BivalTyp

‘cross’

Argument frame: X (cross) Y
Stimulus sentence: (P. saw that the shop is on the other side of the road.) P. crossed the road (and entered the shop).
Predicate label Ru: пересечь
Argument frame Ru: X (пересекать) Y (улицу)
Stimulus sentence Ru: (П. увидел, что магазин на другой стороне дороги. Тогда). П. пересек дорогу (и вошел в магазин).

Abaza [qə-]sə

Valency pattern: ABS_LOCqe
X: ABS
Y: LOCqe
Locus: Y
a-phʷə́s á-mʕʷa d-a-qə́-s-d
def -woman def -road 3 sg . h . abs -3 sg . n . io - loc -hit( aor )- dcl
‘The woman crossed the road.’

Adyghe (West Circassian) ze.pə.rə-č̣ʼə

Valency pattern: ABS_REC.IO.LOC.TIP.PRV.INSTR
X: ABS
Y: REC.IO.LOC.TIP.PRV.INSTR
Locus: Y
bzəλfəʁe-r ʁʷegʷə-m ze-pə-rə-č̣ʼə-ʁ
woman- abs road- obl rec . io - loc : tip - instr -exit- pst
‘The woman crossed the road.’

Aghul te qːʷal.a-s ajč’.u-

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
aslan reqː.ü-n te qːʷal.a-s ajč’.u-ne
pn road- gen demt side- dat { in }emerge. pf - aor
‘Aslan crossed the road.’ (lit. ‘Aslan emerged on the other side of the road.’)
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Akhvakh (Northern) q’q’ot’ilooruƛa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
pataħi-de miq’q’i q’q’ot’il-ari
pn - erg road cross- aor
‘Patahi crossed the road.’

Andi (Zilo) <b>-uqχ’-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ali-di miqχ’i b-uqχ’-i
pn - erg road[ inan 1][ nom ] inan 1-displace. pst ( aor )
‘Ali crossed the road.’

Arabic (Northern Syrian) ʕəbar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Aḥmad ʕəbar əš-šārəʕ
pn cross. pf .3 m def -street
‘Ahmad crossed the street.’

Arabic (South Levantine, Nazareth) ʾ.ṭ.ʿ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Shadi ʾaṭaʿ iš-šareʿ
pn cross. pst .3 m . sg def -street
‘Shadi crosses the road.’

Arabic (standard) ʕabara

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Badr-un ʕabara ṭ-ṭarīq-a
pn - nom cross. pf .3 m def -road- acc
‘Badr crossed the road.’

Archi a-tʼas

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
paša-mu deqʼˁ a<b>tʼu
pn - obl . m ( erg ) way <3>cut. pfv
‘Pasha crossed the road.’

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic +avər

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
sava urxa +vər-a-l
old. m way( f ) enter. pst - ss .3 f - ls .3 m
‘The oldman crossed the road.’
Note: Non-Urmi speaker.

Avar baχine

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-ca nuχ b-aχ-ana
pn - erg way n -cross- aor
‘Ali crossed the road.’

Azerbaijani keçmək

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Aslan yol-u keç-di vǝ mağaza-ya gir-di
pn road- acc pass- pst (3) and shop- dat / lat enter- pst (3)
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’

Bafut dáŋə̀

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
àmbɛ́ à kᵼ̀ dáŋə̀ mândʒì wá
pn sm p 2 cross road def
‘Ambe crossed the road.’

Bambara tìgɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù ye síra` tìgɛ
pn pfv . tr road\ art cut
‘Seku crossed the road.’

Belarusian pierajsci

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Alieś pierajšo-ŭ daroh-u
pn [ nom . sg ] cross( pfv )- pst . sg . m road- acc . sg
‘Ales crossed the road.’

Budugh yeç’i

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
aslan rix-a'r yoç'u-ci tuka'n-ca ʕaç'u-ci
pn road- abl m .pass. pf - aor shop- loc m .enter. pf - aor
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’

Bulgarian пресека

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Петър пресече улица-та
pn cross( pfv ). aor .3 sg street- def . f . sg
‘Petar crossed the street.’

