‘reach’
Argument frame: |
X
(reach)
Y
|
Stimulus sentence: |
(P. was crossing the river in a boat.)
P.
reached
the bank
.
|
Predicate label Ru: |
достичь
|
Argument frame Ru: |
X
(достичь)
Y
-а (берега)
|
Stimulus sentence Ru: |
(П. плыл на лодке через речку).
П.
достиг
берега
.
|
Abaza
[z-]na-ʒa
Valency pattern:
ABS_BEN
|
X: ABS |
Y: BEN |
Locus: Y |
murád |
a-nə́rĉ |
d-a-zə-na-ʒá-d |
pn
|
def
-bank
|
3
sg
.
h
.
abs
-3
sg
.
n
.
io
-
ben
-
tral
-reach(
aor
)-
dcl
|
‘Murad reached the river bank.’ |
Adyghe
ne-sə
Valency pattern:
ABS_LOC.TO
|
X: ABS |
Y: LOC.TO |
Locus: Y |
λ̣ə-r |
psə-nepqə-m |
ne-sə-ʁ |
мужчина-
abs
|
вода-берег-
obl
|
loc
:
to
-достичь-
pst
|
‘Мужчина достиг берега.’ |
Aghul
ruq’.u-
Valency pattern:
ABS_POST.LAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: POST.LAT |
Locus: Y |
aslan |
nac’.u-n |
saje |
qːireʁ.i-q-tːi |
ruq’.u-ne |
pn
|
river-
gen
|
other
|
edge-
post
-
lat
|
reach.
pf
-
aor
|
‘Aslan reached the other bank of the river.’ |
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
+maṭə
Valency pattern:
SBJ_al
|
X: SBJ |
Y: al |
Locus: Y |
naša |
+məṭy=əl |
+al |
bərza |
person(
m
)
|
arrive.
res
.
m
=3
m
|
on
|
dry_land(
m
)
|
‘The man reached the bank.’ |
Bambara
sé
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
sé-ra |
báda` |
lá |
pn
|
reach-
pfv
.
intr
|
river_border\
art
|
in
|
‘Seku reached the bank of the river.’ |
Brazilian Portuguese
alcançar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
alcanç-ou |
a-s |
margen-s |
pn
(
m
)
|
reach-3
sg
.
pst
|
def
.
f
-
pl
|
shore(
f
)-
pl
|
‘Pedro reached the coast.’ |
Catalan
arribar
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
en |
Pere |
va |
arrib-ar |
al |
banc |
def
.
sg
.
m
|
pn
(
m
)
|
go.3
sg
.
prs
.
ind
|
reach-
inf
|
to.
def
.
sg
.
m
|
bank(
m
)
|
‘Pere reached the bank.’ |
Note: Cf. "en Pere hi va arribar" |
Czech
dostat se
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Petr |
se |
dosta-l |
na |
břeh |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
reach(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
on
|
bank(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Petr reached the bank.’ |
Danish
nå hen
Valency pattern:
SBJ_til
|
X: SBJ |
Y: til |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
nå-ede |
hen |
til |
bredd-en |
pn
|
reach-
pst
|
towards
|
to
|
bank(
c
)-
def
.
sg
|
‘Peter reached the bank.’ |
Dutch
bereiken
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Piet |
heeft |
de |
oever |
bereik-t |
pn
(С)
|
have.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
c
|
bank(
c
)
|
reach-
ptcp
|
‘Piet reached the bank.’ |
Eastern Maninka
sé
Valency pattern:
SBJ_la
|
X: SBJ |
Y: la |
Locus: Y |
Sékù |
báda |
sé |
dánkan` |
ná. |
pn
|
prf
|
arrive
|
bank\
art
|
at
|
‘Seku reached the bank.’ |
English
reach
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Estonian
jõudma
Valency pattern:
NOM_ALL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ALL |
Locus: Y |
Peeter |
jõud-is |
kalda-le |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
reach-
pst
.3
sg
|
bank-
all
|
‘Peeter reached the bank.’ |
Finnish
saavuttaa
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN~PART~NOM |
Locus: TR |
Pekka |
saavutt-i |
ranna-n |
pn
.
