом
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(Я чинил машину).
Мои руки] пахнут [бензином
.
|
Abaza
fʕʷə́ qə-ha
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
s-náṗ-kʷa |
benzín–fʕʷə |
r-qə́-h-əj-d |
1
sg
.
io
-hand-
pl
|
gasoline–smell
|
3
pl
.
io
-
loc
-smell-
prs
-
dcl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Adyghe (West Circassian)
pə-wə
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
s-ʔe-me |
bjenzinə-me-r |
q-a-p-e-wə |
1
sg
.
pr
-hand-
obl
|
gasoline-smell-
abs
|
csl
-3
pl
.
io
-
loc
:
tip
-
dyn
-come
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Aghul
niʔ qa-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
ze |
χil-ar.i-q |
binzin.i |
niʔ |
qa-a |
i
:
gen
|
hand-
pl
-
post
|
gasoline(
gen
)
|
smell
|
{
post
}be-
prs
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Alik Kryz
neʕ ʕaxhric
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
za |
xab-rime-ğar |
benzin-ci |
neʕ |
ʕaşxha-re |
1.
gen
|
hand-
pl
.
obl
-
superel
|
gazoline-
gen
|
smell
|
come.
ipfv
-
prs
.
n
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is arguably expressed as an NP-internal modifier. To be checked. |
Archi
di ca-χas
Valency pattern:
SUP.EL_GEN
|
X: SUP.EL |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
is |
kurʁul-če-tːi-š |
bənzin-ni-n |
di |
carχa-r-ši |
npl
.
i
.
gen
|
hand.
p
l-
obl
.
pl
-
sup
-
el
|
gas-
obl
-
gen
|
smell
|
4.<
ipfv
>throw-
ipfv
-
advz
(4.be)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
rexa atə
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
mən |
id-i |
rex=ət |
+nuyṭa |
bitay=əl |
from
|
hand(
f
)-
p
.1
sg
|
smell(
m
)=
rel
|
oil(
m
)
|
come.
prog
=3
m
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Avar
maħ buk’ize
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
dir |
kwer-az-da |
benzad-ul |
maħ |
b-ugo |
my
|
hand-
pl
.
obl
-
loc
|
oil-
gen
|
smell
|
n
-
cop
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. Non-verbal predicate. |
Azerbaijani
qoxumaq
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOM(NO.AGR) |
Locus: Y |
mənim |
əl-lər-im |
benzin |
qoxu-yur |
1.
gen
|
hand-
pl
-
poss
1
sg
|
gasoline
|
smell-
ipfv
(3)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: With this verb, the second argument does not trigger agreement and is never marked for the accusative case even if it is referentially salient (unlike with canonical transitive verbs). This verb belongs to the literary language (the more common alternative does not meet the inclusion criteria). |
Bafut
lúm
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
m̀-bô |
má |
lúm |
ŋ̀kxì-mᵼ̀wúrᵼ̂ |
pl
-hand
|
my
|
smell
|
water-oil
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Bambara
kasa` bɛ́/tɛ́
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
pètɔrɔli |
kasa` |
bɛ́ |
ń |
bólo` |
nɔ̀fɛ̀ |
oil
|
smell\
art
|
be
|
1
sg
|
hand\
art
|
on.trace
|
‘My hands smell like oil.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Brazilian Portuguese
cheirar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
minha-s |
mão-s |
cheir-am |
a |
gasolina |
poss
.1
sg
.
f
-
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
pl
|
smell-3
pl
.
prs
|
to
|
petrol(
f
)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Budugh
neʕ ğaşxar
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
za |
xabt'im-beʕar |
benzin-co |
neʕ |
ğaşxar-a'vi |
1.
obl
|
hand-
pl
.
abl
|
oil-
obl
.
gen
|
smell
|
come.
ipf
-
prog
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Catalan
fer olor
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
les |
meves |
man-s |
fan |
olor |
de |
benzina |
def
.
pl
.
f
|
poss
.1
sg
.
f
.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
pl
|
make.3
pl
.
prs
.
ind
|
smell(
f
)
|
of
|
petrol(
f
)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Chirag
tːa̰ħ-le
Valency pattern:
ABS_GEN
|
X: ABS |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
di-la |
na̰qː-be |
binzin-na |
tːa̰ħ-le |
i
-
gen
|
hand-
pl
(
abs
)
|
gasoline-
gen
|
smell-
adv
.
prs
.3
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Czech
smrdět
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
ruc-e |
mi |
smrdí |
benzín-em |
hand(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
i
.
dat
|
smell(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
|
gasoline(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Danish
lugte
Valency pattern:
SBJ_af
|
X: SBJ |
Y: af |
Locus: Y |
Min-e |
hænder |
lugte-r |
af |
benzin |
my-
pl
|
hand(
c
).
pl
|
smell-
prs
|
of
|
gasoline(
c
).