Catalan creuar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
en Pere va creu-ar la carretera
def . sg . m pn ( m ) go.3 sg . prs . ind cross- inf def . sg . f road( f )
‘Pere crossed the road.’

Chechen dehwa AGR-aella

Valency pattern: ABS_DAT
X: ABS
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Islam niaq’-ana dehwa v-aella
pn . abs way- dat other_side v -get. prf
‘Islam crossed the road.’

Chinese (Mandarin) chuānguò

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zhāngsān chuānguò le mǎlù
pn cross pfv road
‘Zhangsan crossed the road.’

Chirag ej

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
ʡa̰le xːuni-la taˤ-kan šːili-l-i ag-ur
pn ( abs ) road- gen dist - atr side- obl - super go: pf - aor .3
‘Ali went to the other side of the road.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Croatian prijeći

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Per-o je preša-o cest-u
pn - nom . sg be. prs .3 sg cross- part . perf . m . sg street- acc . sg
‘Pero crossed the road.’

Czech přejít

Valency pattern: NOM_presACC
X: NOM
Y: presACC
Locus: Y
Petr přeše-l přes ulic-i
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] cross( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] over street( f )- acc . sg
‘Petr crossed the street.’

Danish krydse

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter krydse-de vej-en
pn cross- pst road( c )- def . sg
‘Peter crossed the road.’

Dargwa (Itsari) B-u:q-anaj

Valency pattern: ABS_GENtesal
X: ABS
Y: GENtesal
Locus: Y
Islam xːun-na te-šːal u:q-un
pn ( abs ) road- gen that-side ( m )cross. pfv - aor
‘Islam crossed the road.’
Note: In this construction, "tešːal" functions as a postposition.

Dargwa (Kadar) ké-CL-CL-uq-as / ké-CL-CL-ulq-as

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
meħamad hu-j-zaka ke-w-0-uq-u-wa 0-erχ-un tuke-j-ze
pn way- obl - el on - m - m -move. pfv - prs - cvb m -enter. pfv - pret shop- obl - in
‘Muhammad crossed the road and entered the shop.’

Dargwa (Kaytag) bagbaˁqaˁra

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Petja-l bagbaˁq-iv xuni
pn - erg n .cross. pf - aor (3) road
‘Petja crossed the road.’

Dargwa (Kubachi)

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERABL
X: NOM
Y: SUPERABL
Locus: Y
gal xuni-ži-l či-w-id-uq-in
boy road- super - abl on - m -thither-( m )move. pfv -3. aor
‘The boy crossed the road.’

Dargwa (Tsudakhar) it-il šːal-le b-at ac'-iz/b-it ic'-iz

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
uršːi xːun-na it-il šːal-le w-at ac'-ib
boy road- gen dem . dist - cntrs side- erg / loc ( lat ) m -thither get. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy crossed the road.’
Note: Not included in the database because Y is expressed as an NP-internal modifier.

Dargwa (Tsugni) četːe ka-b-uq-i / ka-ulq-i

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC.ABL.DOWN
X: NOM
Y: LOC.ABL.DOWN
Locus: Y
durħaˤ xːun-ne-rka četːe ka-uq-un
boy road- loc - abl . down across down -( m )move. pfv - pret (3)
‘The boy crossed the road.’

Dutch oversteken

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Piet heeft de straat overstok-en
pn ( c ) have.3 sg art . def . c street( c ) cross- ptcp
‘Piet crossed the street.’

Enets (Forest) kanʲe

Valency pattern: NOM_OBLnoru
X: NOM
Y: OBLnoru
Locus: Y
modʲi kasa-jʔ sɛxɛri nɔruʔ kanʲi
i man- nom . sg .1 sg road across leave( pfv ).3 sg . s
‘My friend crossed the road’.

English cross

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Peter crossed the road.

Estonian ületama

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Peeter ületa-s tee
pn . sg . nom cross- prs .3 sg road. sg . gen
‘Peeter crossed the road.’