nom
|
reach-
pst
.3
sg
|
bank-
gen
|
‘Pekka reached the bank.’ |
Forest Enets
tɔɔ
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
modʲi |
kasa-jʔ |
teni |
biz |
baru-d |
tɔɔ-j-zʔ |
i
|
man-
nom
.
sg
.1
sg
|
to_opposite_bank
|
water.
obl
|
border-
dat
.
sg
|
reach(
pfv
)-
m
-3
sg
.
m
|
‘My friend reached the bank at the opposite side’. |
French
atteindre
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Paul |
a |
atteint |
la |
rive |
pn
(
m
)
|
have.
prs
.3
sg
|
reach.
pst
.
ptcp
.
m
|
def
.
sg
.
f
|
shore(
f
)
|
‘Paul reached the bank.’ |
Georgian
mi-Ø-aγc'ev-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
p'et're-m |
nap'ir-s |
mi-Ø-aγc'i-a |
pn
-
erg
|
bank-
dat
|
prv
:
dist
-
io
3-reach-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Petre reached the bank.’ |
German
erreichen
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
Karl |
erreich-te |
das |
Ufer |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
reach-
pst
.3
sg
|
def
.
n
.
acc
.
sg
|
bank[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Karl reached the bank.’ |
Irish
bain amach
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Bhain |
Pól |
amach |
an |
banc. |
pst
/reach
|
pn
|
outside
|
def
|
bank
|
‘Pól reached the bank.’ |
Italian
arrivare
Valency pattern:
SBJ_a
|
X: SBJ |
Y: a |
Locus: Y |
Leo |
è |
arrivat-o |
a |
riv-a |
pn
(
m
)
|
aux
.3
sg
.
prs
|
reach.
pst
.
ptcp
-
sg
.
m
|
to
|
shore-
sg
.
f
|
‘Leo reached the coast.’ |
Kalderash Romani
arəsəl
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
pa |
duj |
ćas-urʼa |
o |
Murš-a |
arəs-l-o |
man-de |
through
|
two.
nom
|
hour-
nom
.
pl
|
art
.
m
.
dir
.
sg
|
pn
-
nom
.
sg
|
reach-
pst
-3
sg
.
m
|
i
-
loc
|
‘Murša got to me in two hours.’ |
Kazakh
žet
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
žaɣa-ɣa |
žet-tі |
pn
|
bank-
dat
|
reach-
pst
1.3
sg
|
‘Petya reached the bank.’ |
Kazym Khanty
jŏχǝtti
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
pet’a-j-en |
imǝλtijǝn |
jŏχan |
kimλ-a |
śi |
jŏχǝt-s |
pn
-
ep
-
poss
.2
sg
|
finally
|
river
|
bank-
dat
|
foc
|
come-
pst
[3
sg
]
|
‘Finally, Petja reached the riverbank.’ |
Khwarshi
Valency pattern:
ABS_AD.LAT
|
X: ABS |
Y: AD.LAT |
Locus: Y |
iłi-lo |
bala-ha-l |
at'ek'-k'a |
šamil |
dem
.
an
.
o
.
noni
-
gen
2
|
берег(
iii
)-
ad
-
lat
|
[
i
]достичь-
pst
.
w
|
pn
(
i
)
|
‘Шамиль достиг ее (реки) берега.’ |
Kina Rutul
lejq’ɨra
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUP
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUP |
Locus: Y |
rasul |
čejlaʁ-a |
le-jq’ɨ-r=a |
pn
(
nom
)
|
riverside-
obl
(
sup
)
|
pv
-1.reach.
pfv
-
cvb
=be
|
‘Rasul reached the bank.’ |
Latin
pervenio
Valency pattern:
NOM_adACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: adACC |
Locus: Y |
(Cleonym-us) |
ad |
litor-a |
Venet-orum |
perven-it |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
at
|
coast(
n
)-
acc
.
pl
|
v
enetus(
m
)-
gen
.
pl
|
reach[
prf
.