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Dutch
ruiken
Valency pattern:
SBJ_naar
|
X: SBJ |
Y: naar |
Locus: Y |
mijn |
hand-en |
ruik-en |
naar |
benzine |
poss
.1
sg
|
hand(
c
)-
pl
|
smell-3
pl
|
to
|
gasoline(
c
)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Eastern Maninka
yé/tɛ́
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Sánsi-suma` |
yé |
ń |
bólo` |
fɛ̀. |
gasoline-smell\
art
|
be
|
1
sg
|
hand\
art
|
by
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because the intended meaning is expressed by a structurally discontinuous combination (predicate + root in a compound). |
English
smell
Valency pattern:
SBJ_like
|
X: SBJ |
Y: like |
Locus: Y |
My |
hands |
smell |
like |
gasoline. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Estonian
lõhnama
Valency pattern:
NOM_GENjarele
|
X: NOM |
Y: GENjarele |
Locus: Y |
mu |
käe-d |
lõhna-vad |
bensiini |
järele |
1
sg
.
gen
|
hand-
pl
.
nom
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
gasoline.
sg
.
gen
|
after
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Finnish
haista
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
käte-ni |
hais-e-vat |
bensiini-ltä |
hand.
nom
.
pl
-
poss
.1
sg
|
smell-
prs
-3
pl
|
gasoline-
abl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Forest Enets
ɔtis
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
uzi-nʲiʔ |
kare-xon |
ɔtiʔɛ-ʔ |
i
|
hand-
pl
.1
sg
|
fish-
loc
.
sg
|
smell(
ipfv
)-3
pl
.
s
|
‘My hands smell of fish’. |
French
sentir
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
mes |
main-s |
sentent |
l’ |
essence |
my.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
pl
|
smell.
prs
.3
pl
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
gasoline(
f
)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Georgian
Ø-q'ar-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
čem-i |
xel-eb-i |
benzin-it |
Ø-q'ar-s |
my-
nom
|
hand-
pl
-
nom
|
gasoline-
ins
|
s
3-reek-
s
3
sg
|
‘My hands reek of gasoline.’ |
German
riechen
Valency pattern:
NOM_nachDAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: nachDAT |
Locus: Y |
mein-e |
Hände |
riech-en |
nach |
Benzin |
my-
nom
.
pl
|
hand.
nom
.
pl
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
after
|
gasoline[
dat
.
sg
]
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Guinean Kpelle
kúŋ káa
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
èsáns |
kùŋ |
gáa |
ɲée-ɣáà |
dìê |
gazoline
|
smell\
l
|
be
|
1
sg
\hand-
pl
|
3
pl
.on1
|
‘My hands smell of gazoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Icari Dargwa
kːʷaˤʕ b=u:h-araj
Valency pattern:
POSTtti_GEN
|
X: POSTtti |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
di-la |
naˤqː-b-a-ha |
tːi=b |
binzin-na |
kːʷaˤʕ |
le=b |
i
-
gen
|
hand-
pl
-
obl
-
post
|
post
=
n
|
gasoline-
gen
|
smell.
abs
|
exist
=
n
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Irish
bí boladh
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
Tá |
boladh |
gásailín |
ó |
mo |
láimh. |
be.
prs
|
smell
|
fuel(
gs
)
|
from
|
poss
.1
sg
|
hand.
pl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Italian
sapere
Valency pattern:
SBJ_di
|
X: SBJ |
Y: di |
Locus: Y |
le |
mi-e |
man-i |
sanno |
di |
benzin-a |
def
.
pl
.
f
|
poss
.1
sg
-
pl
.
f
|
hand-
pl
.
f
|
smell.3
pl
.
prs
.
|
of
|
gasoline-
sg
.
f
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Kadar Dargwa
waʡ CL-ik-es / CL-irk-es
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
dija |
naˤq'-b-a-zaka |
binzi-ja |
waʡ |
b-irk-ur |
i
.
gen
|
hand-
pl
-
obl
.
pl
-
el
|
petrol-
gen
|
smell
|
n
-fall.