Finnish ylittää

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: GEN~PART~NOM
Locus: TR
Pekka ylitt-i tie-n
pn . nom cross- pst .3 sg road- gen
‘Pekka crossed the road.’

French traverser

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Paul a traversé la route
pn ( m ) have. prs .3 sg cross. pst . ptcp . m def . sg . f road( f )
‘Paul crossed the road.’

Gban ki̋

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Zá̰ ɛ́ di̋ ki̋
pn 3 sg \ pst road cut[ pfv . hod ]
‘Zan crossed the road.’

Georgian gada-Ø-di-s (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_DAT.SUPERESS
X: NOM
Y: DAT.SUPERESS
Locus: Y
p'et're-Ø gza-ze gada-Ø-vid-a
pn - nom road- pstp : superess prv :over- s 3-go. pst - s 3 sg . pst
‘Petre crossed the road.’

German überqueren

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Karl überquer-te die Straße
pn [ nom . sg ] cross- pst .3 sg def . f . acc . sg street[ acc . sg ]
‘Karl crossed the road.’

Hebrew (modern) χatsa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pinχas χatsa et ha reχov
pn cross[ pst .3 sg . m ] do def street
‘Pinchas crossed the road.’

Hindi pār karnā

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pratīk ne saṛak pār kī
pn ( m ). sg . obl erg street( f ). sg . dir across do. pfv . f . sg
‘Prateek crossed the street.’

Indonesian (standard) me-nyeberang-i

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Asep me-nyeberang-i jalan
pn act -other_side- appl road
‘Asep crossed the road.’

Irish trasnaigh

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Do=thrasnaigh Pól an bóthar.
pst =cross pn def road
‘Pól crossed the road.’

Italian attraversare

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Leo ha attraversato la strad-a
pn ( m ) aux .3 sg . prs cross. pst . ptcp def . sg . f street- sg . f
‘Leo crossed the street.’

Karata boq’aɬa

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
ʕali-l miq’e b-oq’-e
pn - erg road n -cut- pf
‘Ali crossed the road.’

Kazakh kes-іp öt

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petya žol-dï kes-іp öt-tі
pn way- acc cut- cvb pass- pst 1.3 sg
‘Petya crossed the road.’

Khanty (Kazym) šǫpa mănti

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pet’a-j-en jǫš šǫpa măn-ǝs
pn - ep - poss .2 sg road in_halves go- pst [3 sg ]
‘Petja crossed the road.’

Khoekhoe ǃgâu

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petru-b ge dao-b-a ge ǃgâu
pn -3 m . sg decl road-3 m . sg - obl pst cross
‘Peter crossed the road.’

Khwarshi j/iƛ'a igojžaʁol

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER
X: ABS
Y: SUPER
Locus: Y
šamil iƛ'-ƛ'a huni-ƛ'o igo-jža-ʁol
pn ( i ) [ i ]go- pst . w road( iv )- super there- trans - dir
‘Shamil went across the road to the other side.’

Kpelle (Guinean) téɣeŋ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pépèe àá bèle téɣeŋ
pn 3 sg . prf def \road cross
‘Pepee crosses the road.’

Kryz (Alik) yabç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_INEL
X: NOM
Y: INEL
Locus: Y
terlan rixeʕar yaç'-ci mağaza-ca ʕaç'-id
pn road. inel pass. pfv - seq shop- obl . in go_in. pfv - aor . m
‘Terlan crossed the road.’

Kryz (Ismayilli) yepxhic

Valency pattern: NOM_NOM(NO.AGR)
X: NOM
Y: NOM(NO.AGR)
Locus: Y
aslan rix yerxh-id na tukan-ca ʕaç'-id
pn road h .cross. pf - aor . m and shop- obl . iness enter. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’

Kryz (proper) yebç'ic

Valency pattern: NOM_LOC
X: NOM
Y: LOC
Locus: Y
aslan rix yeç'-i kapretil-an ʕaç'-id
pn road(loc) pass. pf - seq shop- inlat go_in. pf - aor . m
‘Aslan crossed the road and entered the shop.’
Note: “LOC” a separate case that normally has a dedicated marker. However, the word for “road” happens to have a syncretic form that happens to functions as either NOM or LOC.

