BivalTyp

Лаборатория типологического изучения языков    Институт лингвистических исследований РАН

‘cross’

Argument frame: X (cross) Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. saw that the shop is on the other side of the road.) P. crossed the road (and entered the shop).
Predicate label Ru: пересечь
Argument frame Ru: X (пересекать) Y (улицу)
Stimulus sentence Ru: (П. увидел, что магазин на другой стороне дороги. Тогда). П. пересек дорогу (и вошел в магазин).

Abaza [qə-]sə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCqe
X: ABS
Y: LOCqe
Locus: Y
a-phʷə́s á-mʕʷa d-a-qə́-s-d
def -woman def -road 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - loc -hit( aor )- dcl
‘The woman crossed the road.’

Adyghe ze.pə.rə-č̣ʼə

Valency pattern: ABS_REC.IO.LOC.TIP.PRV.INSTR
X: ABS
Y: REC.IO.LOC.TIP.PRV.INSTR
Locus: Y
bzəλfəʁe-r ʁʷegʷə-m ze-p-rə-č̣ʼə-ʁ
женщина- abs дорога- obl rec . io - loc : tip - instr -выйти- pst
‘Женщина пересекла дорогу.’

Aghul te qːʷal.a-s ajč’.u-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan reqː.ü-n te qːʷal.a-s ajč’.u-ne
pn road- gen demt side- dat { in }emerge. pf - aor
‘Aslan crossed the road.’ (lit. ‘Aslan emerged on the other side of the road.’)
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +avər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava urxa +vər-a-l
old. m way( f ) enter. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m
‘The oldman crossed the road.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Bambara tìgɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye síra` tìgɛ
pn pfv . tr road\ art cut
‘Seku crossed the road.’

Brazilian Portuguese atravessar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro atravess-ou a rua
pn ( m ) cross-3 sg . pst def . f street( f )
‘Pedro crossed the street.’

Catalan creure

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va creu-ar la carretera
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind cross- inf def . sg . f road( f )
‘Pere crossed the road.’

Czech přejít

Valency pattern: NOM_presACC
X: NOM
Y: presACC
Locus: Y
Petr přeše-l přes ulic-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] cross( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] over street( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr crossed the street.’

Danish krydse

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter krydse-de vej-en
pn cross- pst road( c )- def . sg
‘Peter crossed the road.’

Dutch oversteken

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft de straat overstok-en
pn ( c ) have.3 sg art . def . c street( c ) cross- ptcp
‘Piet crossed the street.’

Eastern Maninka rɔ́tɛ̀ɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára síla` rɔ́tɛ̀ɛ.
pn prf road\ art cross
‘Seku has crossed the road.’

English cross

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter crossed the road.

Estonian ületama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter ületa-s tee
pn . sg . nom cross- prs .3 sg road. sg . gen
‘Peeter crossed the road.’

Finnish ylittää

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka ylitt-i tie-n
pn . nom cross- pst .3 sg road- gen
‘Pekka crossed the road.’

Forest Enets kanʲe

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLnoru
X: NOM
Y: OBLnoru
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ sɛxɛri nɔruʔ kanʲi
i man- nom . sg .1 sg road across leave( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend crossed the road’.

French traverser

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a traversé la route
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg cross. pst . ptcp . m def . sg . f road( f )
‘Paul crossed the road.’

Georgian gada-Ø-di-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT.SUPERESS
X: NOM
Y: DAT.SUPERESS
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø gza-ze gada-Ø-vid-a
pn - nom road- pstp : superess prv :over- s 3-go. pst - s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre crossed the road.’

German überqueren

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl überquer-te die Straße
pn [ nom . sg ] cross- pst .3 sg def . f . acc . sg street[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl crossed the road.’

Irish trasnaigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=thrasnaigh Pól an bóthar.
pst =cross pn def road
‘Pól crossed the road.’

Italian attraversare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha attraversato la strad-a
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs cross. pst . ptcp def . sg . f street- sg . f
‘Leo crossed the street.’

Kalderash Romani nakhəl

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
o Murš-a nakh-ľ-a inťal o drom
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg go- pst -3 sg through art . m . dir . sg road. nom . sg
‘Murša crossed the road.’
Note: The adverb inťal ‘across’ is optional.

Kazakh kes-іp öt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya žol-dï kes-іp öt-tі
pn way- acc cut- cvb pass- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya crossed the road.’

Kazym Khanty mănti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jǫš šǫpa măn-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg road in_halves go- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja crossed the road.’

Khwarshi

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
šamil iƛ'-ƛ'a huni-ƛ'o igo-jža-ʁol
pn ( i ) [ i ]идти- pst . w дорога( iv )- super там- trans - dir
‘Шамиль прошел по дороге на другую сторону.’
Note: Not included in the database because the translation deviates too far from the stimulus sentence.