ipfv
-
th
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Kalderash Romani
khandel
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
muř-ə |
vast |
khand-en |
kata |
binzin-o |
my-
pl
|
hand.
nom
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
from
|
gasoline-
nom
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: With a pronominal Y argument, the structure with the ablative case (ABL) would be used. |
Kandyk Tabasaran
Valency pattern:
POST_GEN
|
X: X |
Y: Y |
Locus: XY |
χl-ar.i-q |
benzin.ǯi-n |
niʔ |
q-a |
hand-
pl
-
post
|
bezine-
gen
|
smell(
abs
)
|
post
-be(
prs
)
|
‘(My) hands smell of benzine.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Karata
xwanj bik’waɬa
Valency pattern:
EL_POSS
|
X: EL |
Y: POSS |
Locus: XY |
di-raj |
reƛ’a-ba-gal |
binzin-i-ƛ |
xwanj |
idja |
1.
obl
-
attr
.
pl
|
hand-
pl
.
obl
-
el
|
gasoline-
obl
-
gen
|
smell
|
cop
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The possessor NP displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Kaytag Dargwa
k:vaˁʕdik’wara
Valency pattern:
NOM_ERG
|
X: NOM |
Y: ERG |
Locus: Y |
dila |
naˁq:-bi |
k:vaˁʕdik’-ulca |
binzin-ni |
my
|
hand-
pl
.
nom
|
npl
.smell.
ipf
-
prs
|
oil-
erg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Kazakh
sas
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Menіŋ |
qol-ïm |
benziyn |
sas-ïp |
tur |
i
.
gen
|
hand-
poss
1
sg
|
gasoline
|
smell-
cvb
|
stand.3
sg
|
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’ |
Kazym Khanty
awti
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
maša-j-en |
jɔš-ŋəλ |
ԑsǝm |
jiŋ(k)-ǝn |
awə-λ-əŋən |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
hand-
poss
[
du
]
|
udder
|
water-
loc
|
smell-
npst
-3
du
|
‘Maša’s hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Khoekhoe
ham
Valency pattern:
SBJ_khami
|
X: SBJ |
Y: khami |
Locus: Y |
Ti |
ǃom-di |
ge |
petrol-i |
khami |
ra |
ham |
1
sg
.
poss
|
hand-3
f
.
pl
|
decl
|
petrol-3
c
.
sg
|
like
|
ipfv
|
smell
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Khwarshi
muša gołe
Valency pattern:
INTER.EL_GEN1
|
X: INTER.EL |
Y: GEN1 |
Locus: XY |
di-lo |
leła-za-š-šo |
lija-s |
muša |
gołe |
1
sg
.
o
-
gen
2
|
hand(
iv
)-
pl
.
o
-
inter
-
el
|
garlic(
iv
)-
gen
1
|
smell(
iii
)
|
be.
prs
|
‘My hands smell of garlic.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Kina Rutul
il rɨˁχaˁra
Valency pattern:
INTER.EL_ATTR
|
X: INTER.EL |
Y: ATTR |
Locus: XY |
ɨz-dɨ |
χɨla-bɨr-mɨ-k-la |
benzin-ad |
il |
rɨˁχaˁ-r=a |
i
-
attr
|
hand-
pl
-
obl
.
pl
-
inter
-
el
|
petrol-
attr
|
smell(
nom
)
|
4.go.
ipfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Kumyk
ijis gelmek
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
qol-lar-ɨm-dan |
ot |
ijis |
gel-e |
hand-
pl
-1
sg
-
abl
|
grass
|
smell
|
come-3
sg
|
‘My hands smell of grass.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Latin
oleo
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
per-que |
lac-us |
alt-os |
et |
ole-nt-ia |
sulphur-e |
fer-tur |
stagn-a |
Palic-orum |
through-and
|
lake(
m
)-
acc
.
pl
|
deep-
acc
.
pl
.
m
|
and
|
smell-
ptcp
.
prs
.
act
-
acc
.
pl
.
n
|
sulphur(
n
)-
abl
.
sg
|
carry[
prs
.
ind
]-
mid
.3
sg
|
swamp(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
p
alici(
m
)-
gen
.