Kumyk čɨqmaq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
basir jol-dan čɨq-d-ɨ
pn road- abl go- pst -3 sg
‘Basir crossed the road.’

Kurdish (Sorani) per̂înewe

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_le
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: le
Locus: Y
Hîwa le cade-ke per̂î-Ø-ewe
pn from road- def jump. pst -3 sg - asp
‘Hiwa crossed the road.’

Kurmanji (Northern Kurdish) derbas kirin (tr)

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
zilam kolan derbas kir
man street( f ) crossing do. pfv . sg
‘The man crossed the street.’

Lak (Quba)

Valency pattern: TR
X: GEN
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
Maħammad-u-l χːuldu la<w>q-und-i
pn - obl - gen road <3>raise- aor -3 p
‘Mohammad crossed the road.’

Latin transeo

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
rar-us ab Itali-a tantum mar-e navit-a transi-t
rare- nom . sg . m from i taly( f )- abl . sg so_much sea( n )- acc . sg sailor( m )- nom . sg cross[ prs . ind ]- act .3 sg
‘Few sailors cross the sea so far from Italy.’
Note: (Ov. Tristia. III, 12, 39)

Laz o-l-in-u

Valency pattern: ERG_DAT
X: ERG
Y: DAT
Locus: Y
Käzim-i-k gza-s gol-Ø-i-l-u
pn - b - erg way- dat prv - do 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Käzim crossed the road.’

Lezgian (Yargun) alatin

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEL
Locus: Y
Sahib reqe-laa alat-na
pn way. obl - supel pass- aor
‎‎‎‘Sahib crossed the road.’

Macedonian premine

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar ja premina ulica-ta
pn pro .3 sg . f . acc cross( pfv ). aor .3 sg street- art . f . sg
‘Petar crossed the street.’

Maninka (Eastern) rɔ́tɛ̀ɛ

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Sékù bára síla` rɔ́tɛ̀ɛ.
pn prf road\ art cross
‘Seku has crossed the road.’

Mano ká̰

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ŋ̄ yíí ká̰
1 sg . pst water cut
‘I crossed the river.’

Mansi (Northern) minas

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMultta
X: NOM
Y: NOMultta
Locus: Y
ēkwa l’ōŋx ūltta min-as wiɣir pōs-ǝl
woman road across go- pst [3 sg ] red light- el
‘A woman crossed the road on a red light.’

Mehweb alʔes

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
tukaj-ħe d-uˤqʼ-es i-le Patimat-ini huni alʔ-un
shop. obl - in ( lat ) f -go. pfv - inf say. pfv . aor - cvb pn - erg road cut: pfv - aor
‘Patimat crossed the road in order to enter the shop.’

Mingrelian gin-Ø-i-l-en-s (FUT)

Valency pattern: TR
X: ERG
Y: NOM
Locus: TR
čelo-k šara-Ø gin-Ø-i-l-u
pn - erg road- nom prv - do 3- ver : s -go- s 3 sg . pst
‘Chelo crossed the road.’

Nanai dao-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: OBL
Locus: TR
Petia pokto-wa dao-xa-ni
pn road- obl cross- npst - p .3 sg
‘Petia crossed the road.’

Nivkh *

Valency pattern: NA
X: *
Y: *
Locus: *
*
*
*
Note: No satisfactory translation has been obtained.

Norwegian Bokmål å krysse

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Per krysse-t vei-en
pn cross- pst way- def . m . sg
‘Per crossed the road.’

Oromo (West Central) k'at't'aamura

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ABS
Locus: TR
obsaa-n daandii k'at't'aamur-e
pn - nom road. abs cross-3 sg . m . pfv
‘Obsa crossed the road.’

Persian rad šodan

Valency pattern: NOM_azNOM
X: NOM
Y: azNOM
Locus: Y
ahmad az jāde rad šod
pn from road deviation become. pst .3 sg
‘Ahmad crossed the road.’