ind
]-
act
.3
sg
|
‘(Cleonymus) reached the coasts of the Veneti.’ |
Note: (Liv. X, 2, 5) |
Mandarin Chinese
dào
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Zhāngsān |
dào |
àn-biān |
le |
pn
|
reach
|
bank-edge
|
pfv
|
‘Zhangsan reached the bank.’ |
Mingrelian
mi-Ø-o-č'irin-u-an-s (FUT)
Valency pattern:
ERG_DAT
|
X: ERG |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
čelo-k |
nap'ir-s |
ki-mi-Ø-o-č'irin-u. |
pn
-
erg
|
bank-
dat
|
aff
-
prv
-
io
3-reach-
s
3
sg
.
pst
|
‘Chelo reached the bank.’ |
Modern Hebrew
higia
Valency pattern:
SBJ_el
|
X: SBJ |
Y: el |
Locus: Y |
Pinχas |
higia |
el |
ha |
gada |
pn
|
reach[
pst
.3
sg
.
m
]
|
towards
|
def
|
bank
|
‘Pinchas reached the bank.’ |
Nanai
esi-
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: OBL |
Locus: TR |
Petia |
bagea-wa |
ese-xa-ni |
pn
|
opposite_bank-
obl
|
reach-
pst
-
p
.3
sg
|
‘Petia reached the bank.’ |
Nivkh
*
Valency pattern:
NA
|
X: * |
Y: * |
Locus: * |
* |
*
|
* |
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained. |
Northern Mansi
l’apamas
Valency pattern:
NOM_NOMpoxen
|
X: NOM |
Y: NOMpoxen |
Locus: Y |
am |
kol-um |
pox-ǝn |
ta |
l’apa-m-as-um |
i
|
house-
poss
.1
sg
|
near-
lat
|
ptcl
|
close-
vbz
-
pst
-1
sg
|
‘I reached my home.’ |
Northern Yukaghir
kötkǝj=
Valency pattern:
NOM_LOC
|
X: NOM |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
Sǝmiǝn |
ǝnmu-diǝ |
iǝmum-dǝ-ɣa |
kötkǝ-č |
pn
|
river-
dim
|
opposite_bank-
poss
.3-
loc
|
come_to-
intr
.3
sg
|
‘Semien reached the bank.’ |
Norwegian Bokmål
å nå
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Per |
nådde |
bredd-en |
pn
|
reach.
pst
|
bank-
def
.
m
.
sg
|
‘Per reached the bank.’ |
Polish
dotrzeć
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: doGEN |
Locus: Y |
Maciek |
dotar-ł |
do |
brzeg-u |
pn
[
nom
.
sg
]
|
reach:
pfv
\
pst
-
pst
[
m
.3
sg
]
|
at
|
bank-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Maciek reached the bank.’ |
Russian
dostičʹ
Valency pattern:
NOM_GEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: GEN |
Locus: Y |
Pet-ja |
dostig |
bereg-a |
pn
(
m
)-
nom
.
sg
|
reach(
pfv
).
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
bank(
m
)-
gen
.
sg
|
‘Petja reached the bank.’ |
Serbian
stići
Valency pattern:
NOM_doGEN
|
X: NOM |
Y: doGEN |
Locus: Y |
Petar |
je |
stiga-o |
do |
obal-e |
pn
.
nom
.
sg
|
be.
prs
.3
sg
|
reach-
part
.
perf
.
m
.
sg
|
up.to
|
bank-
gen
.
sg
.
f
|
‘Petar reached the bank.’ |
Shughni
firīptow
Valency pattern:
NOM_EQ
|
X: NOM |
Y: EQ |
Locus: Y |
Azim=i |
lodka=qati |
tar |
qoq-i |
firīp-t |
pn
=3
sg
|
boat=
ins
|
eq
|
dry-
subst
|
reach-
pst
|
‘Azim reached the bank in a boat.’ |
Skolt Saami
laʹddjed
Valency pattern:
NOM_ILL
|
X: NOM |
Y: ILL |
Locus: Y |
Peâtt |
laʹddj-i |
ridd-u |
pn
.
sg
.
nom
|
reach-
pst
.3
sg
|
bank.
sg
.
ill
|
‘Pete reached the bank.’ |
Slovak
dostať sa
Valency pattern:
NOM_naACC
|
X: NOM |
Y: naACC |
Locus: Y |
Peter |
sa |
dosta-l |
na |
breh |
pn
(
m
)[
nom
.