pl
|
‘... and through deep lakes and sulphur-smelling swamps of the Palici...’ |
Note: (Ov. Met. V, 405) |
Laz
o-l-u
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
xe-čkim-i-s |
benzin-iš |
šu(r)-i |
Ø-a-l-em-s |
hand-
poss
1-
b
-
dat
|
gasoline-
gen
|
smell-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
r
-go-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Mandarin Chinese
wén qǐlái
Valency pattern:
SBJ_xiang
|
X: SBJ |
Y: xiang |
Locus: Y |
wǒ-de |
shǒu |
wén |
qǐlái |
xiàng |
qìyóu |
i
-
de
|
hand
|
smell
|
up
|
like
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Mano
gḭ̄ḭ̄ be
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
tíéyíí |
gḭ̄ḭ̄ |
lɛ̄ |
ŋ̄ |
kɔ̀ |
mɔ̀ |
gasoline
|
smell
|
3
sg
.
exi
|
1
sg
|
arm
|
on
|
‘My arms smell of gazoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Mehweb
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
di-la |
nuʁ-e |
benzi-ja |
deħ-le |
le-r |
i
.
obl
-
gen
|
hand-
pl
|
gaz.
g
en
|
smell-
obl
.
in
|
be-
npl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Mingrelian
šur-i Ø-u-ntx-an-s (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
čkim |
xe-s |
benʒil-iš |
šur-(i) |
Ø-u-ntx-an-s |
my
|
hand-
dat
|
gasoline-
gen
|
smell-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-smell-
sm
-
s
3
sg
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Modern Hebrew
meriχ-ot
Valency pattern:
SBJ_mi
|
X: SBJ |
Y: mi |
Locus: Y |
ha |
jad-ajim |
ʃel-i |
meriχ-ot |
mi |
delek |
def
|
hand-
pl
|
poss
-1
sg
|
smell[
ptcp
]-
pl
.
f
|
from
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Mukhad Rutul
il jišin
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
iz-dı |
χıl-abırmı-k |
benzin-e-d |
il |
ki |
my-
attr
|
hand-
pl
.
obl
-
cont
|
oil-
obl
-
gen
|
smell
|
be_at
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Nanai
puni ənə-
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
mi |
ŋaala-ǯea-i |
benzin |
pu-ni |
ənə-j-ni |
1
sg
|
hand-
abl
-
p
.
refl
.
sg
|
gasoline
|
smell-
p
.3
sg
|
go-
npst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Nivkh
nоʁd
Valency pattern:
SBJ_INS
|
X: SBJ |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
ɲ-ramk-ɣun |
bеnzin-ɣir̥ |
nоʁ-d |
1
sg
.
poss
-hand-
pl
|
gasoline-
ins
|
smell-
ind
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Northern Akhvakh
šwani bik’uruƛa
Valency pattern:
EL_POSS
|
X: EL |
Y: POSS |
Locus: XY |
di-re |
reƛ’ili-gune |
bizi-ƛƛi |
koša |
šwani |
godi |
1
sg
.
obl
-
npl
|
hand.
pl
.
obl
-
el
|
oil-
gen
|
bad
|
smell
|
n
.
cop
|
‘My hands smell badly of gasoline.’ |
Note: Non-verbal predicate. The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level argument. |
Northern Mansi
at pasi
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
am |
kāt-aɣ-um |
xūl |
at |
pas-ē-ɣ |
1
sg
|
hand-
du
-
poss
.1
sg
|
fish
|
smell
|
smell-
npst
-3
du
|
‘My hands smell of fish.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Northern Yukaghir
pödˈǝlnˈǝ=
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
mǝt |
čаldˈǝ-pul |
bjenzin |
pödˈǝl-nˈǝ-ŋi |
1
sg
.
poss
|
hand-
pl
|
gasoline
|
smell-
prop
-
intr
.3
pl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Norwegian Bokmål
å lukte
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
hend-ene |
mine |
lukte-r |
bensin |
hand-
def
.
pl
|
my.
pl
|
smell-
prs
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Polish
pachnąć
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
moj-e |
ręc-e |
pachną |
benzyn-ą |
my-
f
.
nom
.
pl
|
hand-
nom
.
pl
|
smell:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
pl
|
gasoline-
ins
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Russian
paxnutʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
mo-i |
ruk-i |
paxn-ut |
benzin-om |
my-
nom
.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
smell(
pfv
)-
prs
.3
pl
|
gasoline(
m
)-
ins
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Serbian
mirisati
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
moj-e |
ruk-e |
miriš-u |
na |
benzin |
my-
nom
.
pl
.
f
|
hand-
nom
.
pl
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
on
|
gasoline.