Polish przejść

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Stefan przeszed-ł drog-ę
pn [ nom . sg ] cross: pfv \ pst - pst [ m .3 sg ] road- acc . sg
‘Stefan crossed the road.’

Portuguese (Brazilian) atravessar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro atravess-ou a rua
pn ( m ) cross-3 sg . pst def . f street( f )
‘Pedro crossed the street.’

Romani (Kalderash) nakhəl

Valency pattern: NOM_intal
X: NOM
Y: intal
Locus: TR
o Murš-a nakh-ľ-a inťal o drom
art . m . dir . sg pn - nom . sg go- pst -3 sg through art . m . dir . sg road[ nom . sg ]
‘Murša crossed the road.’
Note: The word inťal ‘across’ can be dropped.

Russian peresečʹ

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Pet-ja peresek dorog-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg cross( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] road- acc . sg
‘Petja crossed the road.’

Rutul (Kina) tiʔ eʁeč’ur

Valency pattern: NOM_IN.EL
X: NOM
Y: IN.EL
Locus: Y
rasul rɨˀɢ-a: tiʔ e-ʁ-eč’u-r
pn ( nom ) road. obl - in . el there pv - pv -1.cross. pfv - cvb
‘Rasul crossed the road.’

Rutul (Mukhad) jıxın

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPERELxu7
X: NOM
Y: SUPERELxu7
Locus: Y
murad rıˤq-ııˤla xuʔ jıxı-ri
pn road. obl - superel forth m .go. pf - aor
‘Murad crossed the road.’
Note: xuʔ is a kind of a postposition, although taking SUPEREL is unusual.

Rutul (Shinaz) tinaʔ ʁaˁč'u-n

Valency pattern: NOM_IN
X: NOM
Y: IN
Locus: Y
basir rɨqh-aˁ tinaʔ ʁaˁč'u-r
pn road. obl - in there ( m )cross. pf - aor
‘Basir crossed the road.’

Rutul (Southern) faˤğaˤç'uˤn

Valency pattern: NOM_ATTRcina7ane
X: NOM
Y: ATTRcina7ane
Locus: Y
murad rıˤqhdi çin-aʔane faˤğaˤç'uˤ-r
pn road. attr dist - dir ( m )pass. ipf - prs
‘Murad crossed the road.’

Saami (Skolt) mõõnnâd

Valency pattern: NOM_GENraast
X: NOM
Y: GENraast
Locus: Y
Peâtt mõõn-i čuõkku rââst
pn . sg . nom go. pst .3 sg road. sg . gen across
‘Pete crossed the road’

Serbian preći

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petar je preša-o ulic-u
pn . nom . sg be. prs .3 sg cross- part . perf . m . sg street- acc . sg
‘Petar crossed the road.’

Shughni naɣ̌ǰīdow

Valency pattern: NOM.NO.CL_EL
X: NOM.NO.CL
Y: EL
Locus: Y
Azim as půnd naɣ̌ǰī-d
pn el road pass- pst
‘Azim crossed the road.’

Slovak prejsť

Valency pattern: NOM_cezACC
X: NOM
Y: cezACC
Locus: Y
Peter prešie-l cez cest-u
pn ( m )[ nom . sg ] cross( pfv )- pst [ m . sg ] over street( f )- acc . sg
‘Peter crossed the street.’

Slovenian prečkati

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Peter je prečka-l cest-o
pn [ nom . sg ] aux .3 sg cross: pfv - lpt [ m . sg ] road- acc . sg
‘Peter crossed the road.’

Spanish cruzar

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Pedro cruz-ó la calle
pn [ sg . m ] cross- aor .3 sg art . def . sg . f street[ sg . f ]
‘Pedro crossed the street.’

Svan es-Ø-γr-i (PRS)

Valency pattern: NOM_EL
X: NOM
Y: EL
Locus: Y
maizer-Ø šuk'w-ka a-Ø-čäd
pn - nom road- el prv : dist - s 3-go
‘Maizer crossed the road (lit. ‘Maizer went over the road’).’

Swedish att gå över

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Björn gick över gata-n
pn go. pst over street- def . c . sg
‘Björn crossed the road.’
Note: Phrasal verb (över is not a flagging device).