sg
]
|
refl
.
acc
|
reach(
pfv
)-
pst
[
m
.
sg
]
|
on
|
bank(
m
)[
acc
.
sg
]
|
‘Peter reached the bank.’ |
Slovenian
doseči
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ACC |
Locus: TR |
nemc-i |
so |
doseg-l-i |
obal-o |
g
erman-
nom
.
pl
|
aux
.3
pl
|
reach:
pfv
-
lpt
-
m
.
pl
|
bank-
acc
.
sg
|
‘The Germans reached the bank.’ |
Sorani Kurdish
geîŝtin
Valency pattern:
SBJ_be
|
X: SBJ |
Y: be |
Locus: Y |
Hîwa |
be |
belem |
geîʂt-Ø-e |
kenar-î |
çom-eke |
pn
|
with
|
boat
|
reach.
pst
-3
sg
-to
|
side-
izf
|
river-
def
|
‘Hiwa reached the riverbank in a boat.’ |
Note: The verbal marker –e is the result of the “migration” of the preposition "be", cf. “Hîwa be belem geîʂt-Ø be kenar-î çom-eke.” |
Spanish
alcanzar
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: SBJ |
Y: DO |
Locus: TR |
Pedro |
alcanz-ó |
la |
orilla |
pn
[
sg
.
m
]
|
reach-
aor
.3
sg
|
art
.
def
.
sg
.
f
|
bank[
sg
.
f
]
|
‘Pedro reached the coast.’ |
Swedish
att komma fram
Valency pattern:
SBJ_till
|
X: SBJ |
Y: till |
Locus: Y |
Björn |
kom |
fram |
till |
strand-en |
pn
|
come.
pst
|
forward
|
to
|
bank-
def
.
c
.
sg
|
‘Björn reached the bank.’ |
Note: Phrasal verb (fram is not a flagging device). |
Tagalog
Valency pattern:
ACT_LOC
|
X: ACT |
Y: LOC |
Locus: Y |
Naka-rating |
si |
Pedro |
sa |
bangko |
potav
.
pfv
-reach
|
pers
.
subj
|
pn
|
dat
|
bank
|
‘Pedro reached the bank.’ |
Note: Can you change the voice and turn the bank into the subject here? |
Telugu
cēru
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
pravīṇ |
oḍḍi-ki |
cērāḍu |
pn
(
m
).
sg
.
nom
|
coast(
n
).
sg
.
obl
-
dat
|
reach.
pst
.3
sg
.
m
|
‘Praveen reached the bank.’ |
Turkish
varmak
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Mehmet |
kıyı-ya |
var-dı |
pn
|
coast-
dat
|
reach-
pst
|
‘Mehmet reached the bank’. |
Ulcha
xā-
Valency pattern:
NOM_LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: LAT |
Locus: Y |
xusə |
piktə |
sapsi |
kera-ti-ni |
xā-xa-ni |
male
|
child
|
bank
|
edge-
lat
-3
sg
|
land-
pst
-3
sg
|
‘The boy came ashore.’ |
Note: Not quite exact translation of the stimulus sentence. |
Uzbek
etmoq
Valency pattern:
NOM_DAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: DAT |
Locus: Y |
Petya |
sohil-ga |
et-ti |
pn
|
coast-
dat
|
reach-
pst
.3
sg
|
‘Petja reached the bank.’ |
West Central Oromo
gaha
Valency pattern:
TR
|
X: NOM |
Y: ABS |
Locus: TR |
obsaa-n |
k'ark'ara |
lagaa |
gah-e |
pn
-
nom
|
bank.
abs
|
river.
gen
|
reach-3
sg
.
m
.
pfv
|
‘Obsa reached the river bank.’ |
Zilo Andi
<w>-oqχ.o
Valency pattern:
NOM_SUPER.LAT
|
X: NOM |
Y: SUPER.LAT |
Locus: Y |
ali |
rahal-ʔo |
w-oqχ.o |
pn
[
m
][
nom
]
|
bank.
obl
-
super
.
lat
|
m
-reach.
pst
(
aor
)
|
‘Ali reached the river bank.’ |