acc
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Shinaz Rutul
il h-iši-n
Valency pattern:
CONTEL_ATTR
|
X: CONTEL |
Y: ATTR |
Locus: XY |
iz-dɨ |
χɨlab-a-kila |
il |
ruʔu-j |
benzin-a-d |
my-
attr
|
hand.
pl
-
obl
-
contel
|
smell
|
ipf
.go-
evt
.
n
|
oil-
obl
-
attr
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Shughni
bůy δêdow2
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
wi |
δust-en |
benzin |
bůy |
δiy-en |
d
3.
m
.
sg
.
obl
|
hand-
pl
|
oil
|
smell
|
fall-3
pl
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Skolt Saami
âʹpssed
Valency pattern:
NOM_mate
|
X: NOM |
Y: mate |
Locus: Y |
muu |
ǩiõđ |
âʹpsse |
mâte |
beʹnsin |
1
sg
.
gen
|
hand.
pl
.
nom
|
smell.
prs
.3
pl
|
like
|
gasoline.
sg
.
nom
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Slovak
smrdieť
Valency pattern:
NOM_poLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: poLOC |
Locus: Y |
Moj-e |
ruk-y |
smrdia |
po |
benzín-e |
my-
nom
.
pl
|
hand(
f
)-
nom
.
pl
|
smell(
ipfv
).
prs
.3
pl
|
after
|
gasoline(
m
)-
loc
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Slovenian
dišati
Valency pattern:
NOM_poLOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: poLOC |
Locus: Y |
moj-e |
rok-e |
dišijo |
po |
bencin-u |
my-
nom
.
pl
.
f
|
hand-
nom
.
pl
|
smell:
ipfv
.
prs
.3
pl
|
by
|
gasoline-
loc
.
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
bon lêhatin
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
dest-ek-an=im |
bon-î |
gazoɫ=yan |
lê-d-ê |
hand-
def
-
pl
=1
sg
.
pc
|
smell-
izf
|
gasoline=3
pl
.
pc
|
prev
-
ind
-come.
prs
.3
sg
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Southern Rutul
il yidq’ın
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
xıl-amı-kla |
benzin-e-d |
il |
aˤğuˤ-r |
hand-
pl
.
obl
-
contel
|
gas-
obl
-
n
|
smell
|
(
n
)go.
ipf
-
prs
|
‘The hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Spanish
oler
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
mi-s |
mano-s |
huele-n |
a |
gasolina |
my-
pl
|
hand[
sg
.
f
]-
pl
|
smell-
prs
.3
pl
|
to
|
gasoline[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Standard Arabic
fāḥa rāɁiḥatu
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
tafūḥu |
min |
yad-ay-ya |
rāɁiḥat-u |
l-banzīn-i |
emanate.
ipf
.3
f
|
from
|
hands(
f
)-
gen
.
du
-
p
.1
sg
|
smell(
f
)-
nom
|
def
-gasoline-
gen
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Svan
kwin-Ø x-o-qan (PRS)
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
mišgu |
ši-är-s |
benzin-i |
kwin-Ø |
x-o-qan |
poss
1
|
hand-
pl
-
dat
|
gasoline-
gen
|
smell-
nom
|
io
3-
ver
:
o
-hit
|
‘My hands reek of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Swedish
att lukta
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
mina |
händ-er |
lukta-r |
bensin |
my.
pl
|
hand-
pl
|
smell-
prs
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_BARE
|
X: ACT |
Y: BARE |
Locus: Y |
na-nga~ngamoy |
gasolina |
ang |
kamay |
ko |
av
.
stem
.
ipfv
~
ipfv
-smell
|
gasoline
|
subj
|
hands
|
1.
sg
.
gen
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: The label BARE is used because there is no overt flagging associated with this argument. |
Telugu
vaccu
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
nā |
cētu-la-nuṁci |
gyās |
vāsana |
vastuṁdi |
1
sg
.
obl
|
hand(
n
)-
pl
.
obl
-
abl
|
gas(
n
).
sg
.
obl
|
smell(
n
).
sg
.
nom
|
come.
npst
.3
sg
.
nm
|
‘The gasoline smell comes from my hands.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as part of a nominal compound. |
Tsakhur
evaхhay
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
yizdi |
хulyoppu-šı-k |
benzin-in |
eva |
vo-d |
my.
obl
|
hand.
pl
.
nom
-
pl
.