Tabasaran (Kandyk)

Valency pattern: ABS_SUPER.ELAT
X: ABS
Y: SUPER.ELAT
Locus: Y
maˁhaˁmad ʁaq’-l-an ulduc̊’-nu
pn ( abs ) road- super - elat ( h . sg )cross- pst
‘Mahamad crossed the road.’

Tagalog tumawid

Valency pattern: ACT_PATH
X: ACT
Y: PATH
Locus: Y
t<um>awid si Pedro sa kalsada
< av > pfv .cross pers . subj pn dat road
‘Pedro crossed the road.’
Note: The Y-argument can be also introduced by PATH-expressions, such as "pa-tawid ng ilog" [DIR-cross GEN river].

Telugu dāṭu

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
pravīṇ rōḍḍu dāṭāḍu
pn ( m ). sg . nom road( n ). sg . nom cross. pst .3 sg . m
‘Praveen crossed the road.’

Tsakhur ilğeč’iy

Valency pattern: NOM_SUPEREL
X: NOM
Y: SUPEREL
Locus: Y
murad yaˁq:q:ıˁ-le ilğeč’u
pn road. obl - superel ( m )cross. pf
‘Murad crossed the road.’

Tswana kgabaganya

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
ke-kgabagan-ts-e m-mila
s i :1 sg -cross- prf - fv sg -street(3)
‘I crossed the street.’

Turkish geçmek

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Mehmet yol-dan karşı-ya geç-ti
pn way- abl opposite- dat pass- pst
‘Mehmet crossed to the other side of the street.’
Note: The adverb "karşıya" is optional.

Turoyo qoṭəʕ

Valency pattern: SBJ.SS_7al
X: SBJ.SS
Y: 7al
Locus: Y
Gabriyel qaṭəʕ ʕal u šuqo
pn cross. pfv .3 m on art . m street
‘Gabriyel crossed the street.’

Twi twa

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: DO
Locus: TR
Kofi twa-a kwan no
pn cut- pst road def
‘Kofi crossed the road.’

Udmurt vi̮ži̮ni̮

Valency pattern: NOM_NOMvamen
X: NOM
Y: NOMvamen
Locus: Y
Pet'a śures vamen vi̮ž-iz
pn . nom road. nom through cross- pst .3 sg
‘Petja crossed the road.’

Ukrainian peretnuty

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
Petr-o peresik doroh-u
pn ( m )- nom . sg cross( pfv ). pst [ m . sg ] road( f )- acc . sg
‘Petro crossed the road.’

Ulcha wəli-

Valency pattern: TR
X: NOM
Y: ACC
Locus: TR
əgdi xurəm-bə wəlu-m
many mountain- acc cross- cvb . sim . sg
‘After crossing many mountains...’
Note: This example is taken from natural texts.

Uzbek o’tmoq

Valency pattern: NOM_ABL
X: NOM
Y: ABL
Locus: Y
Petya yo’l-dan o’t-ti
pn road- abl cross- pst .3 sg
‘Petja crossed the road.’

Wolof jàll

Valency pattern: TR
X: SBJ
Y: OBJ
Locus: TR
dama jàll dex g-i ak gaal
f oc v .s i :1 sg cross river( g ) cl g - def with boat( g )
‘I crossed the river by boat.’

Yukaghir (Northern) čaɣа̄=

Valency pattern: NOM_ACCsajde
X: NOM
Y: ACCsajde
Locus: Y
Sǝmiǝn jаwul-ǝ sаjdǝ čаɣа̄-j
pn road- acc across cross- intr .3 sg
‘Semien crossed the road.’

Zazaki

Valency pattern: SBJ.INTR_bover.PREP
X: SBJ.INTR
Y: bover.PREP
Locus: Y
oxɨr vɨsija bovɛr-e rajɛ uː kɛwt zɛrɛ-je dɨkan-i
pn snap. pst across- ez . m road and enter. pst inside- ez . m shop- m . obl
‘Oxir went across the road and entered the shop.’