Kina Rutul tiʔ eʁeč’ur

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL
X: NOM
Y: IN.EL
Locus: Y
rasul rɨˀɢ-a: tiʔ e-ʁ-eč’u-r
pn ( nom ) road. obl - in . el there pv - pv -1.cross. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul crossed the road.’

Latin transeo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
rar-us ab Itali-a tantum mar-e navit-a transi-t
rare- nom . sg . m from i taly( f )- abl . sg so_much sea( n )- acc . sg sailor( m )- nom . sg cross[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘Few sailors cross the sea so far from Italy.’
Note: (Ov. Tristia. III, 12, 39)

Mandarin Chinese chuānguò

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān chuānguò le mǎlù
pn cross pfv road
‘Zhangsan crossed the road.’

Mingrelian gin-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k šara-Ø gin-Ø-i-l-u.
pn - erg road- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo crossed the road.’

Modern Hebrew χatsa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas χatsa et ha reχov
pn cross[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def street
‘Pinchas crossed the road.’

Nanai dao-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia pokto-wa dao-xa-ni
pn road- obl cross- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia crossed the road.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Northern Mansi minas

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMultta
X: NOM
Y: NOMultta
Locus: Y
ēkwa l’ōŋx ūltta min-as wiɣir pōs-ǝl
woman road across go- pst [3 sg ] red light- el
‘A woman crossed the road on a red light.’

Northern Yukaghir čaɣа̄=

Valency pattern: NOM_ACCsajde
X: NOM
Y: ACCsajde
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn jаwul-ǝ sаjdǝ čаɣа̄-j
pn road- acc across cross- intr .3 sg
‘Semien crossed the road.’

Norwegian Bokmål å krysse

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per krysse-t vei-en
pn cross- pst way- def . m . sg
‘Per crossed the road.’

Polish przejść

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Stefan przeszed-ł drog-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] cross: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] road- acc . sg
‘Stefan crossed the road.’

Russian peresečʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja peresek dorog-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg cross( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] road- acc . sg
‘Petja crossed the road.’

Serbian preći

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je preša-o ulic-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg cross- part . perf . m . sg street- acc . sg
‘Petar crossed the road.’

Shughni naɣ̌ǰīdow

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Azim as půnd naɣ̌ǰī-d
pn el road pass- pst
‘Azim crossed the road.’

Skolt Saami mõõnnâd

Valency pattern: NOM_GENraast
X: NOM
Y: GENraast
Locus: Y
Peâtt mõõn-i čuõkku rââst
pn . sg . nom go. pst .3 sg road. sg . gen across
‘Pete crossed the road’

Slovak prejsť

Valency pattern: NOM_cezACC
X: NOM
Y: cezACC
Locus: Y
Peter prešie-l cez cest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] cross( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] over street( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter crossed the street.’

Slovenian prečkati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je prečka-l cest-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg cross: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] road- acc . sg
‘Peter crossed the road.’

Sorani Kurdish per̂înewe

Valency pattern: SBJ_le
X: SBJ
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa le cade-ke per̂î-Ø-ewe
pn from road- def jump. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa crossed the road.’

Spanish cruzar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro cruz-ó la calle
pn [ sg . m ] cross- aor .3 sg art . def . sg . f street[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro crossed the street.’

Swedish att gå över

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gick över gata-n
pn go. pst over street- def . c . sg
‘Björn crossed the road.’
Note: Phrasal verb (över is not a flagging device).

Tagalog

Valency pattern: ACT_LOC
X: ACT
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
T<um>awid si Pedro sa kalsada
< av > pfv .cross pers . subj pn dat road
‘Pedro crossed the road.’
Note: Can you change the voice and turn the road into the subject here?

Telugu dāṭu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ rōḍḍu dāṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom road( n ). sg . nom cross. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen crossed the road.’

Turkish *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
Mehmet yol-dan karşı-ya geç-ti
pn way- abl opposite- dat pass- pst
‘Mehmet crossed to the other side of the street.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Ulcha wəli-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əgdi xurəm-bə wəlu-m
many mountain- acc cross- cvb . sim . sg
‘After crossing many mountains...’
Note: This example is taken from natural texts.

Uzbek o’tmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya yo’l-dan o’t-ti
pn road- abl cross- pst .3 sg
‘Petja crossed the road.’

West Central Oromo k'at't'aamura

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n daandii k'at't'aamur-e
pn - nom road. abs cross-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa crossed the road.’

Zilo Andi <b>-uqχ’-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di miqχ’i b-uqχ’-i
pn - erg road[ inan 1][ nom ] inan 1-displace. pst ( aor )
‘Ali crossed the road.’