obl
-
cont
|
oil-
n
|
smell
|
cop
-
n
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Tsudakhar Dargwa
kːʷaˤʡ b-ič'-iz
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
dila |
nuqbe |
benzin-na |
kːʷaˤʡ |
d-ik'-ule=sade |
1.
gen
|
hand.
pl
.
obl
|
oil-
gen
|
smell
|
npl
-say-
prog
.
cnv
=
cop
.
npl
(3)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: The NP in the genitive displays some properties of a clause-level dependent. |
Tsugni Dargwa
kːʷaˤʡ + COP
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
nuqba-cːe-rka |
nabt-la |
kːʷaˤʡ |
leb |
hand.
pl
.
obl
-
inter
-
abl
:
down
|
oil-
gen
|
smell
|
cop
.
exst
:
n
(3)
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Turkish
kokmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_ABL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABL |
Locus: Y |
el-ler-im |
bu |
benzin-den |
kok-uyor |
hand-
pl
-
p
.1
sg
|
this
|
gasoline-
abl
|
smell-
prs
|
‘My hands smell of this gasoline.’ |
Turoyo
oṯe reḥo
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
k-oṯe |
reḥ-e |
d-u |
banzin |
me |
iḏ-oṯ-i |
prs
-come.
ipfv
.3
m
|
smell-
p
.3
m
|
rel
-
art
.
m
|
gasoline(
m
)
|
from
|
hand(
f
)-
pl
-
p
.1
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Twi
hwa
Valency pattern:
SBJ_tese
|
X: SBJ |
Y: tese |
Locus: Y |
me |
nsa |
hwa |
tesε |
fagoo |
1
sg
(
poss
)
|
hands
|
smell
|
like
|
gasoline
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Ulcha
waqisi-
Valency pattern:
NOM_INS
|
X: NOM |
Y: INS |
Locus: Y |
tara |
əsi |
min |
ŋāla-j |
benzin-ǯi |
waqis-i-ni |
then
|
now
|
my
|
hand-1
sg
|
petrol-
ins
|
stink-
prs
-3
sg
|
‘And now my hands stink of gasoline.’ |
Uzbek
hidi kelmoq
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
meniŋ |
kol-lar-im-dan |
benzin-niŋ |
hid-i |
kel-yab-ti |
my
|
hand-
pl
-
poss
.1
sg
-
abl
|
gasoline-
gen
|
smell-
poss
.3
sg
|
come-
prs
1-3
sg
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
West Central Oromo
dʒeɗa
Valency pattern:
NOM_RDP
|
X: NOM |
Y: RDP |
Locus: Y |
hark-i=koo |
benzina |
benzina |
dʒeɗ-a |
hand-
nom
=1
sg
.
poss
|
gasoline
|
gasoline
|
say-3
sg
.
m
.
ipfv
|
‘My hands smell like gasoline.’ |
Wolof
xeeñ
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: OBJ |
Locus: TR |
robb |
bii |
sama |
parfoŋ-u |
yaay |
la-y |
xeeñ |
dress(
b
/
y
)
|
cl
b
-
dem
|
my
|
perfume-of
|
mother(
j
/
y
)
|
f
oc
o
-
incpl
|
smell
|
‘This dress smells of my mother’s perfume.’ |
Yargun Lezgian
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
zu |
ǧil-er-i-kaa |
benzin-di-n |
ni |
qve-zva |
1
sg
.
gen
|
hand-
pl
-
obl
-
sub
/
postel
|
gasoline-
obl
-
gen
|
smell
|
come.
ipfv
-
prs
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Zazaki
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
boj-a |
ɡaz-i |
jɛ-n-a |
dɛst-an-e |
mɨ=ra |
smell-
ez
.
f
|
gas-
m
.
obl
|
come.
prs
-
aug
-3
sg
.
f
|
hand-
pl
.
obl
-
ez
.
pl
|
1
sg
.
obl
=from
|
‘My hands smell of gasoline.’ |
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier. |
Zilo Andi
ʃan (<b>-aχ-o)
Valency pattern:
CONT.EL_GEN
|
X: CONT.EL |
Y: GEN |
Locus: XY |
di-r-ul |
reʔoba-tʃ’u-kːu |
benzinu-tɬi |
zolo |
ʃan |
(b-aχ.o) |
i
.
obl
-
inan
2(
gen
)-
pl
|
hand.
pl
.
obl
-
cont
-
el
|
benzine.
obl
-
gen
|
very
|
odour[
inan
1][
nom
]
|
inan
1-end_up.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘My hands smell of benzine very strongly.’ |